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Songhay

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successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

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Ghana

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First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast.

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Mali

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Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

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Timbuktu

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City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

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Gao

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Prosperous capital city of the kingdom of Songhai, had caravan trade routes.

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Manioc

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another staple of sedentary agriculturists in the Americas; principal crop in the lowlands of South America and the Caribbean islands.

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Sunni Ali

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created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire

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Swahili Decline

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-Vasco da Gama disrupted Mozambique and Mombasa (enroute India) -Second voyage he demanded tribute from ruler of Kilwa -1505 massive Portuguese naval expedition disrupted trade and dominated from Sofala -> Mombasa -administrative centres in Mozambique and Malindi

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Kingdom of Kongo

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Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

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King Alfonso

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King of the Congo who wrote a letter to the King of Portugal expressing concern that the slave trade was depopulating his country

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Angola

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(1575) Portuguese port established for expansion of slave trade. Angola grew and when Portuguese exerted further authority Queen Nzinga resisted. For 40 years, the warrior queen led her troops in battle studied European military tactics, and made alliances with Portugal's rivals, but still never overcame Portugal.

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Islamic Slave Trade

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NOT extensive, took captives from east coast sent to: Arabia, Persia, Iraq, India and China for less than 1000 years used as soldiers and servants

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Triangular Slave Trade

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A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

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Atlantic Slave Trade

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Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the MIddle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

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Middle Passage

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the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

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Olaudah Equiano

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(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery

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African Diaspora

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The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

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Plantation Societies

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slaves worked on plantations-tobacco, cotton and sugar were cash crops; slaves did not meekly accept being servile-slave revolts

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Slave Revolts

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seven major revolts in the Caribbean islands, which lead to slave codes giving whites absolute authority (1660's). Led to harsh treatment of slaves, which was a model for plantation owners in North America.

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Saint-Domingue/Haiti

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(modern-day Haiti) French sugar colony that had the ONLY slave revolt that resulted in the abolition of slavery

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Haitian Revolution

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Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

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Gullah

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Unique language created by blacks that combined English with other African dialects.

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West Indies

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Islands between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, extending from Florida in North America to Venezuela in South America

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Abolitionist

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a reformer who favors abolishing slavery

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Matteo Ricci

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An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China

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Jesuit Missionaries

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group of people that converted people to catholocism during the reformation and is responsible for the catholicism of south america

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Guangzhou

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city in China that was the only port that Europeans could trade through, also known as Canton

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Ming

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Chinese dynasty between 1368-1644. Economy flourished, Border Policy was good, but not well enough enforced, as they were taken over by the Manchu from the North in 1644.

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Great Wall

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a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC

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Manchus

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Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

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Qing

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The Chinese government is ruled by this ethnically Manchurian dynasty during this period. They attempted to hold on to pre-industrial ways and resisted foreign involvement in their country (without success).

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Forbidden City

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a walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China

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Beijing

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became the capital of China during the Ming Dynasty because of its centralized location

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Footbinding

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Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household

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Zheng He

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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

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Yongle Encyclopedia

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The second Ming emperor organized the preparation of vast collection of Chinese history, philosophy, and literature in an effort to preserve and glorify Chinese culture.

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Neo-Confucianism

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The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

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"self-ringing bells"

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Jesuits piqued Chinese curiosity with what came to be known as "self-rining bells" - spring driven mechanical clocks that kept tolerably accurate time, chimed the hours, and sometimes even struck the quarter hours as well.

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Edo

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the capital and largest city of Japan

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Daimyo

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a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

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Tokugawa

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A powerful family in Japan that ruled as shoguns, 1603-1867, characterized by a samurai ruling class, urbanization, and the growth of a merchant class. Top-down approaches worked to solve environmental problems.

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Shogun

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the head of the military government of Japan in the era of the samurai

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Nagasaki

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Trading port, after Jesuit disputes, only the Dutch were allowed to reside here, and only for 2-3 months at a time

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Samurai

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class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land

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Kyoto

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The capital city of medieval Japan.

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Kabuki

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A popular type of Japanese drama combined with music and dance, it is the type of theatre in Japan(Played buy all male actors)

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Bunraku

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Japanese puppet theater

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Dutch Studies

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Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan.

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School of National Learning

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18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.

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Turkic Peoples

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second-largest family of ethnic groups in Russia, settled most of Central Asia; conquered Turkey and the Mongols

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Ottomans

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Turkish people who converted to Islam, conquered Constantinople and changed the name to Istanbul

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Mughals

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muslim rulers over india, combined Hindu and Muslim, brought India to the peak of its political empire, had a single government with a common culture

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Safavids

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A shi'ite muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the persians, ottomans and arabs

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Taj Mahal

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beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

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Devshirme

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Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

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Janissaries

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Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

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Suleyman the Magnificent

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Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challegned Christian vessles througout the Mediterranian. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.

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Shiite

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a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs

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Sunni

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A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

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Sufi

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a Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with God through mystical means

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Shah

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title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran

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Vizier

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a high official in a Muslim government (especially in the Ottoman Empire)

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Babur

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founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530.

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Akbar

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Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)

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Steppe Traditions

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These ancient traditions continued to influence rule in the Muslim empires. They encouraged military ventures, brought succession problems, and revered royal wives to the displeasure of Muslim subjects

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Coffeehouses

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These came to be known as new popular institutions of European social life during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. Commonly, business, science, religion, and politics were all mentioned in caffeine fueled discussions in these places.

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Goa

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Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population.

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"Divine Faith"

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created by Akbar, basically a "mixture" of differnt aspects from different faiths into one faith.

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Millet

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in the ottoman empire, a religious community of non-Muslims

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Jizya

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tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

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Istanbul

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Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

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Aya Sofya

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Hagia Sofia of Christian Constantinople converted to the Ottoman mosque of aya Sofya.

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Printing Press

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invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects

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Gunpowder Empires

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Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

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Ottoman Decline

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Caused by internal strife, European rivals whittling away its territories and lack of adopting Western ways to late.

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Sikhs/Sikhism

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blended elements of both Islam and Hinduism

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Cultural Conservatism

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many Muslims being oblivious to European technological developments (scientific instruments and printing presses) and cultural developments (Enlightenment ideas)

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Harem

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living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

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Zamindar

answer

a local official in Mogul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

AP World History Ch. 26-28 – Flashcards

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