question

Why did colonial women gather to spin thread and weave cloth?

answer

to support colonial boycotts against British-made goods

question

Why did Parliament pass the Coercive Acts?

answer

to punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party

question

What did the colonists do to let British Parliament know they were against the new taxes?

answer

They stopped buying British goods

question

Why did colonists protest passage of the Stamp Act?

answer

They believed that without representation in Parliament, they should not be taxed

question

Why did the Sons of Liberty form?

answer

to lead popular protests against the Stamp Act

question

At the First Continental Congress, what significant action did the delegates organize against the British?

answer

They called for a boycott of all British imports

question

Which of the following was included in Patrick Henry's Virginia Resolves?

answer

Colonists could only be taxed by colonial assemblies

question

What role did Parliament play in the events that led to the Boston Tea Party?

answer

Parliament allowed the British East India Company to sell tea directly to colonists

question

Why did Parliament raise taxes on the colonies after the French and Indian War?

answer

to pay war debts and keep the colonies safe

question

Why was the meeting of the First Continental Congress in 1774 a significant event?

answer

It represented an attempt to unify colonies and colonists against the Coercive Acts

question

Why did Thomas Paine write Common Sense?

answer

To persuade the colonies to declare independence

question

What important responsibility did the Second Continental Congress take on in May 1775?

answer

the war against Great Britain

question

Which term might a Loyalist have used to describe a Patriot gathering or committee?

answer

unlawful

question

Which rights were described as natural rights by philosophers of the Enlightenment?

answer

life and liberty

question

Which statement is true about the Loyalists?

answer

They felt that Parliament and the Crown must be obeyed as the legitimate government of the Empire

question

Which document did the Second Continental Congress send to King George III to reaffirm colonists allegiance to him, but not to Parliament?

answer

Olive Branch Petition

question

Which of the following Patriots drafted the Declaration of Independence?

answer

Thomas Jefferson

question

Which Patriot wrote an influential book that denounced British aristocrats as frauds and parasites?

answer

Thomas Paine

question

What term is used to refer to full-time farmers who fought part-time for the Patriots?

answer

militia

question

Why did enslaved people run away to join the British forces?

answer

Enslaved people were seeking liberty

question

Which of the following contributed to the United States' economic weakness at the beginning of the Revolutionary War?

answer

the lack of authority to collect taxes

question

Why did a majority of Native Americans choose to side with the British during the Revolutionary War?

answer

the British said they would stop colonists from settling in the West

question

What role did Benjamin Franklin play in relations between France and the United States?

answer

Franklin was the main negotiator for the alliance with France

question

What misguided strategy caused Lord William Howe and the British to fail?

answer

fighting a traditional war rather that trying to win the civilian support

question

Victories in which of the following battles helped raise morale when the Patriot cause seemed to be lost?

answer

the Battles of Trenton and Princeton

question

Why were the colonists angry that Great Britain had hired German mercenaries?

answer

German mercenaries had a reputation for being particularly brutal in battle

question

What was one of General George Washington's skills as a military leader?

answer

leading retreats that saved the lives of his men

question

At the battle of Bunker Hill, why did William Howe order his men to make a frontal assault in broad daylight?

answer

he believed his well-trained soldiers could beat untrained Patriot soldiers under any conditions

question

Why was the fighting on the frontier in the Revolution especially destructive?

answer

Native Americans attacked colonial settlements, and colonists killed neutral Native Americans

question

What was one difference between the British and American forces at the beginning of the Revolutionary War?

answer

British troops had better training and more supplies

question

What was one reason that southern states passed laws after 1800 to discourage manumission?

answer

southern whites feared that freed blacks would seek revenge for past treatment as slaves

question

In a famous letter of 1776, why did Abigail Adams ask John Adams to "remember the women" while drafting the new nations laws?

answer

Abigail Adams wanted legal protection for women

question

Why did approximately 5000 African Americans join Patriot militias or the Continental Army or Navy?

answer

to gain their freedom

question

What was one reason for the failure of British troops in the South?

answer

the British had to divert troops to defend Gulf Coast forts under Spanish attack

question

Why did General George Cornwallis retreat from the Carolinas and march north into Virginia?

answer

Cornwallis decided he could not win the Carolinas after losing two key battles

question

Which of the following led the British army to make tactical mistakes that finally led them to lose the Revolutionary War?

answer

lack of respect for the Patriot soldiers

question

How did the Partiots' victory in the American Revolution affect Native Americans?

answer

it left them vulnerable to the American hunger for land

question

Which American Patriot helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris?

answer

Benjamin Franklin

question

What was one of the key terms of the Treaty of Paris?

answer

Great Britain recognized American independence and granted boundaries

question

After the Treaty of Paris was signed, about 90000 Loyalists became refugees. Where did about half of them resettle?

answer

the area that later became Canada

question

What was the purpose of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

answer

to provide a system of government for the Northwest Territory

question

How did the Articles of Confederation reflect the ideals stated in the Declaration of Independence?

answer

it rejected centralized power

question

Why was it difficult for Congress to fund its operation?

answer

Congress relied on contributions from the states

question

Why did some leaders believe that unicameral legislatures created a more democratic government?

answer

all teh members of the single house are elected by the people

question

What was the purpose of the Land Ordinance of 1785?

answer

to subdivide and sell land in the Northwest Territory

question

In what way did democratic Patriots such as Thomas Paine differ from conservative Patriots in their view of republics as a form of government?

answer

Democratic Patriots wanted the greatest amount of power among the greatest number of people

question

Why did some states chose bicameral legislatures?

answer

to balance power between the House and the Senate

question

Under the leadership of John Dickinson of Pennsylvania, the Congress designed which of the following?

answer

the Articles of Confederation

question

Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

answer

Congress could not establish a common currency

question

Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

answer

Congress could not regulate interstate trade

question

What agreement was reached with the Great Compromise?

answer

states would be represented equally in the Senate and proportionally in the House

question

Why did delegates gather in 1787 for the Constitutional Convention?

answer

to amend the Articles of Confederation

question

What was the main purpose of the Three-Fifths Compromise?

answer

to increase the power of southern states in Congress

question

What is the main reason that the Constitution did not proclaim that all men were born free and equal in their rights?

answer

southern states opposed it

question

Under the Virginia Plan, who would command the armed forces and manage foreign relations?

answer

the President

question

Most Americans agreed on what two changes to the Articles of Confederation?

answer

granting Congress the power to regulate commerce and to tax the people

question

Why did James Madison believe that a large, diverse republic would be best for the common good?

answer

diverse interests could check one another

question

What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?

answer

each slave was counted as three-fifths of a person to be added to a state's free population in allocating representatives

question

What was one way the Virginia Plan resembled rule under the British Parliament?

answer

it gave the national Congress the power to veto any state law

question

Why did small states, in particular, prefer the New Jersey Plan?

answer

it represented the states as equals

question

The Constitution granted different responsibilities to each branch of government. This is an example of which Constitutional principle?

answer

separation of powers

question

Why did Antofederalists believe that the Constitution was a threat to liberty?

answer

it created a strong central government

question

Which of the following is an accurate description of the Bill of Rights?

answer

these ten amendments protected individual freedoms

question

What is popular sovereignty?

answer

the idea that the political authority of government comes from the people

question

Which of the following is an example of the Constitution's system of checks and balances?

answer

the President would nominate judges, but the Senate has to approve them

question

The electoral college is an example of which of the following?

answer

indirect democracy

question

What was the Constitution's system of checks and balances designed to do?

answer

prevent the emergence of a single domineering center of power

question

How did the Constitution ensure limited government?

answer

it specifically states what powers the government has

question

What was the purpose of the Constitution?

answer

to outline key ideas in support of the Constitution

question

For the Constitution to be approved, how many states of the original thirteen were needed to ratify it?

answer

nine

question

What did Alexander Hamilton believe was one of the benefits of his plan regarding the national debt?

answer

the plan would enrich investors and promote new businesses

question

Why were Alexander Hamilton's plans to tax the American people opposed by many southerners?

answer

they did not want to bail the northerners out

question

Which cabinet position was established by an act of Congress?

answer

Attorney General

question

Why did some Americans form political clubs, known as the Democratic Societies?

answer

to oppose the Federalists

question

How did Alexander Hamilton's and Thomas Jefferson's views toward the interpretation of the Constitution differ?

answer

Alexander Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation, while Thomas Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation

question

Why did the authors of the Constitution want to avoid political parties?

answer

They believed political parties threatened the unity of a republic

question

What was the purpose of the Cabinet formed during Washington's term?

answer

to advise the President

question

How did Alexander Hamilton plan to handle the national debt?

answer

by selling government bonds to fund the debt

question

How did Congress organize the judiciary system?

answer

13 federal district courts, 3 circuit courts, and 1 Supreme Court

question

Which two parties emerged after the Whiskey Rebellion?

answer

Federalists and Democratic Republicans

question

How did the Alien and Sedition Acts divide American political parties?

answer

Federalists supported the acts. Democratic-Republicans opposed them

question

Why did the Miami Indians fight the Americans?

answer

American settlers took their land

question

What did American gain from the 1795 treaty with Spain?

answer

shipping rights on the Mississippi River and access to New orleans

question

Why did the United States end the negotiations with France during the XYZ Affair?

answer

French officials demanded that the United States pay bribes

question

What were the provisions of the Jay Treaty of 1794?

answer

The British gave up forts on American soil, but kept restrictions on American ships and required Americans to repay their debts

question

In what area did the British keep forts after the American Revolution?

answer

the American territory along the Great Lakes

question

What prompted the passage of the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions?

answer

the Sedition Act

question

What event opened up the Northwest Territory to American expansion?

answer

the Treaty of Greenville

question

Why was keeping peace with the British important to the United States?

answer

the United States depended on imported goods from Great Britain

question

Why did Federalists target immigrants in the Alien and Sedition Acts?

answer

most immigrants supported the Democratic Republicans

question

How did Thomas Jefferson end the Barbary War?

answer

he refused to pay the bribes and blockaded the port of Tripoli

question

Why did Thomas Jefferson resist building a larger navy to fight British impressment of American soldiers?

answer

Jefferson did not want to raise taxes and did not want a large navy

question

How did the purchase of the Louisiana Territory help the United States avoid war with European powers?

answer

it removed French control of New Orleans and the Mississppi River

question

Why did Thomas Jefferson order the embargo against Great Britain in 1807?

answer

to prevent the British impressment of American sailors

question

How did Thomas Jefferson's view of the national debt differ from that of Alexander Hamilton?

answer

Jefferson wanted to pay off the debt; Hamilton did not

question

Why was the addition of land important to Thomas Jefferson's plan for the US economy?

answer

it would allow farm ownership to continue

question

What actions did Thomas Jefferson take to lower the national debt?

answer

Jefferson streamlined government and increased sales of federal land

question

What power does judicial review give the Supreme Court?

answer

to review acts of Congress and the President to decide if they are constitutional

question

What action by Thomas Jefferson did he say was " an act beyond the Constitution"?

answer

the US purchase of land from a foreign government

question

Which of Thomas Jefferson's constitutional principles did the Louisiana Purchase go against?

answer

the principle of limited federal government

question

What effect did the end of the British war with France have on the War of 1812?

answer

it freed large numbers of British troops to fight in North America

question

What was the result of the Battle of Tippecanoe?

answer

the Native American movement lost some of its power

question

What did the Treaty of Ghent do?

answer

it restored the pre-war boundaries between the United States and Canada

question

Why was Andrew Jackson's battle at New Orleans unecessary?

answer

the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed

question

Why did the War Hawks push for the invasion of British-held Canada?

answer

to deprive the Indians of their main source of arms

question

What was the effect of settlers pouring into Spanish Florida after the war?

answer

Spain's decision to cede Florida to the United States

question

What did the delegates at the Hartford Convention demand from the government?

answer

amendments to the Constitution that would strengthen New England's political power

question

What was the goal of Macon's Bill No. 2?

answer

to persude Great Britain and France to recognize American neutrality

question

Why did the American troops often lose battles to much smaller forces?

answer

they were poorly trained and inexperienced

question

What was a surprise to Americans and a shock to the British during the early fighting of the War of 1812?

answer

the small American navy fought well

question

During the early 1800s, what factor contributed most to the South having an agricutlural economy?

answer

the South had fertile soil and a warm climate

question

What is one reason industrialization spread in the Northeast?

answer

more capital was available to build factories

question

What was the overall impact of Eli Whitney's introduction of interchangeable parts?

answer

a wide range of goods could be made more efficiently

question

How did using interchangeable parts change the makeup of the labor force in the early 1800s?

answer

fewer skilled craftsmen were required

question

How did Samuel Slater and Francis Cabot Lowell change early American industry?

answer

they opened textile mills that employed many workers

question

How did nativists respond to increased immigration from Ireland and Germany?

answer

they pushed for laws to discourage immigration or deny political rights to immigrants

question

What was one purpose for the creation of the Workingman's Party?

answer

to protect the rights of skilled workers

question

What is one way in which factory work changed people's lives?

answer

it enabled untrained workers to find jobs

question

What is one way in which southern and northern societies differed in the 1800s?

answer

the South had fewer large cities than the North

question

How did the cotton gin affect slavery in the South?

answer

it created an increase in the demand for slaves

question

What actions prompted John Quincy Adams to write the Monroe Doctrine?

answer

threats from European powers to recover Latin American colonies

question

How did the Missouri Compromise affect the spread of slavery?

answer

it drew a line through western territories to determine future free and slave states

question

What did the Missouri Compromise propose?

answer

Missouri would be admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state

question

What group benefited the most from the Supreme Court decisions in McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Odgen?

answer

federal government

question

What caused the economic panics in the 1800s?

answer

the supply of goods exceeded the demand

question

What impact did the Marshall Court have on the American economic system?

answer

it encouraged the development of more large corporations

question

What did the United States promise in the Monroe Doctrine?

answer

to stay out of European affairs

question

Which statement best describes US foreign policy during the Monroe administration?

answer

the United States sought to expand its borders into Spanish territories

question

Why was the creation of a national bank so important to the US ecomony?

answer

the national bank controlled the money supply

question

What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise?

answer

to settle future disputes about the spread of slavery

question

What is the spoils system?

answer

the use of political jobs as a reward for party loyalty

question

What right was granted to the federal government by the Force Bill?

answer

the right to enforce federal laws, including the collection of protective tariffs

question

Why did industrialists favor the national bank?

answer

they believed it promoted economic growth

question

What action affected the second Bank of the United States after Jackson's reelction?

answer

Jackson removed the bank's funds and placed them in state banks

question

Why did Andrew Jackson support the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

answer

Southerners wanted him to remove Native Americans from the South

question

What happened after Congress renewed the charter for the Bank of the United States?

answer

President Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill

question

What impact did President Andrew Jackson's actions in the 1830s have on the economy?

answer

they caused inflation to rise

question

What was the "Trail of Tears"?

answer

the forced removal of Cherokee Indians from the Southeast to Oklahoma

question

How did John Tyler betray his party after assuming the presidency?

answer

he vetoed legislation to restore the national bank

question

How did elections change in the early 1800s?

answer

male voter turnout increased dramatically

question

Which of the following northern groups supported the South in its resistance to abolition?

answer

urban white workers and wealthy industrialists

question

What was one way the overseers punished slaves?

answer

they threatened to separate slaves from their family members

question

Which of the following best summarizes the Gag Rule?

answer

a law that prohibited the debate and discussion of slavery in Congress

question

Which well-known abolitionist spoke about his difficult life as a slave?

answer

Frederick Douglass

question

Why did most free African Americans dislike the American Colonization Society's plan for black migration to Africa?

answer

they had been born in the United States and considered it home

question

How did William Lloyd Garrison's Anti-Slavery Society fight against slavery?

answer

by printing and distributing antislavery pamphlets

question

How did Nat Turner show resistance to slavery?

answer

he organized a slave revolt

question

What measure did some southern states take to prevent a slave revolt?

answer

they passed strict laws and controls pertaining to slavery

question

How were the ideas of northern abolitionists prevented from reaching southerners?

answer

post offices refused to deliver abolitionist publications

question

How did the southern slaveholders claim that the North benefitted from slavery?

answer

they pointed out that the North's textile industry depended on southern cotton

question

What did Margaret Fuller believe?

answer

Women needed freedom to develop the powers that they possessed

question

What restrictions on American women in the 1800s prevented them from having a role in politics?

answer

they were not allowed to vote or hold office

question

In the 1830s, women began to compare their lack of rights to that of what group?

answer

slaves

question

What did Sojourner Truth do that most women of the day were not allowed to do?

answer

she lectured to audiences

question

What movement did Susan B. Anthony help to lead?

answer

suffrage

question

Why did some groups living in America give women a significant amount of power?

answer

they belonged to groups with a matrilineal culture

question

What was one source of division among the women who were involved in the abolition movement?

answer

whether women should be allowed to join in the men's business meetings

question

What led Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to work together?

answer

their outrage that women were refused full participation in business meetings

question

What was the effect of the Seneca Falls Convention?

answer

it resulted in a few concrete improvements in women's rights

question

What spurred American trade with northern Mexico?

answer

the revolution that established Mexico as an independent republic

question

What were Americans who favored territorial growth across North America called?

answer

expansionists

question

Which statement best describes the effects of the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie?

answer

the Indians crossed artificial boundaries, setting the stage for conflict

question

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Fort Laramie?

answer

to keep Native Americans away from migration routes used by westward settlers

question

Why were the Great Plains and the Great Basin major obstacles to wagon trains journeying West?

answer

both areas were dry and hot, with few rivers

question

Expansionists used the term "Manifest Destiny" to justify what belief?

answer

the belief that God wanted the United States to own North America

question

What contributed to the rapid growth of the Hispanic population of New Mexico during the early 1800s?

answer

increased safety in the colony

question

Who were the Mountain Men?

answer

young American trappers and traders in the Rocky Mountains

question

Who was responsible for leading the Mormon exodus to the colony of New Zion on the shore of the Great Salt Lake?

answer

Brigham Young

question

During the Spanish colonial period, what group posed the greatest threat to settlers in New Mexico?

answer

nomadic Native Americans

question

What effect did the California Gold Rush have on Mexican Californians?

answer

they lost most of their land

question

Why did the coup led by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna anger Anglo-Texans and Tejanos?

answer

it sought to undermine their autonomy

question

What did California become during the Mexican War?

answer

an independent republic

question

What was the result of the Mexican army's victory over the Texan garrison at the Alamo?

answer

the fallen defenders became heroes of the cause of Texan independence

question

Why did the United States make the Gadsden Purchase is 1853?

answer

to gain land for a railroad across the continent

question

Following the Mexican-American War, which issue broke party unity and divided Congress largely along sectional lines?

answer

the extension of slavery into territories acquired from Mexico

question

What did the Wilmot Provisio do?

answer

ban slavery in land obtained from Mexico

question

Why was placer mining the most widely used method of mining for gold?

answer

placer mining was affordable to a large number of prospectors

question

During the California Gold Rush, how did newcomers from the eastern United States assert their dominance over California?

answer

they levied a heavy tax on foreign miners

question

What caused frequent violence to break out in mining camps?

answer

men were frustrated by failure to find gold

question

How did the views of the Whigs and Democrats differ from those in the Free-Soil Party?

answer

the Whigs and Democrats embraced the idea of popular soverignty

question

Why did southerners feel the federal government was not protecting their interests?

answer

the federal government did not enforce the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793

question

How was northern society different from southern society?

answer

northern society became more diverse than southern due to heavy immigration through northern ports

question

How did the Fugitive Slave Act favor the South?

answer

it imposed fines for hiding runaway slaves

question

Who suggested that the South should secede from the Union if an agreement could not be reached on slavery?

answer

John Calhoun

question

Which statement best describes the main goal of the Free-Soil Party?

answer

slavery must not be allowed to spread to western territories

question

How did the Compromise of 1850 address the question of slavery in Washington DC?

answer

slavery continued in Washington DC, but slave trading was banned

question

How did the Free-Soil Party influence the election of Whig Zachary Taylor in 1848?

answer

the Free-Soil candidate drew votes away from the Democratic candidate

question

Which of the following describes a characteristic of the North's economy?

answer

it focused on technology and industry

question

What was the overall result of the Free-Soil Party's participation in the election of 1848?

answer

by receiving 10 percent of the vote, it was clear its antislavery platform had captured Americans' attention

question

What was the long term effect of the "Bleeding Kansas" problem?

answer

the North and South became more divided over the issue of slavery

question

How did personal liberty laws increase tensions between the North and the South over the Fugitive Slave Act?

answer

some northern states used personal liberty laws to nullify the Fugitive Slave Act, written to help the South

question

Who was the Underground Railroad "conductor" known as "Black Moses"?

answer

Harriet Tubman

question

What was an effect of the events in "Bleeding Kansas"?

answer

tensions and violence over slavery spread outside Kansas

question

Why did some northerners object to dividing the Nebraska Territory in two?

answer

it would allow slavery to spread north of the line established by the Missouri Compromise

question

Why did some northerners support personal liberty laws?

answer

they resented federal intervention in the affairs of independent states

question

Why did southerners support the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

answer

they thought that granting popular sovereignty would allow slavery

question

What was John Brown's role in the violence that led to "Bleeding Kansas"?

answer

he killed a group of proslavery settlers near Pottawatomie Creek

question

Why did the publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" infuriate people in the South?

answer

it showed that some slave owners were cruel

question

What did Harriet Beecher Stowe do that increased tensions between the North and the South?

answer

she wrote a novel that aroused compassion for enslaved people

question

Which US political party broke up as a consequence of the Compromise of 1850?

answer

the Whig Party

question

What best summarizes why part of the nation was upset over the Dred Scott decision?

answer

the North was upset because the decision declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional

question

What role did Rodger B. Taney play in determining whether or not slaves could sue in the courts

answer

Taney led the US Supreme Court as Chief Justice in the Dred Scott decision

question

How did John Brown's raid impact the national issue of slavery?

answer

it increased tensions over the issue of slavery across the United States

question

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, which position did Abraham Lincoln take?

answer

slaves had natural rights but were not entirely equal to whites

question

Why did John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry fail?

answer

few black or white Americans were prepared to join a rebellion led by a fanatical abolitionist

question

What effect did John Brown's raid and execution have in the North?

answer

some northerners came to admire him for trying to end slavery

question

What did Roger B. Taney do that increased regional tensions in the United States during the 1850s?

answer

during that time Taney led the Supreme Court, which declared slaves to be property

question

What statement best explains why John Brown's raid failed to unite forces that opposed slavery?

answer

northerners and southerners were not ready to resort to violence to abolish slavery

question

Over which issue did Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas disagree during their debates?

answer

whether slavery should be allowed in states where voters supported it

question

What was the most important factor in John Brown's decision to launch the raid at Harper's Ferry?

answer

Harper's Ferry was a hub of trains and canals, which provided escape routes

question

What contributed to the growth of the Know-Nothing movement in the mid-1850s?

answer

the growing immigrant population

question

What did presidential candidate John Bell condemn during the election of 1860?

answer

sectional political parties

question

When did Lincoln declare that there was an insurrection in the South?

answer

when South Carolina forced the surrender of Fort Sumter

question

What happened at the party convention for the Democrats that affected the 1860 presidential election?

answer

the Democrats split into two parties and nominated two men for President, one from the North and one from the South

question

What was President Lincoln's first response to the situation at Fort Sumter?

answer

Lincoln said he would send food but no arms to the fort

question

What did Abraham Lincoln say in his inaugural address?

answer

he would not interfere with slavery in the states where it already existed

question

What would the constitutional amendment proposed in the Crittenden Compromise have done?

answer

allow slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise line

question

Which presidential candidate completely opposed to slavery to western territories?

answer

Abraham Lincoln

question

What was the effect of Abraham Lincoln winning the election of 1860?

answer

the North and South became two separate political entities

question

Why were southerners outraged about the outcome of the election of 1860?

answer

Lincoln had won without getting a single vote from southern states

question

What was the main result of the election of 1860?

answer

Abraham Lincoln won, as competing candidates divided votes over slavery and regional interests

question

Which Confederate military leader actually opposed slavery and secession and turned down an offer to command Union forces?

answer

Robert E. Lee

question

Why did Abraham Lincoln withhold troops from General George B. McClellan, even as he pushed the General to attack?

answer

Lincoln wanted troops to defend Washington, DC, from Confederate attack

question

What was the effect of the action at Glorieta Pass on the Confederacy's attempt to control the American Southwest?

answer

the Confederates retreated to Texas and never again threatened Union control of the Southwest

question

How did Abraham Lincoln ensure that border states supported the Union?

answer

he insisted that his only goal was to save the Union, not end slavery

question

Which statement best describes the Anaconda Plan?

answer

it was the Union's strategy to surround and squeeze the Confederacy

question

What advantage did Robert E. Lee offer the Confederacy?

answer

strong military leadership

question

What role did Stonewall Jackson play at the Second Battle of Bull Run?

answer

Jackson was successful at outmaneuvering a larger Union force and nearly destroyed it

question

What factors helped the North to produce more arms and supplies than the South?

answer

mechanized factories and a steady supply of immigrants seeking work

question

How did the public react to the Battle of Shiloh?

answer

the public was shocked and horrified by the large number of dead and injured

question

Why was it necessary for the Confederacy to seek the support of Great Britain and France?

answer

the Confederacy needed access to the manufactured good of Great Britain and France

question

What discovery led to George B. McClellan's victory over Robert E. Lee at Antietam?

answer

General McClellan found General Lee's battle plan

question

Union victory came at a cost to African American volunteers. About how many of the Union's 180,000 African American volunteers lost their lives during the war?

answer

About 70,000 volunteers died

question

How did African Americans on southern plantations help the Union cause?

answer

they sometimes grew food for the Union army

question

What was the result of the assault on Fort Wagner by the African American soldiers of the Union's 54th Massachusetts Regiment?

answer

the assault failed, but the regiment earned resect for its bravery in action

question

Where was the first major battle for African American troops in the Union army?

answer

Port Hudson, Mississippi

question

The Emancipation Proclamation freed enslaved people living where?

answer

states still in rebellion against the Union after January 1, 1863

question

Which group thought the Emancipation Proclamation was too drastic a step?

answer

congressional Democrats

question

Why did members of Lincoln's Cabinet urge him to wait before announcing the emancipation of southern slaves?

answer

they wanted to make the announcement following a Union victory

question

Why did President Lincoln reverse General Fremont's order to free captured slaves?

answer

he feared retaliation from the border states, which supported slavery

question

Why did Union General Benjamin Butler declare enslaved African American refugees to be contraband, or captured war supplies?

answer

he would not have to return them to slaveholders in the South

question

What did the Militia Act mandate?

answer

that African Americans to be accepted into the Union military

question

What kind of troops formed the 54th Massachusetts Regiment?

answer

African American soldiers and a white commanding officer

question

How did some formerly enslaved African Americans in the South respond to advancing Union forces?

answer

they served as scouts and spies for the Union

question

How were African American prisoners treated in Confederate prison camps?

answer

they were usually killed

question

How could Northern men avoid being drafted into military service?

answer

by paying for a replacement

question

Which problem was felt especially strongly by soldiers from border states?

answer

divided family loyalties

question

In the North, which group was most likely to face conscription into the military?

answer

men with low-paying jobs

question

What role did Clara Barton serve during the Civil War?

answer

nurse

question

Who were the Copperheads?

answer

northerners who opposed the war

question

What did the Union government tax in order to help meet the cost of the war?

answer

individuals' incomes

question

Abraham Lincoln authorized women to oversee which operations in military installations?

answer

hospitals and and sanitation

question

What is the constitutional right of habeas corpus?

answer

a person cannot be jailed unless charged with a specific crime

question

Where did the Homestead Act open land to farming?

answer

the West

question

Why was Vicksburg key to the Union's Anaconda Plan?

answer

Vicksburg was a Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River

question

Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address at what event?

answer

the dedication of a cemetery

question

What orders did General William Tecumseh Sherman give his troops on their "March to the Sea"?

answer

get supplies by looting, then destroy everything else of value

question

Which act is an example of total war?

answer

vandalizing the enemy's private homes

question

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman burned which southern city to the ground?

answer

Atlanta, Georgia

question

Which principle best summarizes Lincoln's Gettysburg Address?

answer

equality of all people

question

Why did Robert E. Lee invade Pennsylvania and engage the Union army at Gettysburg?

answer

he wanted to demoralize the Union

question

What was the successful Union strategy for taking Vicksburg?

answer

to surround and bombard the city, cutting off supplies

question

At Gettysburg, what action was directed by Confederate General George Pickett?

answer

a failed charge on Cemetery Hill

question

What advantage did the Union forces have during the Battle of Gettysburg?

answer

they occupied the high ground

question

What was the purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment?

answer

to outlaw slavery

question

What advantage was the Confederacy missing that might have turned the war in its favor?

answer

international support

question

What did the Land Grant College Act of 1862 help establish?

answer

state universities to teach agriculture and mechanical arts

question

How did the federal government change after the Civil War?

answer

it more directly influenced the everyday lives of Americans

question

Abraham Lincoln's words "with malice toward none" conveyed what position toward the South near the close of the war?

answer

the North would welcome the South back into the United States

question

Why did the Confederate defend Petersburg so fiercely?

answer

it was a rail link to the Confederate capital

question

How were the lives of Americans affected after the war ended?

answer

Americans became increasingly connected economically, politically, and socially

question

Where did Lee formally surrender to Grant?

answer

Appomattox Court House

question

Where did John Wilkes Booth shoot Abraham Lincoln?

answer

at Ford's Theatre

question

Who was Mathew Brady?

answer

a photographer

question

What was the decisive factor in the North's success in the final years of the war?

answer

greater resources

question

What significant event showed the conflict that existed between President Andrew Johnson and Congress?

answer

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 over the President's veto

question

Which statement best describes the relationship between the Republican Congress and President Andrew Johnson during Reconstruction?

answer

they did not share the same goals on Reconstruction

question

Whose Reconstruction plan was the toughest on the South?

answer

Radical Republicans

question

Which of the following best reflects the attitudes of the Radical Republicans toward Reconstruction?

answer

the South should be punished

question

Which of the following is a political reason that the South needed a Reconstruction plan?

answer

there was no plan in place to get defeated states back in the Union

question

How did the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments change the Constitution?

answer

The Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments granted citizenship to all and voting rights to African American males

question

How did President Abraham Lincoln's plan differ from the Wade-Davis Bill?

answer

Lincoln's plan did not guarantee African American equality

question

Which of the following is an economic reason that the South needed a Reconstruction plan?

answer

plantations, factories, and other businesses were destroyed during the war

question

Which of the following was part of Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan?

answer

the states in the South had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment

question

What was the main purpose of the Freedman's Bureau?

answer

to help black and white war refugees

question

Who benefited least from a sharecropping arrangement?

answer

sharecroppers

question

What did the government do to reduce violence against African Americans after the Civil War?

answer

it passed the Enforcement Acts

question

Who were the carpetbaggers?

answer

carpetbaggers were northerners who came to the South for opportunities or to help African Americans

question

Why was sharecropping so common among the poor?

answer

this system required no cash investment

question

How did Republicans gain control of southern state governments during Reconstruction?

answer

Republicans sought the support of African American men

question

How did the carpetbaggers affect southern politics?

answer

they became part of new southern governments

question

Why did the Ku Klux Klan attack African American teachers and ministers?

answer

African American teachers and ministers encouraged blacks to vote

question

Which institution most helped African American society after the Civil War?

answer

churches

question

Which statement best describes the Republicans most enduring success during Reconstruction?

answer

they created a tax-supported public school system

question

How did the Freedman's Bureau help African Americans economically?

answer

they provided schools to educate workers

question

What role did the Redeemers play in ending Reconstruction?

answer

the Redeemers organized to put white southerners back into power

question

What was the significance of the presidential election of 1876?

answer

it ended Reconstruction because it led to the Compromise of 1877

question

How did the close of Reconstruction affect the federal government?

answer

the balance of power between federal and state governments was restored

question

How did Reconstruction benefit the agricultural economy of the South?

answer

landowners grew more than cotton

question

Which of the following contributed to ending Reconstruction?

answer

the North focused on other political and economic issues

question

What role did the US Supreme Court play in ending Reconstruction?

answer

the Court restricted the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment by leaving its enforcement up to the states

question

How did the Compromise of 1877 help end Reconstruction?

answer

Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was elected President in return for withdrawing federal troops from the South

question

Why was the Fifteenth Amendment viewed as both a success and a failure?

answer

it gave African American men the right to vote, but ignored the rights of women

question

Which outcome of Reconstruction most likely appealed to both southern blacks and whites?

answer

the introduction of a tax-supported school system

question

Which of the following was a major failure of Reconstruction?

answer

it failed to end the bitterness between the North and the South

question

What effect did protective tariffs have on the American economy?

answer

they made American goods cheaper than imported goods

question

Time zones were adopted to fix what problem?

answer

conflicting train schedules

question

What action did Congress take in response to concerns about the effects of mechanization and industrialization on the environment?

answer

Congress set aside protected land

question

What factor drew farm families to Northern cities in the late 1800s?

answer

job opportunities

question

How did the production of steel change Americans' lives?

answer

strong steel made it possible to build skyscrapers and suspension bridges

question

Which is the best description of an entrepreneur?

answer

a person who invests in a business

question

Why were entrepreneurs an important part of the capitalist, or free enterprise, system?

answer

their investments helped fund the industrial economy

question

How did patents help support the work of inventors such as Thomas Edison?

answer

patents protected inventors and let them profit from their inventions

question

What was one benefit of city life for the new urban dwellers of the late 1800s?

answer

access to mass produced goods

question

The development of what industry was most responsible for advances in mass production?

answer

railroads

question

Why did the number of corporations grow dramatically after 1870?

answer

corporations had access to money and new technology

question

How did John D. Rockefeller use trusts to avoid Ohio laws against horizontal integration?

answer

in a trust, a board of trustees controls the stock of several companies

question

What power did the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) have over railroad operations?

answer

the ICC could make railroads submit their records to Congress

question

What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

answer

to prevent companies from restraining trade

question

How did business leaders earn the nickname "robber barons"?

answer

people accused them of using unfair business practices

question

What was the significance of the Interstate Commerce Commission?

answer

it was the first government body to monitor business operations

question

What is one benefit of investing in a corporation?

answer

losses are limited to the original investment

question

How did wealthy business leaders benefit society?

answer

they built universities and libraries

question

What class did the theory of Social Darwinism say had the most social value?

answer

the wealthy

question

What is vertical integration?

answer

a system of controlling all the businesses involved in the phases of production

question

How did Terence V. Powderly change the Knights of Labor?

answer

he abandoned the secretive nature of the union

question

Following the Pullman Strike, how did the Supreme Court rule in the case of In re Debs?

answer

the government had the authority to end labor strikes

question

How did public opinion of labor issues change in response to the violence of the Homestead Strike?

answer

public opinion turned against all labor unions

question

What role did the Pinkertons play in the Homestead Strike?

answer

the Pinkertons were a private police force called in to break the strike

question

Why were immigrants often hired to work in sweatshops?

answer

immigrants would work for low wages in unsafe conditions

question

Which group was most opposed to socialism?

answer

the wealthy

question

What was "wage slavery" in company towns?

answer

a system for holding workers to their jobs until debts were repaid

question

How did low wages contribute to child labor?

answer

low wages meant that all family members needed to work to survive

question

Why was the American Federation of Labor (AFL) called the "bread and butter" union?

answer

because of its focus on workers' issues

question

Who made up most of the workforce in a sweatshop?

answer

women

question

Why did the wars and revolutions in China and eastern Europe lead to increased immigration to the United States?

answer

they disrupted the lives of people in those regions

question

Immigrants from which area were excluded from the belief that American society was a "melting pot"?

answer

Asia

question

What was a difference between the immigration centers at Ellis Island and Angel Island?

answer

most immigrants left Ellis Island very quickly

question

What effect did immigrants' fraternal lodges and religious institutions have on their lives in America?

answer

they helped immigrants feel more comfortable in their new surroundings

question

What types of programs did settlement houses run to help immigrants adapt to their new country?

answer

Americanization programs

question

How did immigrants lure their families and friends to America?

answer

they told them about the religious and political freedoms in the United States

question

What was a hope of people who worked in settlement houses?

answer

they hoped immigrants would blend into American culture

question

What was a benefit immigrants received by living in ghettos?

answer

they ghettos were ethnic neighborhoods that provided familiarity

question

In what way did the 1862 Homestead Act help pull immigrants to the United States?

answer

it provided immigrants with inexpensive farmland

question

What was a challenge faced by Chinese immigrants who arrived in San Francisco Bay?

answer

immigration officials assumed that Chinese travelers would misrepresent themselves to get into America

question

What was one effect of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882?

answer

it prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers

question

Why was steerage considered the worst accommodations on ships traveling from Europe to America?

answer

illness spread quickly through steerage because it was crowded and dirty

question

What was one reason that native-born Americans felt more threatened by the "new" immigrants than they had by the "old" immigrants?

answer

the "new" immigrants brought different cultures and languages

question

Mass transit served what kind of people in the 1890s?

answer

the middle and upper class

question

What important development helped increase public safety in the 1890s?

answer

electric streetlights

question

What form of entertainment was inspired by religion?

answer

Chautauqua Circuit

question

The growth of population in cities during the late 1800s was known as what?

answer

urbanization

question

How did mass transit systems reshape America's cities?

answer

they made it possible for wealthier people who worked in cities to live outside the city

question

How did city planners solve the public health problems posed by polluted rivers and lakes?

answer

planners took water from reserviors and used filtration systems

question

What was a reason why people left family farms to move to the city?

answer

factory work paid wages in cash, which was not always the case on farms

question

What did the development of the safety elevator make possible?

answer

skyscrapers

question

Midwestern cities such as Chicago, Illinois, drew migrants from what region in the 1890s?

answer

rural West

question

For what other purposes did people living in tenements sometimes use their space?

answer

sewing clothes

question

What restrictive measure required voters to pay to vote?

answer

poll taxes

question

Which black leader argued that African Americans needed to accommodate themselves to segregation?

answer

Booker T. Washington

question

What was the effect of Jim Crow laws?

answer

they segregated blacks and whites

question

What did Ida B. Wells crusade against throughout her life?

answer

lynching

question

How did the Supreme Court rule in cases affecting the rights of Chinese immigrants?

answer

the Chinese Exclusion Act was upheld

question

What enabled southern states to enact measures to disenfranchise African Americans and keeps blacks and whites separate?

answer

the removal of federal troops from the South

question

What organization supported a constitutional amendment to grant women the right to vote?

answer

the National Woman Suffrage Association

question

What goal did women's rights activists achieve by the end of the 1800s?

answer

breaking down barriers to women attending college

question

Why did Mexican Americans living in New Mexico have no representatives in Washington, D.C., to protect their interests?

answer

New Mexico was a territory, not a state

question

Which of these measures was specifically designed to limit the voting rights of the black freedmen?

answer

grandfather clauses

question

In what way did Farmers' Alliances help farmers solve their problems?

answer

they formed cooperatives to push prices up and push down the costs of doing business

question

Why did some political reformers want to create a civil service system?

answer

to make sure government workers had the necessary expertise

question

What were government jobs based on under the spoils system?

answer

party loyalty

question

What practice of the railroad monopolies hurt American farmers?

answer

they charged high shipping rates for getting farm products to market

question

Why did both major parties consider the gold standard important?

answer

they believed that it prevented inflation

question

What was one of the benefits of the spoils system?

answer

it boosted political participation

question

What part of the Populist Party platform directly addressed low prices that were hurting farmers?

answer

the dangers of an inadequate monetary supply

question

How did the Pendleton Civil Service Act reduce the power of the spoils system?

answer

it required hiring certain federal employees because of expertise, not political connections

question

What was Thomas Nast's impact on the American political system?

answer

Nast drew political cartoons that exposed the corruption of political bosses

question

What did the Populist Party support in order to fight against high costs?

answer

government ownership of the railroads

question

In the presidential campaign of 1896, how did William Jennings Bryan represent the Populist Party's goal of building a broad-based movement?

answer

He toured the country and spoke directly to the people.

question

What form of discrimination most directly affected Mexican Americans?

answer

the taking of land

question

Which of the following most influenced consumption patterns?

answer

advertising

question

Which policy did the Populist Party support to raise crop prices?

answer

the coinage of "free silver"

question

What feeling did Li Keng Wong experience on Angel Island?

answer

anxiety

question

What powered the first reliable streetcars?

answer

electricity

question

Which of the following provided Americanization programs for new immigrants?

answer

settlement houses

question

To which group of people did Populism primarily appeal?

answer

farmers

question

Which of the following was a goal of the the Populist party?

answer

support "free silver" to raise prices for farm goods

question

In what ways did cities attempt to solve the problems of crime and fire?

answer

Cities developed professional firefighting and police forces.

question

The Chautauqua Circuit had its roots in _____.

answer

a camp for Sunday school teachers

question

The Populist Party lost power in large part as a result of _____.

answer

the 1896 election of McKinley

question

What caused leaders to push for child labor laws and shorter workweeks as well as for a limit on the power of corporations and trusts?

answer

the Social Gospel

question

What did Progressives hope to achieve with political reforms?

answer

efficient and effective government

question

Which political reform gave people the power to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature?

answer

referendum

question

What did Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, and John Spargo have in common?

answer

they were muckrakers who dramatized the need for reform

question

Which of the following groups made up the majority of those involved in the Progressive movement?

answer

middle class

question

What role did journalists play in the Progressive movement?

answer

their sensational stories increased awareness of the problems afflicting America

question

Why did governor Robert M. La Follette establish a direct primary in his state?

answer

to allow citizens to select candidates for elections

question

Which of the following describes the purpose of a settlement house?

answer

to provide the urban poor with social services such as child care and English classes, schools for children, and programs for adults

question

What power did the recall give voters?

answer

the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended

question

Which political reform gave people the power to put a proposed law on the ballot?

answer

initiative

question

What spurred African Americans to join with white reformers to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?

answer

murder and arson in Springfield, Illinois

question

How did Margaret Sanger believe that she could improve family life?

answer

by educating women about birth control

question

Who raised money from educated black women to set up day-care centers to protect and educate black children while their parents went to work?

answer

Ida B. Wells

question

Which female leader employed a successful strategy on two fronts, lobbying the US Congress while using the referendum process to pass state suffrage laws?

answer

Carrie Chapman Catt

question

Why did Progressive reformers believe in Americanization?

answer

they believed that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal and moral citizens

question

How did all women in the United States finally secure the right to vote?

answer

the Nineteenth Amendment

question

What helped women in the early 1900s move out of their traditional roles and begin to tackle the problems of society?

answer

education

question

What was the goal of the Anti-Defamation League?

answer

to protect Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements and to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens

question

Why did African Americans form the Urban League?

answer

to help African Americans in the North get settled and find work

question

How did Asian Americans defend their rights?

answer

Asian Americans put their land in their children's names

question

Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike in 1902. How did Theodore Roosevelt's response illustrate a change in the government's role?

answer

for the first time, the federal government stepped in to help workers in a labor dispute

question

How does Theodore Roosevelt's early political career reflect his ideas on the role of government?

answer

Roosevelt was interested in fighting corruption and reforming government

question

What was the purpose of the Pure Food and Drug Act?

answer

the act regulated the safety, labeling, and interstate shipping of food and medicines

question

What was the impact of Gifford Pinchot's ideas about the environment?

answer

Pinchot's ideas inspired government policy that forests be protected for public use

question

How did the Hepburn Act change the government's role in industry?

answer

the act gave the government the power to set and limit shipping costs

question

How did Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal reflect his ideas about reform?

answer

the Square Deal was a program where government gave everyone a fair chance to succeed

question

Which of the following describes Theodore Roosevelt's ideas about the role of government?

answer

to keep the powerful from taking advantage of small business owners

question

Whose advice was Theodore Roosevelt taking when he set aside 100 million acres as federal forests?

answer

John Muir's

question

What was one important way that William Howard Taft's policies differed from Theodore Roosevelt's?

answer

Taft appointed a cabinet official who opposed Roosevelt's conservation policies

question

How did Theodore Roosevelt change the government's role in the food industry?

answer

Roosevelt urged passage of a law to provide federal inspectors in meat-processing plants

question

Why did labor leaders praise the Clayton Antitrust Act?

answer

the act prevented unions from being treated as trusts

question

Why was the Sixteenth Amendment important to Woodrow Wilson's efforts to regulate the economy?

answer

the Sixteenth Amendment allowed Congress to levy an income tax

question

Why did Woodrow Wilson believe that the country needed his program, the New Freedom?

answer

the country's laws did not prevent the strong from crushing the weak

question

Which of the following describes a lasting effect on the Progressive Era on society?

answer

consumer protections

question

What did Congress do to protect consumers from monopolies, false advertising, and dishonest labeling?

answer

created the Federal Trade Commission

question

How did Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom program address the need to "prevent the stong from crushing the weak"?

answer

the program attacked the "triple wall of privilege" that big business used to its advantage

question

How did Republican divisions help Woodrow Wilson win the presidency?

answer

William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt split the Republican vote, allowing the Democrat Wilson to win the electoral college vote

question

Which of the following describes a major legacy of the Progressive Era?

answer

that the government can act to fix economic and political problems

question

What was the purpose of the Federal Reserve Act?

answer

to create a central authority to supervise banks

question

What was a lasting environmental legacy from the Progressive Era?

answer

to expand the federal government's role in managing natural resources

question

What was the goal of Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom program?

answer

to help small business and regulate big business

question

How did the Clayton Antitrust Act help regulate the economy?

answer

the Clayton Antitrust Acts spelled out what businesses could and could not do

question

How was Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom like Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism?

answer

Wilson's New Freedom placed strict government controls on corporations

question

How was Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom like Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism?

answer

Wilson's New Freedom placed strict government controls on corporations

Honors US History A – Flashcards

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