question

reconstruction era:

answer

1865-1887

question

Radical Republicans

answer

favored drastic transformation of southern society wanted to grant freed slaves full citizenship rights - wanted to replace elite farmers with small farmers

question

Lincolns plan

answer

1863; proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction; stating each confed state could recreate a union if got 10% of votes

question

Wade- Davis Bill

answer

1864 required that a majority of white males swear allegiance to the union before that state could be admitted

question

Freemens Bureau:

answer

1865; assisted freedmen and their wives and children (1st form of federal assistance that went directly to people)

question

Johnson's restoration plan

answer

aplan required that each state convention ratify the 13th amendment before they could be readmitted to the union

question

black codes

answer

laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; to combat the codes, congress passed the civil rights act of 1866 and the fourteenth amendment and set up military governments in southern states that refused to ratify the amendment

question

fourteenth amendment

answer

1866 guaranteed citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the US except for native americans

question

congressional reconstruction

answer

1867 military reconstruction act, command of army act and tenure of office act

question

fifteenth amendment

answer

1868 gave voting rights to african american men; still excluding women of all colors and native americans

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sharecropping

answer

where the landowner provided land seed and tools to poor farmers in exchange for a SHARE of their crop

question

Klu Klux Klan

answer

1866 (devil) social club that harassed blacks and white republicans (angry over confed defeat, resentment against fed soldiers who occupied the south, not wanting to pay black workers, scared former slaves might seek violent revenge against whites)

question

greenbacks

answer

issued during civil war to help pay for the war (grant was president)

question

panic of 1873

answer

deep economic depression; caused by president grants effort to withdraw the greenbacks from circulation; business closed, workers lost jobs.

question

redeemers

answer

post civil war democratic leaders who redeemed the south from yankee domination and preserved the somewhat rural economy

question

compromise of 1877

answer

to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; republicans promised that if Hayes (although he lost the popular vote) were named president he would remove the last federal troops from the south

question

thirteenth amendement

answer

1865 abolished slavery everywhere

question

What major challenges faced the federal government in reconstructing the South after the Civil War during the period from 1865 to 1877

answer

had to figure out: -status of defeated states and how would they be reintegrated into the nations political life -political statues of former slaves and how would federal gov integrate them into nations social and economy

question

how and why did reconstruction policies change over time:

answer

-freedman's bureau helped freed slaves -Lincoln's assassination led many northerners to favor radical republicans who wanted to end "plantation elite farmers" -whites resisted and established black codes to restrict freedom of former slaves -congressional reconstruction responded by saying in order to reenter union states had to ratify 14th and 15th amendments

question

In what ways did white and black southerners react to Reconstruction?

answer

blacks- found comfort in their families and churches they established ; enthusiastically participated in politics (elected officials) whites- worked on rebuilding southern economy although some supported KKK

question

What were the political and economic factors that helped lead to the end of Reconstruction in 1877?

answer

scandals during the grant administration - lead to panic of 1873 and disagreement on whether or not to continue the use of greenbacks or return to the gold standard- reedemers were elected in 1874 and reversed political progress of republicans and blacks - compromise of 1877 democrats agreed to the election of Rutherford B Hayes

question

What was the significance of Reconstruction for the nation's future?

answer

southern states gov quickly renewed previous patterns of discrimination against african americans but the 14th and 15th amendments remained enshrined in the constitution creating advances for future civil

question

standard oil company

answer

Corporation under the leadership of John D. Rockefeller that attempted to dominate the entire oil industry through horizontal and vertical integration.

question

horizontal integration

answer

The process by which a corporation acquires or merges with its competitors.

question

monopoly

answer

business so large that it controls the entire industry

question

holding company

answer

A corporation established to own and manage other companies' stock rather than to produce goods and services itself.

question

vertical integration

answer

The process by which a corporation gains control of all aspects of the resources and processes needed to produce and sell a product.

question

trust

answer

gives a person or cooperation the legal power to manage another persons money or company

question

bessemer converter

answer

process by which high quality steel could be produced quicker by blasting oxygen through molten iron in a fernace

question

Carnegie steel company

answer

Corporation under the leadership of Andrew Carnegie that came to dominate the American steel industry.

question

J. P Morgan and company

answer

investment bank that bought or merged unrelated American companies, often using capital acquired from European investors.

question

tarifs

answer

taxes on imported goods - to raise revenues and benefit american manufactures

question

lassie faire

answer

"let them do as they will" ; An economic doctrine holding that businesses and individuals should be able to pursue their economic interests without government interference.

question

child labor

answer

practice of sending children to work in mines, mills and factories; often in unsafe conditions (poor families in late 19th century)

question

great railroad strike

answer

(1877) series of demonstrations, some violent, held nationwide in support of striking railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, who refused to work due to wage cuts

question

national labor union

answer

federation of labor and reform leaders established in 1866 to advocate for new state and local laws to improve working conditions.

question

knights of labor

answer

labor organization with a broad reform platform; reached peak membership in the 1880s.

question

Haymarket riot

answer

(1886) Violent uprising in Haymarket Square, Chicago, where police clashed with labor demonstrators in the aftermath of a bombing.

question

American federation of labor

answer

Founded in 1881 as a national federation of trade unions made up of skilled workers.

question

homestead steel strike

answer

(1892) Labor conflict at the Homestead steel mill near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents hired by the factory's management.

question

pullman strike

answer

(1894) national strike by the American Railway Union, whose members shut down major railways in sympathy with striking workers in Pullman, Illinois; ended with intervention of federal troops.

question

What primary factors stimulated industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century?

answer

railroads growing, electrical power and application of scientific research to industrial process, bessemer converter (mass production of steel)

question

Who were the leading entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business? What were their goals and what strategies did they use to dominate their respective industries?

answer

Carnegie, Rockerfeller, and Morgan were entrepreneurs and they used vertical and horizontal integration, monopolies, trust and holding companies

question

What role did the federal government play in the nation's economic development during this period?

answer

encouraged economic growth after the civil war by imposing high tariffs on imported products, granting public land to railroad companies and settlers in the west, establishing a stable currency and encoring creation on universities to spur technology innovation and research- used lazy faire policy

question

in what ways did the social class structure and lives of women change in the late nineteenth century?

answer

workforce composed of unskilled workers including (immigrants, former farmers, and women and children) increase in the # of people who considered themselves middle-class - women began to go to college and took business and professional jobs

question

How effective were the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era?

answer

some unions advocated for workers' rights at a national level (national labor union, Knights of labor, Haymarket riot, pullman strike, homestead steal strike, american federation of labor)

question

textile industry

answer

Commercial production of thread, fabric, and clothing from raw cotton in mills in New England during the first half of the nineteenth century, and later in the South in the late nineteenth century.

question

American Tobacco company

answer

Business founded in 1890 by North Carolina's James Buchanan Duke, who combined the major tobacco manufacturers of the time, ultimately controlling 90 percent of the country's cigarette production

question

redeemers

answer

Post-Civil War Democratic leaders who supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination and preserved the primarily rural economy.

question

crop-lien system

answer

Credit system used by sharecroppers and share tenants who pledged a ("share") of their future crop to local merchants or land owners in exchange for farming supplies and food.

question

sharecroppers

answer

Poor, mostly black farmers who would work an owner's land in return for shelter, seed, fertilizer, mules, supplies, and food, as well as a substantial share of the crop produced.

question

share tenants

answer

Poor farmers who rented land to farm in exchange for a substantial share of the crop, though they would often have their own horse or mule, tools, and line of credit with a nearby store.

question

Mississippi Plan

answer

(1890) state constitutional amendments which sought to severely disenfranchise black voters and was quickly adopted by other southern states.

question

"separate but equal"

answer

Principle underlying legal racial segregation, which was upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and struck down in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

question

Atlanta compromise

answer

(1895) speech by Booker T. Washington that called for the black community to strive for economic prosperity before attempting political and social equality

question

exodusters

answer

blacks who migrated west from the South in search of a haven from racism and poverty after the collapse of Radical Republican rule.

question

boomtown

answer

town, often in the West, that developed rapidly (boom) due to the sudden influx of wealth and work opportunities; often male-dominated with a substantial immigrant population.

question

Comstock Lode

answer

Mine in eastern Nevada acquired by Canadian fur trapper Henry Comstock that between 1860 and 1880 yielded almost $1 billion worth of gold and silver.

question

open range

answer

informal system of governing property on the frontier in which small ranchers could graze their cattle anywhere on unfenced lands; brought to an end by the introduction of barbed wire, a low-cost way to fence off one's land.

question

Indian wars

answer

Bloody conflicts between U.S. soldiers and Native Americans that raged in the West from the early 1860s to the late 1870s, sparked by American settlers moving into ancestral Indian lands.

question

Sand creek Massacre

answer

(1864) brutal slaughter of unarmed Indians who had been promised protection the massacre ignited warfare between Americans and Indians across the central plains for the next three years.

question

Great Sioux War

answer

conflict between Sioux and Cheyenne Indians and federal troops over lands in the Dakotas in the mid-1870s.

question

ghost dance movement

answer

spiritual and political movement among Native Americans whose followers performed a ceremonial "ghost dance" intended to connect the living with the dead and make the Indians bulletproof in battles intended to restore their homelands.

question

Dawes Act

answer

(1887) Federal legislation that divided Native American lands among the heads of each Indian family in an attempt to "Americanize" Indians by forcing them to become farmers working individual plots of land.

question

In what ways did a "New South" emerge economically in the late nineteenth century?

answer

-greater industrialization, vocational training, and acceptance of white supremacy -textile industry, American tobacco company, agriculture still dominating

question

What was the crop-lien system that emerged in the South and how did it shape the region after the Civil War?

answer

where large land owners rented land to poor tenant farmers or sharecroppers in return for a share of the crop they produced each year - kept millions in long term debt and limited where they could live and how they could make a living

question

How and why did white southerners take away African Americans' right to vote and adopt "Jim Crow" segregation laws at the end of the nineteenth century?

answer

- Mississippi plan where gov passed a series of measures including (poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy test, residency requirements) making voting nearly impossible for blacks. This was followed by legalized segregation which was ruled by supreme court in PLESSY VS. FERGUSON (if violated violence/lynching)

question

Who were the various groups of migrants to the West after the Civil War? Why did they move there?

answer

Protestant Americans or immigrants (Germany, Scandinavia, Mexicans, african americans (exodusters) and Chinese- moved for cheap land or wealth from mining

question

What were the experiences of miners, farmers, ranchers, and women in the West in the late nineteenth century?

answer

most did not become wealthy because after the end of open range they became large scale enterprises

question

How did the federal government's post-Civil War policies in the West affect Native Americans?

answer

no longer free to roam the plains - Dawes act (1887) forced indians to relinquish their traditional culture and adopt the american way of individual landownership

question

How did the South and West change by 1900?

answer

by 1900 the west resembled the south (where agricultural resources were concentrated in the hands of few) -poor farmers in the west joined with tenant farmers in the south to support the peoples party (populist- which sought to wrest control of the political and economic system and return it to the plain folk)

question

Gilded Age

answer

(1860-1896) era of dramatic industrial and urban growth characterized by widespread political corruption and loose government oversight over corporations.

question

tenements

answer

Shabby, low-cost inner-city apartment buildings that housed the urban poor in cramped, poorly ventilated apartments.

question

"new immingrants"

answer

Wave of newcomers from southern and eastern Europe, including many Jews, who became a majority among immigrants to America after 1890.

question

nativist

answer

members of a reactionary conservative movement characterized by heightened nationalism, anti-immigrant sentiment, and the enactment of laws setting stricter regulations on immigration.

question

Chinese exclusion act

answer

(1882)Federal law that barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to America.

question

saloons

answer

bars or taverns where mostly men would gather to drink, eat, relax, play games, and, often, to discuss politics.

question

social darwinsim

answer

The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection to human society; social Darwinists used the concept of "survival of the fittest" to justify class distinctions, explain poverty, and oppose government intervention in the economy. (Herbert Spencer)

question

reform darwinism

answer

social philosophy developed by Lester Frank War that challenged the ruthlessness of social Darwinism by asserting that humans were not passive pawns of evolutionary forces. Instead, people could actively shape the process of evolutionary social development through cooperation, innovation, and planning.

question

party bosses

answer

Powerful political leaders who controlled a "machine" of associates to promote individual and party interests, often intimidation or the patronage system.

question

patronage

answer

informal system ( "spoils system") used by politicians to reward their supporters with government appointments or contracts.

question

civil service reform

answer

extended effort led by political reformers to end the patronage system; led to the Pendleton Act (1883), which called for government positions to be awarded based on merit rather than party loyalty.

question

mugwumps

answer

Reformers who bolted the Republican party in 1884 to support Democratic Grover Cleveland for president over Republican James G. Blaine, whose secret dealings on behalf of railroad companies had brought charges of corruption.

question

Interstate commerce commission

answer

federal agency established in 1887 to oversee businesses engaged in interstate trade, especially railroads, but whose regulatory power was limited when tested in the courts.

question

tariff reform

answer

Democratic party's effort to reduce taxes on imported goods, which Republicans argued were needed to protect American industries from foreign competition.

question

Peoples party (populitst)

answer

political party largely made up of farmers from the South and West that struggled to gain political influence from the East. Populists advocated a variety of reforms, including free coinage of silver, a progressive income tax, postal savings banks, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators.

question

panic of 1893

answer

major collapse in the national economy after several major railroad companies declared bankruptcy, leading to a severe depression and several violent clashes between workers and management.

question

"money question"

answer

national debate over the nature of U.S. currency; supporters of a fixed gold standard were generally money lenders, and thus preferred to keep the value of money high, while supporters of silver (and gold) coinage were debtors, they owed money, so they wanted to keep the value of money low by increasing the currency supply (inflation).

question

What were the effects of urban growth during the Gilded Age? What problems did it create?

answer

-electric elevators and steel framed construction allowed architects to extend buildings upward & mass transit allowed middle class to move to suburbs -tenements bread disease and crime & created an opportunity for party bosses to gain power

question

Who were the "new immigrants" of the late nineteenth century? How were they viewed by American society?

answer

-eastern and southern Europe -nativist advocated for restrictive immigration laws such as Chinese exclusion act

question

How did urban growth and the increasingly important role of science influence leisure activities, cultural life, and social policy in the Gilded Age?

answer

-urban growth lead to popularity of wild west show and spectator sports; saloons also served as local social and political pubs for men -Charles Darwin's "on the origin of species" shocked believers of the bible- social darwinism was then created which applied Darwinism by adding economic and social success with "survival of the fittest" and arguing that gov shouldn't try to promote equality or protect the less successful; reform darwinism said that collective efforts and social reform could guide human progress

question

how did the nature of politics during the Gilded Age contribute to political corruption and stalemate?

answer

- huge corps corrupted politics and used their money to buy political influence -the two parties, bosses and machines won votes by distributing PATRONAGE jobs and contracts to members

question

How effective were politicians in developing responses to the major economic and social problems of the Gilded Age?

answer

passed pendelton service act in 1883 (began making federal workers more professional) then in the election of 1884 MUGWUMPS helped elect Cleveland who then passed Interstate Commerce Comission in 1887 (which regulated railroads) then 1890 president Harrison passed the Sherman Anti Trust act (ineffective),Sherman Silver Purchase Act, and McKinley Tariff Act (raised tariff rates proved unpopular and led to Cleavland's return to the white house in 1892)

question

Why did the money supply become a major political issue, especially for farmers, during the Gilded Age? How did it impact American politics?

answer

-the supply of money had not increased as the economy had grown -farmers believed that the coinage of silver (rather than gold) would result in inflation and would increase the value of their crops (reducing their debts) - farmers and others established the peoples party (operated briefly as a nation 3rd party) McKinley was elected in 1896 (he favored the gold standard- party by appealing to industrial workers and city dwellers)

question

impearlism

answer

The use of diplomatic or military force to extend a nation's power and enhance its economic interests, often by acquiring territory or colonies and justifying such behavior with assumptions of racial superiority.

question

yellow journalism

answer

A type of news reporting, epitomized in the 1890s by the newspaper empires of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, that intentionally manipulates public opinion through sensational headlines, illustrations, and articles about both real and invented events.

question

U.S. battleship Maine

answer

American warship that exploded in the Cuban port of Havana on January 25, 1898; though later discovered to be the result of an accident, the destruction of the Maine was attributed by war-hungry Americans to Spain, contributing to the onset of the War of 1812.

question

de Lome Letter

answer

private correspondence written in 1898 by the Spanish ambassador to the U.S., Depuy de Lôme, that described President McKinley as "weak"; the letter was stolen by Cuban revolutionaries and published in the New York Journal, deepening American resentment of Spain and moving the two countries closer to war in Cuba.

question

Teller amendment

answer

Addition to the congressional war resolution of April 20, 1898, which marked the U.S. entry into the war with Spain; the amendment declared that the United States' goal in entering the war was to ensure Cuba's independence, not to annex Cuba as a territory.

question

American anti -imperialist league

answer

Coalition of anti-imperialist groups united in 1899 to protest American territorial expansion, especially in the Philippine Islands; its membership included prominent politicians, industrialists, labor leaders, and social reformers.

question

Open Door Policy

answer

-Official U.S. insistence that Chinese trade would be open to all nations; -Secretary of State John Hay unilaterally announced the policy in 1899 in hopes of protecting the Chinese market for U.S. exports.

question

Roosevelt Corollary

answer

president Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 revision of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) in which he argued that the United States could use military force in Central and South American nations to prevent European nations from intervening in the Western Hemisphere.

question

dollar diplomacy

answer

Practice advocated by President Theodore Roosevelt in which the U.S. government fostered American investments in less-developed nations and then used U.S. military force to protect those investments.

question

What factors motivated America's new imperialism after the Civil War?

answer

popular idea that america had a "manifest destiny" to expand its territory abroad and also industrialists' desires for new markets for their goods helped fuel

question

How and why did America expand its influence in the Pacific before the Spanish-American War (War of 1898)?

answer

- to exploit vast Asian markets. - American planters in Hawaii developed sugar industry which increased Hawaii's commercial connections to US -Hawaii requested to be annexed by US in 1894; and was annexed by Mckinley in 1898

question

What were the causes of the Spanish-American War (War of 1898)? What were its major events?

answer

-cubans revolted against Spanish- colonial rule in 1895 and many Americans supported their independence -Yellow Journalism further arouse Americans' sympathy - In 1898 the publication of de lome letter and the explosion that sank the US battleship Maine helped propel America into war with Spain -the war lasted 114 days and ended with the treaty of Paris (where Cuba became independent and the US annexed Puerto Rico. - In Philippines US' Pacific Fleet defeated spanish in battle of Manila Bay

question

What were the consequences of the Spanish-American War (War of 1898) for American foreign policy?

answer

-vicious guerrilla war followed in the Philippines as they rebelled against American control - McKinley announced US would annex the Philippines. -imperialists won debate and congress set up government in Puerto Rico and Philippines -Us annexed Hawaii, Guam , Wake Island, and some of Samoa - in east Asia John Hay promoted the open door policy (preserving China's territorial integrity and equal access by all nations to trade w china)

question

What reasons were behind Theodore Roosevelt's rapid rise to the presidency? What were the main elements of his foreign policies?

answer

- pursed imperialist foreign policy that confirmed US new role as a world power and helped negotiate a treaty that ended Russo-Japanese war, seized control of Panama canal and sent navy's fleet of new battleships around the world as a symbol of American might -roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine - asserting US would intercede in latin America as necessary to prevent European intervention

question

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

answer

-prominent reformer and advocate for the rights of women -helped organize Seneca Falls Convention of women's rights -helped produce the Declaration of Sentiments (proclaimed the equality of men and women)

question

William Jennings Bryan

answer

-ran for president in 1896 as the democratic nominee -accused of being socialist -attacked both liberals and democrats -wanted to help the middle class

question

Rutherford B Hayes

answer

-withdrew troops from the south after winning presidential election -dispatched federal troops during the great railroad strike

question

New immigrants vs Old immigrants

answer

Old immigrants (1880s)- protestants and roman catholics from northern and western Europe New immigrants (1890s)- Judaism, eastern orthodox, roman catholicism entered in to a mostly Protestant American population

question

Teddy Roosevelt

answer

-supported expansionism -served as assistant secretary of the Navy -led the Rough Riders in war of 1898 -took over presidency after McKinley was assassinated -"big stick diplomacy"

question

Andrew Johnson

answer

-took over presidency after Lincoln's assassination -required former confederate states to ratify the 13th amendment -congress tried to impeach him over issues regarding states' rights

question

John D Rockerfeller

answer

founded standard oil company, which was his first step in creating his vast oil empire. Perfected the idea of a holding company

question

Andrew Carnegie

answer

-steel magnate -believed the public benefitted from big businesses even if harsh business practices were employed -devoted himself to philanthropy to promote social welfare and world peace

question

J.P Morgan

answer

-acquire, reorganize, and consolidate companies into giant trusts -consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation, which was the first billion dollar corporation

question

Ulysses S. Grant

answer

-presidency marked by scandals and fiscal problems -most of presidency involved debates of whether paper money (greenbacks) should be removed from circulation -thought gold money was morally preferable to greenbacks

question

Fredrick Douglass

answer

-escaped slavery and became a speaker -founded abolitionist paper called "The North Star"

question

Jane Adams

answer

-founded the Hull House -active in peace and suffrage movements -established child care for working mothers -made health clinics, job training, and other social programs

question

Susan B Anthony

answer

-women's suffrage activist -famous speech about including women in the 15th amendment

question

Booker T Washington

answer

-founded Tuskegee College -believed that black community should establish an economic base for its advancement before striving for social equality -critics said that his philosophy sacrificed educational and civil rights for dubious social acceptance and economic opportunities

question

WEB DuBois

answer

-criticized Booker T Washington's views on civil rights -advocated "ceaseless agitation" for civil rights -wanted immediate end to segregation enforced by laws to protect civil rights and equality -promoted education for blacks that would nurture bold leaders who were willing to challenge discrimination in politics`

question

William McKinley

answer

-raise taxes -annexed Hawaii -declared war on Spain -assassinated in 1901

question

Ellis Island (SA)

answer

1892 opened as a immigration station; arrival of western and northern immigrants slowed while more came from southern and eastern Europe (including jews who were escaping from political and economic depression that was going on in Russia and Eastern Europe) -5,000 to 10,000 people passed through the station each day

question

why was the election of 1876-1877 significant? (SA)

answer

It was one of the most disputed elections ever with president Hayes loosing the popular and electoral (only bc of southern states) vote to Tilden - In the end Hayes became president because of the COMPROMISE OF 1877 (if the democrats agreed to Hayes' election the Republicans would withdraw federal troops from the south) which would end RECONSTRUCTION

question

15th amendment: (SA)

answer

(MARCH 1870) granted black men the right to vote; still excluding all women and native americans -the right to vote should not be determined by ones race, color, or previous position of servetuide

question

open door policy: (SA)

answer

- notes by secretary of state JOHN HAY - notes viewed by GB, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and Russia -announced in 1899 (protection of equal privileges for those countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity) stating 1) each great power should have access to a treaty port 2) only Chinese gov should collect taxes on trade 3) no great power should be excused for paying harbor dues and railroad charges.

question

open door policy: (SA)

answer

- notes by secretary of state JOHN HAY - notes viewed by GB, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and Russia -announced in 1899 (protection of equal privileges for those countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity) stating 1) each great power should have access to a treaty port 2) only Chinese gov should collect taxes on trade 3) no great power should be excused for paying harbor dues and railroad charges.

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