question

French and Indian War

answer

A conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763

question

Albany Plan of Union

answer

Proposal by Benjamin Franklin to create one government for the 13 colonies

question

Militia

answer

Civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army

question

Proclamation of 1763

answer

Law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian mountains

question

Sugar act

answer

Law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

question

Quartering Act

answer

An act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

question

Sons of Liberty

answer

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

question

Townshend Acts

answer

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

question

Boston Massacre

answer

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

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Boston Tea Party

answer

Protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor

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1st Continental Congress

answer

Representatives from the colonies met together to discuss how to overthrow the British

question

Lexington and Concord

answer

The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts

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Common Sense

answer

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

question

Olive Branch Petition

answer

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll

question

Declaration of Independence

answer

The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence

question

Bunker Hill

answer

Military engagement that led King George III officially to declare the colonists in revolt; first battleof the Revolution

question

Loyalists

answer

Colonists who were loyal to Britain

question

Patriots

answer

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain

question

Hessians (mercenaries)

answer

The Hessians are Germans, 30,000 of them were employed by George III for the army

question

Battle of Trenton / Princeton

answer

American victory against Hessians in Trenton saves the army and gives Americans hope

question

Battle of Saratoga

answer

Turning point of the American Revolution

question

Treaty of Alliance

answer

Treaty where France agreed to help the colonists win their independence from England

question

Battle of Yorktown

answer

Last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies

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Treaty of Paris 1783

answer

Treaty Between England and the Colonies , formally ended the American Revolutionary War

question

Articles of Confederation

answer

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War

question

Three Branches

answer

Executive, Legislative, Judicial

question

Republic

answer

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

question

Democracy

answer

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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Shay's Rebellion

answer

The uprising of farmers to protest high taxes and heavy debt

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James Madison

answer

Father of the constitution; leading federalist; author of the Bill of Rights

question

Virginia Plan

answer

Proposal to create a strong national government

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New Jersey Plan

answer

Favored the small states in proportional representation

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Great Compromise

answer

Called for a two-house legislature with representation based on population in one house and equal representation in the other house

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Federalism

answer

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

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Separation of Powers

answer

The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

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Checks and Balances

answer

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

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Electoral College

answer

a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

question

Ratification

answer

Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

question

Federalists

answer

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution

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Anti-Federalist

answer

Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry

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Federalist Papers

answer

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton; 85 essays altogether

question

Bill of Rights

answer

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties

question

Washington's Cabinet

answer

Departments designed to help the president lead the nation and make decisions

question

Hamilton's Financial Program

answer

1) pay off national debt at face value, 2) protect the nation's industries & impose high tariffs on imports, 3) national bank, stable currency

question

Deal with South for Capital

answer

Virginia would give up some land for the new capital and ratify the constitution; Washington DC

question

Tariff

answer

A government tax on imports or exports

question

Strict Construction (Interpretation)

answer

Belief that the Constitution should be followed literally

question

Loose Construction (Interpretation)

answer

Belief that the Constitution is flexible

question

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation

answer

Declared that war must be avoided, as the United States was too militarily disjointed to engage in war

question

Jay's Treaty

answer

Agreement that ended the dispute with Britain over American shipping during the French Revolution

question

Whiskey Rebeliion

answer

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by back country farmers

question

Washington's Farewell Address

answer

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism

question

XYZ Affair

answer

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

question

Alien & Sedition Acts

answer

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

question

VA / KY Resolution

answer

Deemed Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional. Demonstrated state's power to override national law

question

Election of 1800

answer

Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie

question

Marbury V. Madison

answer

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

question

Judicial Review

answer

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

question

Louisiana Purchase

answer

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US

question

Lewis and Clark

answer

Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase

question

Hamilton Vs. Burr Duel

answer

Publish mean things about each other, Burr challenges Hamilton to duel, Burr kills Hamilton (maybe by accident, but he was still trying to injure him), Burr disappears after

question

Impressment

answer

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

question

Chesapeake Incident

answer

Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the American ship Chesapeake in American territorial waters

question

Embargo Act of 1807

answer

An act passed by Congress to stop all foreign trade with the United States

question

War of 1812

answer

War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

question

Battle of Tippecanoe

answer

Decisive victory in the War of 1812 by Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison's campaign for presidency

question

Burning of D.C.

answer

British burnt D.C in response to Americans burning York

question

Star-Spangled Banner

answer

Written by Francis Scott Key in Baltimore when the British bombed Ft. McHenry

question

Hartford Convention

answer

Gathering of antiwar delegates in New England that ended up being accused of treason

question

Treaty of Ghent

answer

Treaty that ended the War of 1812

question

Battle of New Orleans

answer

Battle in 1815 between american and british troops for control of New Orleans, ending in an american victory

question

MO Compromise

answer

Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, slavery prohibited above 36'30" parallel

question

Industrial Revolution

answer

Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power

question

Sam Slater

answer

Took ideas from England about effectively producing textile, America's first large industry

question

Francis Lowell

answer

Established the first factory town and one of the first to hire women to work the factories; idea of specialized work force

question

Eli Whitney

answer

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

question

Interchangeable Parts

answer

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

question

Cotton Gin

answer

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

question

Erie Canal

answer

Artificial waterway opened in 1825 linking Lake Erie to the Hudson River

question

Manufacturing

answer

Combines raw materials and processed goods into finished products

question

Free Enterprise

answer

The freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with minimal government regulation

question

Specilization

answer

Devolopment of skills in a specific kind of work

question

Tenements

answer

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

question

Labor Unions

answer

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

question

Strike

answer

Nonviolent refusal to continue to work until a problem is resolved

question

Nat Turner

answer

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia

question

Nationalism

answer

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

question

Era of Good Feelings

answer

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion

question

McCulloch Vs. Maryland

answer

Court ruled that congress did have authority to charter bank, citing the necessary and proper clause; States couldn't tax government property

question

Gibbons Vs. Ogden

answer

Gave control of interstate commerce to U.S. Congress (1824)

question

Monroe Doctrine

answer

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

question

Election of 1812

answer

Madison still prevailed, even though the country was divided over the issue of war (many Northern states opposed war)

question

Corrupt Bargain

answer

Supposed deal to swing the Presidential election of 1824 in return for a place on the cabinet

question

Clay's American System

answer

Establish protective tariff, bring back national bank and sponser development of transportation systems

question

"Jacksonian Democracy"

answer

The idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule

question

Spoils System

answer

The practice of giving offices and other favors of government to political supporters and friends

question

Tariff of 1828

answer

A heavy tax on imports designed to boost american manufacturing

question

Nullification Crisis

answer

A dispute led by John C. Calhoun that said that states could ignore federal laws if they believed those laws violated the Constitution

question

Indian Removal Act

answer

Removed indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the midwest

question

Worcester Vs. Georgia

answer

1832 The court banned Georgia's extension of state law into Cherokee land. Jackson ignored the decision

question

Trail of Tears

answer

The tragic journey of the Cherokee people from their home land to Indian territory between 1838 and 1839, thousands of Cherokees died

question

Bank War/ Biddle

answer

Andrew Jackson doesnt like the bank. and he refuses to charter it. Biddle(bank owner) says he has to. and they argue

question

Pet Banks

answer

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank

question

Panic of 1837

answer

As a result of Jackson's economic policies, the United States went through another depression It resulted in the closure of many banks and record unemployment levels

question

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

answer

Tyler's slogan during his election, using his vicotry during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him

question

Transcendentalists

answer

Believed that the most important truths in life transcended or went beyond human reason

question

Henry Thoreau

answer

Author of Walden who practiced ideas of transcendentalism

question

Temperance Movement

answer

A social reform effort begun in the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol

question

Horace Mann

answer

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

question

Segregation

answer

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

question

Dorothea Dix

answer

Activist who helped improve conditions of mental patients

question

Utopias

answer

Communities based on a vision of a perfect society

question

Abolitionist Movement

answer

The movement concentrated on ending slavery in the United States

question

Emancipation

answer

The freeing of enslaved people

question

Fredrick Douglass

answer

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer

question

Underground Railroad

answer

A system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

question

Harriet Tubman

answer

Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad

question

Sojourner Truth

answer

Former slave who became an abolitionist and women's rights activist

question

Seneca Falls Convention

answer

Women's rights convention that results in a declaration of sentiments but not much else

question

Suffrage Movement

answer

Movement dedicated to achieving women's right to vote

question

Irish Immigration

answer

One of the largest groups of individuals to emigrant to the United States; Main reason was the potato famine

question

German Immigration

answer

Heavy drinkers, labor force, bad economies in Europe - (potato) - Germans set US moral character

question

Second Great Awakening

answer

Religious movements, traveling "meetings," rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G. Finney

question

Adams - Onis Treaty

answer

Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

question

Manifest Destiny

answer

The belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean; domestic security achieved

question

Oregon / Santa Fe Trails

answer

Most traveled overland routes to the west; dangerous and extremely popular

question

California Gold Rush

answer

Migration of thousands of people to California (in 1849) after gold was discovered there

question

Great Plains

answer

A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America

question

Stephen Austin

answer

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

question

Sam Houston

answer

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

question

Texas War for Independence

answer

Successful revolt by Texans against Mexican rule in 1835-1836

question

Battle of the Alamo/Goliad

answer

Texans were greatly outnumbered and many were killed by the Mexicans. However, Texans were then inspired to seek revenge

question

Santa Anna

answer

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans

question

Annexation of Texas

answer

After the battle at the Alamo, Texas gains its independence, only to be annexed by the US shortly after. Leading to a land grab for California

question

Mexican War

answer

War lasting from 1846 to 1848 in which the US defeated Mexico and gained Mexican territory

question

Bear Flag Republic

answer

Nickname for California after it declared independence form Mexico in 1846

question

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

answer

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

question

Gadsden Purchase

answer

Purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary

question

Wilmot Proviso

answer

Law passed in 1846 that banned slavery in any territories won by the United States from Mexico

question

Sectionalism

answer

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

question

Uncle Tom's Cabin

answer

An 1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe written to show the evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act

question

Harriet Beecher Stowe

answer

Author of the antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin

question

MO Compromise

answer

Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, slavery prohibited above 36'30" parallel

question

Compromise of 1850

answer

Agreement over slavery by which California joined the Union as a free state and a strict fugitive slave law was passed

question

Fugitive Slave Act

answer

Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them

question

John C. Calhoun

answer

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

question

Know Nothings/Nativism

answer

This political party was a Anti-immigrant group of people who believed in a policy that protected interest of native born against immigrants

question

KS-NE Act

answer

Called for popular sovereignty to settle the issue of slavery in the territories

question

Popular Sovereignty

answer

The concept that the people of the state should vote whether to be a slave state or free

question

Republican Party

answer

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers

question

Free Soilers

answer

People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories

question

"Bleeding Kansas"

answer

Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory

question

Dred Scott Vs. Sandford

answer

Established that slaves were property, not people (1854)

question

Lecompton Constitution

answer

Pro-slave constitution that got voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election

question

Lincoln- Douglas Debates

answer

The 1858 series of slavery debates between Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln preceding the election of 1860

question

John Brown's Raid

answer

A plan to provide weapons to slaves to start a revolt on slavery. It failed and John Brown was hung for treason

question

Election of 1860

answer

Lincoln was elected, NO states in the south elected him, he won because he got northern votes, and the other votes were split

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