MIT 310 test 3 TCNJ Wallace – Flashcards
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3 phase DM process
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Intelligence phase - collect facts, beliefs, and ideas Design phase - design the method for considering the collected data, to reduce the alternatives to a manageable number Choice phase - select an alternative from the remaining choices
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model
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an abstraction of reality presentation, map, equation are created using tools, e.g., data flow diagrams and Unified Modeling Language (UML)
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Structured problem
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an optimal solution can be reached with one set of steps
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Algorithm
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a sequence of steps to complete a task
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Parameters
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categories of data that are considered in an algorithm
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Unstructured problem
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no algorithm that leads to an optimal solution
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Semistructured problem
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neither fully structured nor totally unstructured
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Decision support system (DSS)
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a computer-based information system designed to help knowledge workers select one of many alternative solutions to a problem
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Data management module
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database or data warehouse that provides data for the intelligence phase
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Model management module
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turns data into useful information
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linear regression model
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general statistical model best-fit linear relationship between two variables
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Dialog module
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part of a DSS that allows user interaction with the program
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Sensitivity analysis
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conducted to test the degree to which the total profit grows or shrinks
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what-if analysis
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tests multiple parameters simultaneously
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Tax planning
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DSS tax helper applications such as TurboTax and TaxCut
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Web site planning and adjustment
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DSS to analyze shopper behavior, and to design Web sites based on page usage
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Yield management (revenue management)
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to maximize revenue from airline trips or lodging
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Financial services
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determine loan amounts, and to qualify customers based on credit history
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Benefits selection
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allow employees to make decisions about their benefits
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Expert system (ES)
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emulates the knowledge of a human expert Solves problems Makes decisions in a relatively narrow domain uses AI
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Domain
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a specific area of knowledge
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Neural network
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a program that emulates how the human brain works
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artificial intelligence (AI)
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focuses on methods and technologies that emulate how humans learn and solve problems
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Knowledge base
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used by an ES Collection of facts, uses inference, if-then model
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Inference engine
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software that combines data input by the user with the data relationships
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Neural networks
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mimic the way a human brain learns
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Intelligent agent
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software that is dormant until it detects a certain event, and then performs a prescribed action
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Case-based reasoning
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methodology of solving a new problem established on the solutions of similar problems
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Group decision support system (GDSS)
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Allow participants to define a problem, contribute ideas, then vote on the decision group intelligence system, collaborative system, or group system
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Geographic Information Systems (GISs)
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aid for map-related decisions
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Data warehouse
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a large database containing historical transactions and other data
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Business intelligence (BI)
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information gleaned with information analysis tools aka business analytics
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Data mining
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the process of selecting, exploring, and modeling large amounts of data
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Objectives of data mining
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Sequence or path analysis - finding patterns where one event leads to another Classification - finding whether certain facts fall into predefined groups Clustering - finding groups of related facts not previously known Forecasting - discovering patterns that can lead to reasonable predictions
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Banking
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help find profitable customers, detect patterns of fraud, and predict bankruptcies
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Mobile phone services vendors
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help determine factors that affect customer loyalty
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UPS' Customer Intelligence Group
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analyze and predict consumer behavior
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Online analytical processing (OLAP)
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a type of application used to exploit data warehouses composes tables "on the fly" based on the desired relationships use relational or dimensional databases designed faster than relational applications
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Drilling down
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the process of starting with broad information and then retrieving more specific information as numbers or percentages moving from a broad view to a specific view of information
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Dimensional database
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data is organized into tables showing information summaries aka multidimensional databases
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Clickstream software
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tracks and stores data about every visit to a website
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Dashboard
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an interface between BI tools and the user
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Key performance indicators (KPIs)
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a business' strategic initiatives evaluated to determine the costs, savings, and benefits to be derived from their implementation
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Knowledge management (KM)
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knowing where to find information about the subject gathering, organizing, sharing, analyzing, and disseminating knowledge to improve an organization's performance
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Knowledge workers
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research, prepare, and provide information
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Employee knowledge network
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a tool that facilitates knowledge sharing through intranets can capture information and distribute information not captured in an information system
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Factiva
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a software tool that gathers online information from over 10,000 sources
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Autocategorization
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automates classification of data into categories for future retrieval aka automatic taxonomy
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Mission statement
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communicates the most important overarching goal of organization
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IT mission statement
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describes the role of IT in the organization
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Prototyping
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fast development of an application based on initial user requirements
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Approaches to systems development
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Systems development life cycle (SDLC), the traditional approach Nontraditional methods, including agile methods
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Systems analysis
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is to determine what needs the system will satisfy : a five-step process Investigation Technical feasibility study Economic feasibility study Operational feasibility study Requirements definition
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Feasibility studies
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a larger analysis conducted to determine if a proposed system is possible and desirable
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Cost/benefit analysis
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spreadsheet showing all costs and benefits of the proposed system
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Return on investment (ROI)
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difference between the stream of benefits and the stream of costs over the life of the system
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Total cost of ownership (TCO)
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a financial estimate for business leaders to objectively and accurately evaluate the direct and indirect costs of a new organizational project
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Organizational culture
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general tone of the corporate environment
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System requirements
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detail the functions and features expected from the new system detail the features needed
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Systems design
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includes three steps for devising the means to meet all the requirements
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Construction
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actual changes in program code
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Data flow diagram (DFD)
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describes the flow of data in a business operation using four symbols External entities: individuals and groups external to the system (customers, employees, etc.) Processes: an event or events that affect data Data store: any form of data at rest Direction of data flow: indicates how data moves
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Unified modeling language (UML)
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de facto standard for visualizing, specifying, and documenting software ULM consists of diagrams: Use case: an activity of the system in response to the user (an actor) Class: describes class structure and contents Interaction: describes interactions of objects and the sequence of their activities State charts: indicate the states through which objects pass and their responses to stimuli Activity: represents highly active states triggered by completion of other actions Physical diagrams: high-level descriptions of software modules
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Implementation
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delivery of a new system Conversion Training
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Conversion
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switching from the old system to the new system very difficult time
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Parallel conversion Conversion strategy
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the old system is used simultaneously with the new system at first
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Phased conversion Conversion strategy
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breaks the new IS into modules and integrates one at a time
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Cut-over conversion Conversion strategy
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immediately replaces all modules Risky but may be inexpensive aka flash cut conversion
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Pilot conversion Conversion strategy
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introduces the IS into one business unit at a time
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Beta site
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a site that tests the new system
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Application systems support
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two responsibilities Maintenance: post-implementation debugging, updates, and adding postponed features User help
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Agile methods
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popular alternative to traditional systems development life cycle use iterative programming
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Outsourcing
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the formal business relationship to transfer internal business processes and functions to a third-party business
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Systems integration
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Examines the needs of entire organization Produces a plan to combine disparate systems to allow data to flow between units may be more complicated than systems development
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support
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maintenance and satisfying changing needs
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Custom-designed (tailored) software
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software developed specifically for the needs of an organization high cost
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Offshoring
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outsourcing to other countries such as Costa Rica, Indonesia, Columbia, etc.
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Business process outsourcing
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outsourcing routine processes, such as order entry or HR
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Service-level agreement
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The most important element of an outsourcing agreement Lists all services expected of the vendor
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scope of services
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single most important facet of executing a project or contract
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Beta version
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a prerelease version of software to be tested by companies who want to use it
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Request for information (RFI)
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request for informal information about a vendor's product
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Request for proposal (RFP)
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a document that specifies all requirements and solicits a proposal
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Application service provider (ASP)
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an organization that offers software through a network (the Internet or private network)
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Software as a service (SaaS)
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applications available through a network
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Caveat Emptor
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Buyer Beware
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Uptime
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proportion of time that the ASP's systems and communications links are up
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Storage service provider (SSP)
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rents storage space for remote storage of client files
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User application development
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nonprogrammer users write their own business applications Shortened lead times Efficient utilization of resources
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CIA triad
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foundational concepts of information systems security Confidentiality Integrity Availability
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Downtime
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the period of time during which an IS is not available The #1 cause of system downtime is hardware failure
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Blackout
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total loss of electricity
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Brownout
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partial loss of electricity
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Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
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backup power for a short time
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Keystroke logging (keylogging)
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software records individual keystrokes
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Social engineering
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con artists pretend to be service people, and ask for passwords
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Identity theft
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pretending to be another person
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Phishing
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bogus messages direct users to a site to "update" personal data
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Spear phishing
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personal information sued to attack organizational systems, particularly financial institutions
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Cyber terrorism
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terrorist attacks on business organizations' information systems
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Hacking
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unauthorized access
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Honeytoken
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a bogus record in a networked database used to combat hackers
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Honeypot
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a server containing a mirrored copy of a database or a bogus database Educates security officers about vulnerable points
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Virus
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spreads from computer to computer
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Worm
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spreads in a network without human intervention
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Antivirus software
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protects against viruses
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Trojan horse
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a virus disguised as legitimate software
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Logic bomb
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software that is programmed to cause damage at a specific time
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Denial of service (DoS)
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an attacker launches a large number of information requests Slows down legitimate traffic to site
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Distributed denial of service (DDoS)
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an attacker launches a DoS attack from multiple computers Usually launched from hijacked personal computers called "zombies"
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Hijacking
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using some or all of a computer's resources without the consent of its owner Done by installing a software bot on the computer
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bot
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installs e-mail forwarding software
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Controls
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constraints and restrictions imposed on a user or a system
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Backup
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periodic duplication of all data
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Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID)
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set of disks programmed to replicate stored data
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Access controls
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measures taken to ensure only authorized users have access to a computer, network, application, or data Physical locks: secure the equipment in a facility Software locks: determine who is authorized What you know: access codes, such as user ID and password What you have: requires special devices Who you are: unique physical characteristics
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Atomic transaction
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a set of indivisible transactions all of the transactions in the set to be completely executed, or none are executed
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Audit trail
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a series of documented facts that help detect who recorded which transactions, at what time, and under whose approval
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Information systems auditor
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a person whose job is to find and investigate fraudulent cases
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Firewall
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hardware and software that blocks access to computing resources
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DMZ demilitarized zone approach
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One end of the network is connected via proxy server to the trusted network, and the other end to the Internet
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Proxy server
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"represents" another server for all information requests from resources inside the trusted network
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Authentication
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the process of ensuring that you are who you say you are
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Encryption
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coding a message into an unreadable form
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Plaintext
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the original message
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Ciphertext
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the encoded message
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Key
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a unique combination of bits that will decipher the ciphertext
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Public-key encryption
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uses two keys, one public and one private
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Symmetric encryption
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when the sender and the recipient use the same key
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Asymmetric encryption
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both a public and a private key are used
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Transport Layer Security (TLS)
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a protocol for transactions on the Web that uses a combination of public key and symmetric key encryption
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HTTPS
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the secure version of HTTP
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Digital signature
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a means to authenticate online messages; implemented with public keys
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Message digest
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unique fingerprint of file
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Digital certificates
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computer files that associate one's identity with one's public key contains its holder's name, a serial number, its expiration dates, and a copy of holder's public key
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Certificate authority (CA)
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a trusted third party
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Single sign-on (SSO)
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a user must enter his or her name/password only once
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Business recovery plan
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a detailed plan about what should be done and by whom if critical systems go down
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Mission-critical applications
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those without which the business cannot conduct operations
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Hot sites
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alternative sites that a business can use when a disaster occurs
