RCR – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
With the context of rcr, stewardship primarily refers to:
answer
The obligation to use resources available for research ethically in order to conduct the best research possible
question
Within the context of rcr, social responsibility primarily refers to:
answer
The obligation to design technology or acquire information in ways that take into account what effects those actions may have on society
question
Which of the following most accurately describes U.S. federal policy related to rcr instruction?
answer
Some federal agencies have rcr policies but they differ in terms of the particular format of training that is required
question
Within the context of rcr, compliance primarily refers to:
answer
The obligation to follow specific directive, such as laws and regulations, that govern a research activity
question
Which of the following most accurately describes the main goal of rcr education and training?
answer
To promote greater awareness of proper research practice and research ethics
question
Within the context to rcr, integrity primarily refers to:
answer
Having a sincere commitment to upholding one's word and adhering to ethical and professional standards
question
The view that there is a social contract between researchers and the public is most accurately described by stating that:
answer
The public supports research in various ways and researchers have a corresponding obligation to avoid abusing the public's trust
question
Which of the following is true regarding an acknowledgments section?
answer
The contributions of technicians and other researchers are often listed in the acknowledgements section if they do not meet all of the criteria for authorship
question
Which author is normally responsible for sharing reprints of a publication with readers?
answer
The corresponding author
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding authorship practices?
answer
Different disciplines have different practices about who should be included as an author.
question
Which of the following is the primary criterion for authorship?
answer
Having made a significant intellectual contribution to the work.
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines?
answer
Individuals who do not meet the criteria for authorship but who have made a noteworthy contribution are normally listed in the acknowledgments section.
question
Which of the following is a responsibility of each author?
answer
Confirming that data have been accurately presented
question
Which of the following is an example of plagiarism?
answer
Presenting someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own
question
Which of the following most accurately describes the practice of ghost authorship?
answer
It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author
question
Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers?
answer
Using the same content in multiple papers is deceptive if it is not properly disclosed to journal editors or other relevant entities
question
What is the main function of a technology transfer office?
answer
It helps researchers to commercialize their work
question
The most important factor determining whether a research collaboration will be successful is:
answer
Whether there is ongoing communication about goals and responsibilities
question
What is the main function of the Bayl-Dole Act of 1980 as it relates to academic institutions?
answer
It allows institutions to have control over the intellectual property from federally-funded research
question
Which of the following is a key reason why international collaborations can be challenging?
answer
Language barriers and cultural differences among collaborators can complicate communication
question
Which of the following is true regarding academic-industry collaborations?
answer
The industry sponsor typically owns the data from research that it funds
question
What is the most appropriate process for determining which journal a collaborative research team should submit their work to?
answer
It should be discussed early on in the collaboration by the members of the research team.
question
Which of the following is true regarding industry-sponsored research?
answer
Industry sponsors of research may seek to place restrictions on the disclosure of research results.
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding international research and U.S. regulations?
answer
U.S. funded research is often governed by U.S. regulations no matter where the research takes place
question
Data ownership is typically determined by:
answer
The type and source of funds used to support the project
question
A research collaboration can be enhanced by:
answer
Discussing intellectual property issues while the collaboration is forming
question
Which of the following most accurately describes a conflict of commitment?
answer
It occurs when outside activities interfere with obligations to one's primary employer
question
Which of the following most accurately describes an institutional conflict of interest?
answer
It occurs when an institution's financial or non-financial interests could interfere with its research activities
question
Which of the following is true about the management of conflicts of interest?
answer
Management plans are often created to reduce the impact of conflicts of interest rather than completely eliminating them.
question
If researchers allow their moral or other personal beliefs to influence their objectivity, this is most likely an example of:
answer
A conflict of conscience
question
The entity that normally is supposed to determine whether an academic researcher's conflict of interest can be managed is:
answer
A conflict of interest committee
question
Which of the following is true about conflicts of interest?
answer
Conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of bias
question
If a friendship with an applicant could interfere with a hiring decision, this is typically referred to as:
answer
A personal conflict of interest
question
The main focus of NIH's conflict of interest policy is:
answer
Financial conflicts of interest
question
What are the three main goals of data lifecycle management?
answer
Confidentiality, availability, and integrity
question
Which of the following is true regarding data analysis?
answer
Data analysis methods should be specified in advance before a study begins
question
Which of the following is true regarding data acquisition?
answer
Data acquisition should follow a detailed collection plan that is set in advance
question
Which of the following is true regarding data sharing and stewardship?
answer
Researchers who receive federal funding may have to adhere to a data sharing requirement
question
What is the primary responsibility of oversight bodies such as IRB or an IACUC?
answer
To detect compliance with regulatory requirements, including those relating to protecting research subjects
question
Which of the following most accurately describes data lifecycle management (DLM)?
answer
It refers to the tools and processes for handling data during a research study and after it concludes
question
Which of the following is most likely to own the data resulting from a research project?
answer
The institution where a federally-funded project takes place
question
Which of the following statements is true concerning data selection?
answer
Establishing a data selection strategy prior to collecting data decreases the chance of a biased outcome.
question
Which of the following is true regarding the reporting of research results?
answer
Clear specification of the methods and procedures used is essential
question
In the research context, the term validity most commonly refers to:
answer
Whether operationalized terms actually measure what they purport to measure
question
Which of the following statements about mentoring is true?
answer
Mentors can provide valuable advice to trainees regarding career decisions and contacts with leaders in their field of research
question
Which of the following most accurately describes good mentoring practice?
answer
Encouraging trainees to receive mentoring from a collection of individuals
question
Which of the following most accurately describes the responsibilities of a trainee in the mentoring relationship?
answer
The trainee must take an active role in the relationship and clearly communicate needs and expectations
question
What is the most appropriate course of action for a trainee who has a problem with a mentor?
answer
After first attempting to communicate directly with the mentor, the trainee should seek counsel of a trusted senior person in the department or organization
question
The defining characteristic of a mentor is someone who:
answer
Takes a sincere interest in the growth and development of a trainee
question
Which of the following is mostly likely to create a poor relationship between a mentor and a trainee?
answer
A mentor who searches out trainees merely for the mentor's own career advancement
question
Which of the following is most directly related to successful mentoring?
answer
Someone who is committed to the professional development of the trainee
question
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the mentoring relationship?
answer
Mentors teach trainees bout aspects of academic life that are not covered in textbooks
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding the responsibilities of reviewers?
answer
Reviewers should identify the positive and negative aspects of a manuscript, and indicate where improvements are needed
question
Which of the following is true regarding the traditional peer review process:
answer
Under single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer.
question
A reviewer's main responsibility is to:
answer
Be professional and prompt
question
Which of the following is the most appropriate step to take if authors believe that their manuscript was reviewed unfairly?
answer
the author can contact the editor with their concerns
question
The two main criteria that the National Science Foundation (NSF) uses to evaluate grant proposals are:
answer
Intellectual merit and broader impact
question
Reviewers have a responsibility to promote ethical peer review by:
answer
Preserving the confidentiality of the submission
question
The main reason that grant proposal reviewers with a conflict of interest should remove themselves from the review process is because:
answer
Their removal lessens the chance that bias will affect the review process
question
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the review process for grant proposals?
answer
Funding agencies usually have committees, often with external reviewers, that assess the quality of the proposal
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding the responsibilities of a reviewer?
answer
A reviewer's conflict of interest should be disclosed to the journal editor or grant agency
question
The main reason that the Royal Society of London developed the modern form of peer review was to:
answer
Control the quality of published papers.
question
Which of the following is true regarding the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy?
answer
To have a misconduct finding, the action must have been committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly
question
If a researcher creates the idea for a project and is not listed in the preferred author order position on resulting publications, is this considered to be research misconduct under federal policy?
answer
No; instead it is a type of authorship dispute
question
Which of the following is most likely to be considered plagiarism?
answer
Using materials from a source without proper citation
question
Which of the following is the most effective strategy for preventing research misconduct?
answer
Good mentoring
question
Which type of research misconduct most likely occurred if someone intentionally removes data points from the data set in order to generate a deceptive conclusion?
answer
Falsification
question
According to U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, which of the following is considered to be research misconduct?
answer
Plagiarism
question
According to the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, fabrication involves:
answer
Making up data or results and recording or reporting them
question
The typical first main phase in response to a research misconduct allegation is called:
answer
The inquiry
question
Which of the following is true regarding research misconduct?
answer
Federal funding agencies typically rely on an institution to make the initial response to an allegation of research misconduct
question
Which type of inappropriate practice mostly likely occurred if a researcher takes credit for someone else's idea and does not acknowledge the original source?
answer
Plagiarism
question
According to the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, falsification involves:
answer
Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data
question
In response to a research misconduct allegation, what is the next main phase that takes place after the inquiry if there is sufficient evidence to proceed?
answer
The investigation
question
Paraphrasing another author's paragraph by substituting one or two words in each sentence and then adding one citation to the author at the end of the paragraph:
answer
May constitute plagiarism because the original material has not been sufficiently modified to constitute a proper paraphrase
question
An idea is most likely to represent "common knowledge" if:
answer
It can be safely assumed that the readers and the author are both thoroughly familiar with the ideas and its source
question
Authors who reuse portions of text that have appeared in one of their earlier published papers run the risk of being accused by journal editors of:
answer
Self-plagiarism
question
Which of the following situations is most likely to constitute an act of plagiarism?
answer
Copying someone else's text word-for-word without using quotation marks and adding a citation at the end of the material
question
Ethical writing and scholarship is based on an implicit contract between the author and readers, whereby reader assume that what they read is accurate, has been written by the author, and has:
answer
Not been disseminated before unless noted otherwise
question
Which one of the following statements most accurately describes how plagiarism has been defined in this module?
answer
Plagiarism applies not only to ideas that are found in print but also those that are communicated verbally
question
Proper paraphrasing of a sentence written by someone else may be accomplished by:
answer
Using your own words and writing voice to express the idea conveyed in the sentence
question
When authors summarize the work of others, they typically should:
answer
Provide a condensed (shorter) version of the original material
question
According to federal research misconduct policies, what is the maximum number of consecutive words that one can use before it is classified as an instance of plagiarism?
answer
There is no official, federal standard for the number of consecutive words that can be used
question
Which of the following situations is most likely to constitute an instance of plagiarism?
answer
Summarizing a published article in 2-3 distinct paragraphs and including this in a paper
question
Unless the subject matter is considered common knowledge, citations are necessary when writing about:
answer
Ideas, methodologies, or data from other authors and also your own previously published ideas, methodologies, or data
question
The reuse of one's previously published material in a new journal is most appropriate if:
answer
The author informs all the relevant parties and obtains permission to do so
