question

Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans

answer

Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth

question

Northwest Passage

answer

believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth

question

Conversion Experience

answer

required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church

question

Social Reciprocity

answer

society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly

question

Church of England

answer

Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty

question

Atlantic slave trade

answer

often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange

question

Jamestown

answer

first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River

question

John Smith

answer

introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks

question

Pocahontas

answer

key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617

question

Mayflower Compact

answer

foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land

question

John Winthrop

answer

Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill" ("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay

question

"City on a Hill"

answer

exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs

question

Indentured servants

answer

settlers to pay the expenses of a servant's voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; headright system

question

Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)

answer

mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)

question

King James I, King Charles

answer

reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors

question

William Penn and the Quakers

answer

settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers

question

Roger Williams

answer

challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church

question

Anne Hutchinson

answer

challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism

question

The Half-Way Covenant

answer

New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints

question

Bacon's Rebellion

answer

rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans

question

Navigation Acts

answer

only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763

question

Mercantilism

answer

ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists

question

Charles II, James II

answer

tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures

question

William and Mary

answer

ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies

question

Dominion of New England

answer

combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one "supercolony" governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a "supergovernor"

question

The Glorious Revolution

answer

William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures

question

James Oglethorpe

answer

established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors

question

The Enlightenment

answer

emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity

question

Benjamin Franklin

answer

connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan

question

The Great Awakening

answer

began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities

question

Deists

answer

believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine

question

George Whitefield

answer

powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity

question

Jonathan Edwards

answer

Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance, wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

question

New Lights vs. Old Lights

answer

New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other

question

Albany Plan of Union

answer

colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect

question

French and Indian War

answer

French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies didn't need English protection; more independent stand against Britain

question

Proclamation of 1763

answer

prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth

question

Salutary Neglect

answer

Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements

question

Writs of Assistance

answer

search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis

question

Townshend Act (1767)

answer

similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries

question

Sugar Act

answer

increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs

question

Stamp Act

answer

taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives

question

Stamp Act Congress

answer

held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed

question

Virginia Resolves

answer

"no taxation without representation," introduced by Patrick Henry

question

Currency Act

answer

prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy

question

Virtual Representation

answer

all English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote

question

The Loyal Nine

answer

group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city

question

Sons of Liberty

answer

organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated nonimportation

question

Declaratory Act

answer

allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say

question

Boston Massacre

answer

British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter

question

Committees of Correspondence

answer

committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self¬government, cooperation between colonies

question

Tea Act (1773)

answer

intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)

question

Boston Tea Party

answer

peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians

question

Quebec Acts

answer

former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the Church of England

question

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

answer

in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony

question

Suffolk Resolves

answer

organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain

question

Olive Branch Petition

answer

politely demanded from the king a cease¬fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts,. guarantee of American rights

question

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

answer

stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions

question

George Washington

answer

American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule

question

Whigs (Patriots)

answer

most numerous in New England, fought for independence

question

Tories (Loyalists)

answer

fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy

question

British strengths and weaknesses

answer

British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army; exhausted resources (Hessians hired), national debt

question

Colonial strengths and weaknesses

answer

fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles

question

Battle of Saratoga

answer

American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne

question

Valley Forge

answer

scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben

question

Battle of Yorktown

answer

last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies

question

Treaty of Paris (1783)

answer

full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland

question

American society during the Revolution

answer

British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, African-Americans and Native Americans involved

question

Articles of Confederation

answer

states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes

question

Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)

answer

foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state

question

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

answer

defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories

question

Alexander Hamilton

answer

pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party

question

James Madison

answer

strong central government, separation of powers, "extended republic"

question

Shays's Rebellion

answer

mistreated farmers, fear of monocracy, forced people to think about central government

question

Connecticut Compromise

answer

advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population

question

Virginia Plan

answer

bicameral congressional representation based on population

question

New Jersey Plan

answer

equal representation in unicameral congress

question

Commerce Compromise

answer

congress could tax imports but not exports

question

Federalism

answer

strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution

question

Changes in the Constitution from the Articles

answer

stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federal courts, easier amendment process

question

Elastic Clause ("necessary and proper")

answer

gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution

question

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

answer

Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights

question

The Federalist Papers

answer

written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory

question

Judiciary Act of 1789

answer

established federal district courts that followed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction; compromise between nationalists and advocates for states' rights

question

Bill of Rights

answer

protected rights of individual from the power of the central government

question

Bank of the United States

answer

Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution

question

Report on Public Credit

answer

proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank

question

Report on Manufactures (tariffs)

answer

Hamilton praised efficient factories with few managers over many workers, promote emigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology

question

Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution

answer

loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress

question

Whiskey Rebellion

answer

Western Pennsylvanian farmers' violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent

question

Citizen Genet

answer

Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine

question

Impressment

answer

British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain

question

Jay's Treaty

answer

provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes

question

Nullification

answer

states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional

question

Federalists and Republicans

answer

the two political parties that formed following Washington's presidency; Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger state governments

question

Washington's Farewell Address

answer

warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

question

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

answer

response to French attempts for alliance with US

question

XYZ Affair

answer

French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people

question

Alien and Sedition Acts

answer

meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists

question

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

answer

argued that states had the right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional

question

12th Amendment

answer

required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates

question

Second Great Awakening

answer

emphasis on personal salvation, emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks; nationalism (Manifest Destiny)

question

Election of 1800

answer

Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie

question

Barbary Pirates

answer

North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers

question

Midnight judges

answer

judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, Marshall among those appointed

question

Marbury v. Madison

answer

John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional

question

Lewis and Clark expedition

answer

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on "Voyage of Discovery"

question

Non-Intercourse Act

answer

sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing

question

Macon's Bill No. 2

answer

president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality

question

Embargo Act (1807)

answer

prohibited exports (and imports) based in American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation

question

War hawks

answer

Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812)

question

Henry Clay and the American System

answer

Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)

question

John C. Calhoun

answer

opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property)

question

William Henry Harrison

answer

military hero from War of 1812; elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler

question

Battle of Tippecanoe

answer

decisive victory in the War of 1812 by Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison's campaign for presidency

question

Hartford Convention

answer

December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party

question

Essex case

answer

Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention

question

Era of Good Feelings

answer

Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightened credit, affected West the most)

question

James Monroe

answer

provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine

question

Missouri Compromise (1820)

answer

Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30'

question

Tallmadge Amendment

answer

no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25

question

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817

answer

agreement between US and Britain to remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes

question

Adams-Onis Treaty

answer

remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined

question

Monroe Doctrine

answer

Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs; supported Washington's goal for US neutrality in Americas

question

Panic of 1819

answer

Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly

question

Election of 1824

answer

"corrupt bargain" and backroom deal for JQ Adams to win over Jackson

question

Tariff of Abominations

answer

under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff, South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jackson appear to advocate free trade

question

Jackson's Presidency

answer

focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto

question

Transportation Revolution

answer

river traffic, road building, canals (esp. Erie), rise of NYC

question

Erie Canal

answer

goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways

question

National Road

answer

part of transportation revolution, from Cumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network; stimulated Western expansion

question

Indian Removal Act

answer

Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian tribes in the Louisiana Territory

question

Five Civilized Tribes

answer

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

question

"Trail of Tears"

answer

Cherokee tribe forced to move from southern Appalachians to reservations in current-day Oklahoma, high death toll

question

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

answer

first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation

question

Worcester v. Georgia

answer

Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes

question

Spoils System

answer

"rotation in office;" Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy

question

Kitchen Cabinet

answer

Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his official cabinet

question

Lowell mill/system

answer

young women employed by Lowell's textile company, housed in dormitories

question

Cotton Gin

answer

allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, less need for slaves

question

Nullification Controversy

answer

southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them

question

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

answer

written by Calhoun, regarding tariff nullification

question

Bank of the United States

answer

destroyed by Jackson on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution

question

Pet banks

answer

small state banks set up by Jackson to keep federal funds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury

question

Independent Treasury Bill

answer

government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations; "America's Second Declaration of Independence"

question

Specie

answer

paper money; specie circular decreed that the government would not accept specie for government land

question

Maysville Road Veto

answer

vetoed by Jackson on the count that government funds for the Maysville Road would only benefit one state

question

Liberty Party

answer

supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society

question

Whig Party

answer

believed in expanding federal power on economy, encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on the local level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson)

question

John C. Calhoun

answer

opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner

question

Marshall Court (all cases)

answer

Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contract cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v. Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties' consent)

question

Second Great Awakening

answer

religious movements, traveling "meetings," rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G. Finney

question

Burned-Over District

answer

heavily evangelized to the point there were no more people left to convert to other religions, upstate New York, home to the beginning of Smith's Mormonism movement

question

Horace Mann

answer

worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix

question

William Lloyd Garrison

answer

editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery), fought for feminist movement ("Am I not a woman and a sister" picture of slave woman)

question

Frederick Douglass

answer

runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips, founder of The North Star

question

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

answer

for women's rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence

question

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

answer

organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization

question

Hudson River School

answer

taught American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects

question

Transcendentalism

answer

founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature

question

Ralph Waldo Emerson

answer

in Brook Farm Community, literary nationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God and freedom), wrote "The American Scholar"

question

Henry David Thoreau

answer

in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two years writing Walden and On Civil Disobedience, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants

question

Nat Turner's Rebellion

answer

led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation

question

Yeoman Farmers

answer

family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

question

Underground Railroad

answer

network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom

question

Harriet Tubman

answer

worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom

question

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

answer

fought for women's rights and abolition, "Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!"

question

Dorothea Dix

answer

worked towards asylums for the mentally insane, worked alongside Mann

question

John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community

answer

John Noyes, New York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage

question

New Harmony

answer

first Utopian society, by Robert Owen

question

"Wage slaves"

answer

northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)

question

Nativism

answer

anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics

question

The Alamo

answer

Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, "Remember the Alamo"

question

Stephen Austin

answer

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

question

James K. Polk

answer

"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury

question

Oregon and "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"

answer

Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40'

question

Manifest Destiny

answer

stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk

question

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

answer

acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas

question

Wilmot Proviso

answer

slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico; never fully passed Congress

question

California Gold Rush

answer

gold discovery in Sutter's Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West

question

William Seward

answer

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly"

question

Compromise of 1850

answer

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

question

Fugitive Slave Act

answer

runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property — running away was as good as stealing)

question

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

answer

depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South

question

Know-Nothing (American) Party

answer

opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic

question

Popular Sovereignty

answer

the principle that a state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery

question

Kansas-Nebraska Act

answer

territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by Stephen A. Douglas

question

"Bleeding Kansas"

answer

border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attacked Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre

question

Lecompton Constitution

answer

proslavery constitution in Kansas, supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession

question

John Brown

answer

led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God's work

question

Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856)

answer

John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress

question

Republican Party

answer

formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate

question

Harpers Ferry (1859)

answer

Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and became martyr in the North

question

Dred Scott v. Sandford

answer

slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state

question

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

answer

over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery

question

Freeport Doctrine

answer

Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property

question

Fort Sumter

answer

first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina

question

20-Negro Law

answer

exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; "rich man's war but a poor man's fight"

question

Anaconda plan

answer

the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico

question

Ulysses S. Grant

answer

won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general

question

William T. Sherman

answer

pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina

question

Robert E. Lee

answer

opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army

question

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

answer

Lee's chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer

question

Battle of Antietam

answer

Lee's attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again

question

Emancipation Proclamation

answer

issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in the war

question

Battle of Gettysburg

answer

Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union)

question

New York City draft riots (1863)

answer

drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned

question

Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

answer

South divided into 5 military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify 14th amendment

question

Compromise of 1877

answer

South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president

question

Andrew Carnegie

answer

achieved an abnormal rise in class system (steel industry), pioneered vertical integration (controlled Mesabie Range to ship ore to Pittsburgh), opposed monopolies, used partnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick as a manager/partner), Bessemer steel process

question

Standard Oil Trust

answer

small oil companies sold stock and authority to Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company (consolidation), cornered world petroleum market

question

John D. Rockefeller

answer

Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of the fittest)

question

Vertical and horizontal integration

answer

beginnings of trusts (destruction of competition); vertical- controlling every aspect of production (control quality, eliminate middlemen - Rockefeller); horizontal- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a market (highly detrimental)

question

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

answer

forbade restraint of trade and did not distinguish good from bad trusts, ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-Trust Act)

question

United States vs. EC Knight Company

answer

decision under Sherman Anti-Trust Act shot down by Supreme Court — sugar refining was manufacturing rather than trade/commerce

question

National Labor Union

answer

founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks

question

Knights of Labor

answer

founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded corrupt and well-off; equal female pay, end to child/convict labor, employer-employee relations, proportional income tax; "bread and butter" unionism (higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions)

question

Terence V. Powderly

answer

Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)

question

American Federation of Labor

answer

craft unions that left the Knights (1886), led by Gompers, women left out of recruitment efforts

question

Samuel Gompers

answer

focused on skilled workers (harder to replace than unskilled), coordinated crafts unions, supported 8¬hour workday and injury liability

question

"Yellow dog contracts"

answer

fearing the rise of labor unions, corporations forced new employees to sign and promise not to be part of a union

question

Pinkertons

answer

detectives hired by employers as private police force, often used to end strikes

question

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

answer

10-year moratorium on Chinese immigration to reduce competition for jobs (Chinese willing to work for cheap salaries)

question

Haymarket Bombing

answer

bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers' unions

question

Eugene V. Debs

answer

led railroad workers in Pullman Strike, arrested; Supreme Court (decision in re Debs) legalized use of injunction (court order) against unions and strikes

question

Social Darwinism

answer

natural selection applied to human competition, advocated by Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner

question

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

answer

single tax on speculated land to ameliorate industrialization misery

question

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards

answer

state-run economy to provide conflict-free society

question

Karl Marx, Das Kapital

answer

working class exploited for profit, proletariat (workers) to revolt and inherit all society

question

Thomas Edison

answer

electric light, phonograph, mimeograph, Dictaphone, moving pictures

question

Louis Sullivan

answer

led architectural movement to create building designs that reflected buildings' functions, especially in Chicago

question

Interstate Commerce Act

answer

created Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to publish rates (less discrimination, short/long haul), first legislation to regulate corporations, ineffective ICC

question

Social Gospel movement

answer

stressed role of church and religion to improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and Washington Gladen; influenced settlement house movement and Salvation Army

question

Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association (YMCA & YWCA)

answer

provided housing and recreation to city youth, imposing Protestant morals, unable to reach out to all youth

question

Jane Addams

answer

helped lead settlement house movement, co-founded NAACP, condemned war and poverty

question

Hull House

answer

Jane Addams's pioneer settlement house (center for women's activism and social reform) in Chicago

question

Salvation Army

answer

established by "General" William Booth, uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment to families, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands in order to instill middle-class virtues

question

Declining death rate

answer

sewer systems and purification of water

question

New immigrants vs. old immigrants

answer

old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stay in the US

question

Cult of domesticity

answer

Victorian standards confined women to the home to create an artistic environment as a statement of cultural aspirations

question

William Marcy Tweed

answer

leader of Tammany Hall, gained large sums of money through the political machine, prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail

question

Tammany Hall

answer

Democratic political machine in NYC, "supported" immigrants and poor people of the city, who were needed for Democratic election victories

question

Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie, The Financier

answer

attacked industrial elite, called for business regulation, publisher refused works breaking with Victorian ideals

question

Regionalist and naturalist writers

answer

writing took a more realistic approach on the world, regionalist writers focused on local life (Sarah Orne Jewett), naturalist writers focused on economy and psychology (Stephen Crane)

question

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

answer

government compromised to buy and coin $2-4 million/month; government stuck to minimum and inflation did not occur (lower prices); economy grew

question

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

answer

government to buy silver to back money in addition to gold

question

James G. Blaine

answer

Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)

question

Pendleton Civil Service Act

answer

effectively ended spoils system and established civil service exams for all government positions, under Pres. Garfield

question

Farmers'Alliance movement

answer

Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop — farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks

question

Greenback Party

answer

supported expanded money supply, health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers, granger (farmer)-supported

question

Populist Party

answer

emerged from Farmers' Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan was defeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes; Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry Simpson

question

Convict-lease system

answer

blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy

question

Civil Rights Cases

answer

Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendment protected people from governmental infringement of rights and had no effect on acts of private citizens

question

Plessy v. Ferguson

answer

Supreme Court legalized the "separate but equal" philosophy

question

Munn v. Illinois

answer

private property subject to government regulation when property is devoted to public interest; against railroads

question

Jim Crow laws

answer

educational and residential segregation; inferior facilities allotted to African-Americans, predominantly in South

question

Coxey's Army

answer

Coxey and unemployed followers marched on Washington for support in unemployment relief by inflationary public works program

question

Panic of 1893

answer

8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads); due to stock market crash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmer loans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression; decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland's repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

question

William Jennings Bryan

answer

repeat candidate for president, proponent of silver-backing (16:1 platform), cross of gold speech against gold standard; Democratic candidate (1896)

question

Free silver

answer

Populists campaigned for silver-backed money rather than gold-backed, believed to be able to relieve working conditions and exploitation of labor

question

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

answer

workers unable to escape (locked into factory), all died; further encouraged reform movements for working conditions

question

Gifford Pinchot

answer

head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed to Roosevelt's natural conservation efforts

question

Frederick W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management

answer

increase working output by standardizing procedures and rewarding those who worked fast; efficiency

question

Industrial Workers of the World

answer

supported Socialists, militant unionists and socialists, advocated strikes and sabotaging politics, aimed for an umbrella union similar to Knights of Labor, ideas too radical for socialist cause

question

"Big BM" Haywood

answer

leader of IWW, from Western Federation of Miners

question

Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class

answer

satirized wealthy captains of industry, workers and engineers as better leaders of society

question

Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life

answer

activist government to serve all citizens (cf. Alexander Hamilton); founded New Republic magazine

question

John Dewey

answer

social ideals to be encouraged in public school (stress on social interaction), learning by doing

question

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

answer

law meant to evolve as society evolves, opposed conservative majority

question

Booker T. Washington

answer

proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans

question

"Atlanta Compromise" speech

answer

given by BTW to ease whites' fears of integration, assuring them that separate but equal was acceptable, ideas challenged by DuBois

question

WEB DuBois, Souls of Black Folk

answer

opposed BTW's accommodation policies, called for immediate equality, formed Niagara Movement to support his ideas

question

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

answer

formed by white progressives, adopted goals of Niagara Movement, in response to Springfield Race Riots

question

Muckrakers

answer

uncovered the "dirt" on corruption and harsh quality of city/working life; heavily criticized by Theodore Roosevelt; Ida Tarabell (oil companies), David Graham Phillips (Senate), Aschen School (child labor — photography), mass magazines McClure's and Collier's

question

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

answer

revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

question

Thomas Nast

answer

political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes to stop criticism

question

Robert La Follette

answer

created the Wisconsin Idea (as governor of Wisconsin) — regulated railroad, direct-primary system, increased corporate taxes, reference library for lawmakers

question

Mann Act

answer

made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes," violated by black boxer Jack Johnson (w/ white woman)

question

Women's Christian Temperance Union

answer

led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" following the civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition

question

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

answer

women must gain economic rights in order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates)

question

Northern Securities Case

answer

Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan and James G. Hill - railroads) seen by Roosevelt as "bad" trust, Supreme Court upheld his first trust-bust

question

Theodore Roosevelt

answer

first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism (at times conservative), bypassed congressional opposition (cf. Jackson), significant role in world affairs

question

Square Deal

answer

Roosevelt's plan that aimed to regulate corporations (Anthracite coal strike, Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Elkins and Hepburn Acts), protect consumers (meat sanitation), and conserve natural resources (Newlands Reclamation Act)

question

Preservationism vs. Conservationism

answer

Roosevelt and Pinchot sided on conservation rather than preservation (planned and regulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses)

question

William H. Taft

answer

"trustbuster" (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)

question

Bull Moose Party

answer

party formed from Republican split by Roosevelt, more progressive values, leaving "Republican Old Guard" to control Republican party

question

New Nationalism

answer

federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)

question

New Freedom

answer

ideas of Wilson: small enterprise, states' rights, more active government, trust busting, left social issues up to the states

question

Woodrow Wilson

answer

Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act

question

Federal Reserve Act

answer

created Federal Reserve System, regional banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of each bank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued "Federal Reserve Notes"

question

Pan-Americanism

answer

James G. Blaine sought to open up Latin American markets to the U.S.; rejected by Latin America due to fear of U.S. dominance and satisfaction with European market

question

Yellow journalism

answer

created by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst; aimed to excite American imperialist interests; media bias, subjective representation of events

question

Jingoism

answer

belligerent nationalism against other threatening nations

question

Secretary of State John Hay

answer

ex-Lincoln secretary; worked to gain Open Door Notes' acceptance from the major powers

question

Open Door Policy

answer

sought to eliminate spheres of influence and avoid European monopolies in China; unaccepted by the powers in mind

question

Spanish American War (1898)

answer

McKinley reluctant; armed intervention to free Cuba from Spain; Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" made attack on Spanish at Cuba

question

Explosion of USS Maine

answer

meant to provide evacuation opportunity for Americans in Cuba; internal accidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish¬ American War

question

Platt Amendment

answer

U.S. would ensure that Cuba would be protected from European powers and maintain a place in Cuban affairs; provided coal and naval stations

question

US acquisitions

answer

Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam: granted to U.S. at the end of Spanish-American War; Philippines were captured after treaty, and thus not part of spoils, but kept as territory with an inevitable movement for independence; Philippines and Hawaii steps toward Asia

question

Naval battle in Manila Bay, Philippines

answer

Admiral Dewey defeated Spanish initially; American troops (aided by Aguinaldo's insurgents) captured Manila, leading to annexation

question

TR mediates Russo-Japanese War

answer

secretly sponsored peace negotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly on Asia; concerned with safety of Philippines

question

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

answer

U.S. felt it was its duty to "watch out" for the interests of other countries in the Western hemisphere; provided justification for invasions of Latin America.

question

Panama Canal

answer

needed to protect new Pacific acquisitions, U.S. took over the project from the French after overcoming Clatyton¬ Bulwer Treaty (prohibited exclusive control of canal) with the Hay¬ Pauncefote Treaty

question

"Gentlemen's Agreement" (1908)

answer

in response to Japanese discrimination in San Fran schools; Japanese to stop laborers into U.S., Californians forbidden to ban Japanese from public schools

question

Dollar Diplomacy"

answer

government would protect America's foreign investments with any force needed; under president Taft

question

Moral Diplomacy

answer

intervention in Mexican Revolution (Madero overthrew dictator Diaz) to overthrow Madero out of fear of property confiscation, General Huerta (seen as "brute" by Wilson, sought new leader) replaced Madero

question

Invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa

answer

Huerta's enemy, reluctantly supported by U.S.; U.S. sought Villa's submission due to terrorism, eventually assassinated; Wilson's policy highly unpopular

question

Lusitania

answer

British passenger liner secretly carrying ammunition sunk by German u-boat, included American passengers

question

Zimmerman Note

answer

intercepted by Britain; Germany proposed alliance with Mexico, using bribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ; Japan included in alliance

question

Unrestricted submarine warfare

answer

Germany announced that it would sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S. in war

question

Creel Committee

answer

Committee on Public Information; aimed to sell America and the world on Wilson's war goals; propaganda, censorship, "four-minute men" speeches, "Liberty Leagues" (spy on community)

question

War Industries Board

answer

attempted to centralize production of war materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-faire government

question

Conscription policies

answer

Selective Service Act to require men to register with few exceptions; women and blacks drafted/enlisted, highly successful

question

Herbert Hoover's Food Administration

answer

relied on voluntary compliance (no formal laws), propaganda; high prices set on commodities to encourage production, Prohibition

question

Wilson's 14 points

answer

public treaties, free trade, free seas, reduced armament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities, international organization

question

League of Nations

answer

foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped to guarantee political independence and integrity of all countries

question

Great Migration

answer

mass migration northward; mainly blacks migrating from the southern states into the north hoping for less discrimination

question

Lodge Reservations

answer

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

question

Isolationism

answer

avoided league of Nations, opposed Latin American involvement

question

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

answer

fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of criticism of the government and military

question

Schenk v. U.S.

answer

court case, upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right to limit free speech during times of war

question

"Red Scare" (1919)

answer

anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevik rebellion

question

Palmer Raids

answer

Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism

question

"Red Summer," race riots (1919)

answer

spurred by Great Migration, large-scale riots, lynchings, &c.

question

Nativism

answer

severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values

question

Ku Klux Klan

answer

spread quickly; opposed everything that was not White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) (and conservative), Stephenson's faults and jail sentence led to demise

question

National Origins Act (1924)

answer

reduced quota, reduced numbers from eastern and southern Europe, Asians banned, Canadians and Latin Americans exempt

question

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

answer

prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied

question

Scopes Trial

answer

Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty

question

Prohibition, rise of organized crime

answer

supported by women and churches, instituted by Volstead Act, lacked enforcement; bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger — gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law)

question

Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management

answer

efficient working methods to increase productivity; usually resulted in lower wages (hated by workers), power to managers

question

Henry Ford's assembly line

answer

mass production of the Model-T, workers as potential consumers (raise wages), supported other industries and raised employment

question

Bruce Barton

answer

The Man Nobody Knows, glorification of business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion and manufacturing

question

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

answer

Alice Paul; shocked traditionalism, League of Women Voters supported; new organization of women who were now more independent

question

Jazz

answer

dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation and ragtime; jazz migrated along with blacks in the Great Migration

question

"Lost Generation"

answer

new generation of writers outside of Protestantism, resentment of ideals betrayed by society; Fitzgerald (despised materialism, Great Gatsby), Hemingway (disillusionment, war experience), Lewis (against upper class — Babbit and Mainstreet), Faulkner (stream of consciousness), T.S. Eliot

question

Harlem Renaissance

answer

authors included Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullet — praise and expression of black culture of the time

question

Marcus Garvey

answer

started the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) — "Back to Africa" movement for racial pride and separatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks

question

Charles Lindbergh

answer

considered a hero for his solo crossing of the Atlantic by plane

question

Washington Disarmament Conference (1921)

answer

US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to reduce naval tonnage and halt construction for 10 years; US and Japan to respect Pacific territorial holdings, Kellog-Briand Pact to "outlaw war"

question

Dawes Plan (1924)

answer

to make German reparations from WWI more accessible to Germans; evacuation of troops from Germany, reorganization of the Reichsbank, and foreign loans

question

Conservative policies of Harding and Coolidge

answer

lowering of income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal to create higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill)

question

Fordney-McCumber Tariff and Smoot-Hawley Tariff

answer

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

question

Teapot Dome scandal

answer

Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming

question

Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce

answer

known as "wartime food czar;" created recreation policies and reintroduced leisure culture and conservation ethic to get Americans escaping the cities and improve tourism, etc.

question

Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury

answer

introduced the "trickle-down" economics theory in order to promote business and increase money available for speculation

question

Farm crisis

answer

agricultural depression as precursor to the depression; unheeded omen of problems in the economic structure (prices too low — too much supply for the demand)

question

Causes of the depression

answer

rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry, mistaken "trickle-down" economics, reliance on credit

question

Stock market crash

answer

(1929) stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, &c.

question

Hoover's policy of voluntarism

answer

emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression

question

Hoovervilles

answer

sets of cardboard box houses that epitomized the country's blame on Hoover for the cause of the Depression

question

Bonus Army

answer

veterans from WWI sought their pensions before they were too old to use them; they were denied and were run out of Washington (violently, by MacArthur)

question

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

answer

attempted to boost economy by making loans to banks and insurance companies, hoping to restart them

question

President Franklin Roosevelt

answer

introduced his "New Deal," won election by a relative landslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust)

question

New Deal

answer

FDR's plan (although vague during the campaign) to restart the economy and pull America out of the Great Depression

question

"Brain trust"

answer

FDR's inner circle of experts rather than just politicians in the cabinet

question

"Hundred days"

answer

accomplished great number of relief, recovery, and reform efforts; sought practical solutions to the problems by experimentation

question

Emergency Banking Relief Act

answer

four-day banking holiday to create controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks

question

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) & National Recovery Administration (NRA)

answer

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), prevented extreme competition, labor management disputes, and over-production; federally coordinated consensus of business leaders (Hugh Johnson) to regulate businesses (wages, limits, working conditions)

question

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

answer

Part of "First" New Deal Program, subsidies to farmers to decrease production and thus increase prices

question

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

answer

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), hydroelectric power to river valley; brought social and economic development to very poor area

question

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

answer

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), employed young jobless men with government projects on work relief and environment

question

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

answer

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), provided more funds to state and local relief efforts

question

Public Works Administration (PWA)

answer

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), Harold Icicles, provided public construction projects

question

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

answer

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), insured deposits < $5000, reassured American public of the worth of banks

question

Social Security Act of 1935 (SSA)

answer

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), used withheld money from payrolls to provide aid to the unemployed, industrial accident victims, and young mothers; principle of government responsibility for social welfare

question

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

answer

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), Harry Hopkins; provide work for unemployed and construct public works, &c. through Emergency Relief Appropriation Act; much like Civil Works Administration

question

Wagner Act / National Labor Relations Act

answer

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics

question

Fair Labor Standards Act

answer

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), banned child labor, established minimum wage

question

Keynesian economics

answer

philosophy that deficit spending during a depression would increase purchasing power and stimulate economy; FDR disagreed with the policy at first and borrowed money to cover deficits

question

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

answer

halted sale of tribal lands, enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; helped secure Indians' entry into New Deal associations; led by John Collier

question

Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor

answer

first female cabinet member

question

Butler v. U.S.

answer

court case, killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs

question

Schechter v. U.S

answer

court case, unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegation of legislative authority from Congress to executive

question

Court Packing

answer

Judiciary Reorganization Bill; FDR's attempt to put in extra judges who would support him without doubt

question

Okies" and "Arkies"

answer

Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl

question

Deportations of Mexicans

answer

nationalists against foreign non-English speaking workers (took jobs away from American men); encouraged to leave the U.S.

question

Critics of FDR

answer

Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long ("share our wealth"), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)

question

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

answer

created by John L. Lewis for unskilled labor, organized "sit-down strike" against GM to work for recognition

question

Dorothea Lange

answer

hired to photograph ordinary Americans experiencing the depression

question

Good Neighbor Policy

answer

withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum (rebukes the "big stick"); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields

question

Isolationism in 1920s & 1930s

answer

Americans concerned with economic depression; sought to avoid European involvement, no apparent immediate threats

question

Neutrality Acts, 1935-37

answer

prohibited aiding of belligerent nations, banned civilian involvement; limited power of president during international war, built up armed forces

question

Quarantine Speech, 1937

answer

FDR encouraged democracies to quarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized by isolationists

question

Neutrality Act, 1939

answer

allowed sale of weaponry to democracies on "cash-and-carry" basis, avoided full-blown war; danger zones proclaimed; solved American unemployment crisis

question

Four Freedoms" speech

answer

FDR asked for increased authority to aid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want, from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease

question

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

answer

President to offer military supplies to nations "vital to the defense of the US"; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale)

question

Pearl Harbor

answer

Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted in FDR's request for declaration of war against Japan; Germany and Italy responded with declarations of war

question

First American strategy in WWII

answer

FDR and Churchill agreed to defeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan

question

Important WWII Battles

answer

Midway (US Signal Corps, turning point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower's amphibious invasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces), Stalingrad (Russians defeated Germans, saved Moscow and Leningrad, turning point in Europe)

question

Japanese internment

answer

fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors, sent off (by law) to internment camps; removal of deemed threats in military areas

question

Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs

answer

risk of too many casualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion, Japanese surrender unlikely

question

Yalta Conference (1945)

answer

established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

question

Potsdam Conference (1945)

answer

decided to punish war crimes, established program for de-Nazification of Germany

question

The Homefront

answer

westward migration of workers (new economic opportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce and family/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories, still held inferior to men

question

Rationing

answer

Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war

question

Rosie the Riveter

answer

symbol of women workers during the war

question

John L. Lewis

answer

through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of the very few strikes during the time period)

question

Bracero program

answer

brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs, concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor working conditions (as they were not American citizens)

question

Zoot Suit riots

answer

racism riots against Mexican laborers (imported for jobs)

question

A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington

answer

led Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: threatened a siege on DC if FDR did not agree to end discrimination in military

question

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

answer

prohibited discrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment

question

President Harry Truman

answer

first president to show positive response to civil rights movement; worked heavily on keeping Soviet spread of communism in check

question

Jackie Robinson

answer

first African-American in major league baseball

question

Desegregation of Armed Forces (1947)

answer

banned racial discrimination in federal practices; To Secure These Rights called for desegregation, anti-lynching, end of poll taxes

question

Dixiecrats, 1948

answer

fought for old Southern way of life (states' rights), attempted to gain higher standing within Democratic party; aimed to deny Truman enough electoral votes to avoid his reelection by nominating Strom Thurmond (SC governor)

question

Fair Deal

answer

preservation of New Deal, attempt at additions; raised minimum wage, public housing, old-age insurance extension, agricultural price supports (lowering of farm price)

question

George Kennan

answer

US ambassador to Russia, notified Truman of Soviet ambitions to expand empire and overthrow other political forces; established concern for Soviet policy in Eastern Europe, Germany, and the Middle East

question

Truman Doctrine

answer

support people oppressed by communism and non-democratic governments; worked with democratic governments in Greece, Turkey, and Israel

question

Marshall Plan

answer

US provided financial assistance to recover economies in Europe; aimed towards anti-communist governments in France, Italy, and Germany; Eastern European nations prohibited from receiving help from US

question

Berlin Airlift

answer

Soviets cut Berlin off from the rest of Germany by blockade; US organized airlift to drop supplies into Britain; blockade lifted in May 1949

question

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

answer

response to Berlin crisis, warned Moscow that threats would be answered with force; Warsaw Pact formed by Soviets in response

question

Soviet atomic bomb

answer

September 1949, US no longer held monopoly; two atomic powers

question

China turns communist

answer

Mao Zedong (communist) defeated nationalist forces of Kai-Shek (supported by US); seen as defeat for US, not officially fully recognized until 1973

question

Korean War

answer

Soviet-aided North Korea attack on South Korea; MacArthur named general on behalf of UN (excluded Russia), US supplied majority of troops; recapture of South Korea and suppression of North forces to northern border; introduction of Chinese, MacArthur fired for suggestion to use nuclear weapons on China; nuclear incentives for peace negotiations

question

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

answer

Republican, popular hero of WWII; "dynamic conservatism" as a middle ground btw. Rep. and Dem.; Interstate Highway System (ulterior motive of weapons transportation); St. Lawrence Seaway opened Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean via locks; Depts. Of Health, Education, and Welfare to oversee New Deal programs

question

Conformity in the 1950s

answer

strong patriotism and need to conform to try to avoid blame during red scare, non-churchgoers, unmarried, and critics suspected as communists

question

Suburbia

answer

middle class; white flight from urban areas due to black migration; government supported insurance for homeowners and builders

question

"Baby Boom"

answer

unprecedented sudden growth spurt of American population (especially urban and suburban areas)

question

GI Bill of Rights

answer

government ensured readjustment rights to GIs after WWI unrest, loans to veterans for higher education and mortgages (contributed to economic prosperity)

question

Consumerism

answer

Americans could now spend what they had been told to save during the war (disposable income); increased purchasing of luxury items

question

"Affluent Society"

answer

economic prosperity of American society following WWII; doubling of national income, jobs to women, defense industry's support of economy

question

Non-conformity

answer

Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Beatniks — rebelled against conservative conformity of the rest of the country (esp. targeted youth)

question

Rock `n' Roll

answer

influence of African-American blues, music of the younger generation (gap between them and their parents)

question

David Riesman

answer

(The Lonely Crowd) "outer directed" Americans conforming to peer pressure on moral and social issues, rather than independently thinking on morals

question

Richard Nixon, Alger Hiss

answer

Nixon led movement to Hiss's indictment; convicted of perjury, Nixon gained national prominence

question

McCarthyism

answer

attacked people for being communist by association and unsubstantiated claims, against Truman, Marshall, and Ike; downfall came with attack on the military (condemned by Senate); led hysteria of the red scare

question

Domino theory

answer

one country that falls into communism will cause surrounding nations to also fall "like dominos"; spurred by Southeast Asia regimes (esp. Vietnam)

question

Community on Un-American Activities (HUAC)

answer

attacked public figures (Hollywood, New-Dealers, liberals) to root out communist spies

question

Truman's Loyalty Program

answer

Truman tested for communist alliances within government; government employees prohibited from taking part in remotely-communist activities

question

Rosenbergs

answer

executed for leaking atomic secrets to Soviets, avowed communists

question

John Foster Dulles

answer

secretary of state, policy to liberate captive people in Eastern Europe by political pressure and propaganda; massive retaliation to counter SovietlChinese aggression with nuclear weapons; brinksmanship to be persistent to solve crises (even to the extent of war)

question

CIA overthrow of Iran (1953)

answer

installed Shah as dictator, overthrew Moussadegh (communist interests), in order to resist nationalization British oil holdings

question

CIA overthrow of Guatemala (1954)

answer

overthrew Pres. Guzman after he nationalized American fruit fields and accepted arms from USSR (communist sympathies)

question

Sputnik

answer

caused American hysteria (1957), fear that Soviets were technologically superior; led Ike to order more rigorous education program to rival Soviets (National Defense Education Act)

question

National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA)

answer

launched in 1958 by Ike; successful launch of American satellite (Explorer I); massive arms builup

question

U-2 Incident

answer

American U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR (Ike: "for national security); US suspended further flights, Krushchev demanded apology (refused)

question

Ike's Farewell Speech

answer

warned of dangerous military-industrial complex (newly-found power of the military to affect the path of democracy)

question

AFL-CIO (1955)

answer

unemployment jitters; expelled Teamster union (resorted to gangsterism); height of power of workers' unions

question

US economy since WWII (service economy)

answer

highest peacetime deficit in US history (due to lower tax rates for high-income taxpayers, spent too much money attempting to reduce price supports to farmers)

question

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

answer

blacks denied admission to all-white school; overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, negating "separate but equal", ordered integration of schools as soon as possible; white southerners protested (refused to attend integrated schools)

question

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

answer

Parks arrested for refusing to give up bus seat to white man, African American leaders called for city-wide boycott of bus system (lasted almost 400 days); Supreme Court ruled segregated buses unconstitutional

question

Martin Luther King Jr., Southern Christian Leadership Conference

answer

led boycott, became leader of civil rights movement; urged nonviolent resistance (cf. tactics of Ghandi);

question

Little Rock Crisis (1957)

answer

Ike forced to send National Guard to escort black children to school to quell riots and resistance (first time since Reconstruction that troops used in the south to enforce Constitution); resistance by white community (private schools)

question

Greensboro sit-in (1960)

answer

nonviolent protest to college students (NC) being refused lunch service; part of "sit-in" movement to integrate all aspects of life (hotels, entertainment, &c.)

question

Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960

answer

commission on civil rights to attempt to guarantee the ballot to blacks; showed government's changing views of race relations

question

Election of 1960

answer

Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised charisma) won over Nixon (pale and nervous)

question

President John F. Kennedy

answer

second youngest president, entered presidency as tensions of the Cold War increased; unable to get major initiatives through Congress due to conservative bloc; tax cuts (economic stimulation); reluctantly gets involved in civil rights; emphasizes Space Race (man on the moon)

question

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

answer

effects of pesticides on the environment; changed way Americans viewed their impact on nature

question

Berlin Wall

answer

due to threat of nuclear war, Soviets erected wall to separate East Berlin from West Berlin (end exodus of intellect to west); symbol of communist denial of freedom

question

Peace Corps

answer

created in 1961 as example of liberal anticommunism in third world countries; "reform-minded missionaries of democracy"

question

Alliance for Progress (Marshall Plan of Latin America)

answer

Americans feared Soviet infiltration into Latin America, placed secret police and military forces to prevent it

question

Bay of Pigs invasion

answer

CIA attempt to institute Cuban support to overthrow Castro; cover-up uncovered, became representation of Cuban resistance to American aggression

question

Cuban Missile Crisis

answer

storage of Soviet missiles in Cuba (threat of nuclear war); Krushchev demanded that US never invade Cuba and remove forces from Turkey; mutual compliance with each other's demands

question

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

answer

prohibited testing of nuclear bombs above ground to slow the nuclear arms race and the release of nuclear fallout into the atmosphere

question

Freedom Riders (Congress of Racial Equality - CORE)

answer

interracial group of protestors who aimed to dramatize the violations of the call for desegregation; harsh treatment by southern whites provoked Kennedy to more strictly enforce desegregation

question

James Meredith

answer

black veteran escorted to be enrolled in Univ. of Miss. by military (school reluctant, cf. Little Rock Nine)

question

March on Birmingham

answer

King hosted myriad nonviolent protesting activities to fill jail with protestors, Bill Connor (police commissioner) began violent resistance to protestors

question

March on Washington, "I have a dream"

answer

25,000 people (including whites) convened for political rally, MLK's speech to historical event; attempted to push civil rights bill through Congress

question

Assassination of JFK, Warren Commission

answer

Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald (hated his anti-Cuban policies); LBJ instituted Warren Commission to investigate assassination (headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren)

question

President Lyndon B. Johnson

answer

dealt with Vietnam War, "Great Society" program for improvement of American society, antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs

question

"Great Society"

answer

LBJ's flood of proposals to Congress for the beautification and amelioration of American society (War on Poverty, Medicare, public education spending, public television (PBS), National Endowments for the Humanities and Arts (NEH, NEA))

question

Affirmative Action

answer

sets of programs geared towards minorities and oft-discriminated populations

question

Immigration Act of 1965

answer

abolished national origins quotas, dramatically increased immigration (especially from Asia and Latin America)

question

Civil Rights Act of 1964

answer

banned racial discrimination and segregation (public), bias by federal government; enforced by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

question

Voting Rights Act of 1965

answer

prohibited use of any devices (e.g., literacy tests) to deny the right to vote and enforced black suffrage rights

question

Forced busing

answer

due to parents unhappy with encouraged segregation of schools, Supreme Court instituted forced busing policies (using school buses as a method of integration)

question

Malcolm X, Nation of Islam

answer

Black Muslim worked to raise black spirits and pride (cf. Marcus Garvey); emphasized black institutions rather than mere desegregation, blacks to gain freedom at any cost

question

Black Power, Stokely Carmichael

answer

black rights leader, heavily influenced by Malcolm X (advocated black separatism rather than integration)

question

Black Panther Party

answer

another black separatist movement; known for peaceful demonstrations, but more for police shootouts

question

Gains for women

answer

rejection of negative portrayals of women (language, entertainment), increased quality and use of education, more job opportunities, acceptance into military

question

National Organization of Women

answer

founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez; lobbied for equal opportunity where the EEOC was lacking (gender discrimination); lawsuits and mobilization of public opinion

question

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

answer

denounced the "housewife trap" which caused educated women to hold even themselves inferior to men

question

Roe v. Wade

answer

court case, unconstitutionalized all state laws prohibiting women's rights to have an abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy

question

Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers

answer

used nonviolent protest and boycott to achieve better working conditions for farmers (esp. Mexican-Americans)

question

Vietnam War

answer

United States aided South Vietnam in its war of power struggle against North Vietnam, the Vietcong, USSR, and China

question

Ngo Dinh Diem

answer

Catholic communist autocrat of Vietnam, assassinated (with aid of US)

question

Ho Chi Minh

answer

contending communist politician in Vietnam, had more popularity than Diem, took power upon Diem's death

question

Vietcong

answer

National Liberation Front, guerilla militia from south Vietnam fighting alongside the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)

question

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

answer

Congress authorized LBJ to repel and prevent aggression against US troops in Vietnam, used as a blank check (perhaps too much, caused protests)

question

Tet Offensive (1968)

answer

NLF attacked numerous South Vietnamese cities and American embassies, eventually repulsed; spoiled LBJ's record to reelection, resulted in massive protests in US to end the war; atrocities such that war could only end in stalemate

question

Impact of LBJ's Vietnam decision on 1968 election

answer

left primary open to Robert Kennedy and Eugene McCarthy, both promising to end the controversial war

question

"New Left" (free speech movement)

answer

youth activists (often liberal arts students) spoke out against Vietnam War, supported widespread liberalization

question

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

answer

part of the New Left that envisioned "participatory democracy" (individuals control life-affecting decisions), end materialism, militarism, and racism; inspired by young black activists

question

Andy Warhol

answer

pop art, mass production of art by screening

question

Warren Court

answer

desegregation (Brown v. Board of Ed), rights of the accused (Miranda v. Arizona), voting reforms (Wesberry v. Sanders, Reynolds v. Sims, Katzenbach v Morgan)

question

1968 as "the year of shocks"

answer

Tet Offensive in Vietnam, assassination of MLK and Robert Kennedy (presidential candidate), Riot of Democratic National Convention (Chicago police beat antiwar protestors), Black Panthers

question

1968 Presidential Election

answer

George Wallace vs. Nixon vs. Humphrey; very narrow popular vote triumph to Nixon (although he had clear majority of electoral votes)

question

Richard Nixon (R)

answer

"Southern Strategy" lured many southern Democrats to the Republican party (esp. due to southern opposition to Civil Rights Act of 1964)

question

George Wallace, American

answer

appealed to many conservatives, especially southerners (opposed massive protests and integration)

question

Vietnamization

answer

part of Nixon's tri-faceted plan to honorably remove troops from Vietnam; wean the South Vietnamese off of American support, gradually reducing number of American troops present

question

Bombing and invasion of Cambodia

answer

another part of Nixon's out-of-Vietnam plan, destroy supply routes to North Vietnam through Cambodia

question

Kent State Protest

answer

Kent State University students protesting against invasion of Cambodia, not allowed to demonstrate, violence (murder) caused by guardsmen

question

"Silent Majority"

answer

speech symbolized polarization between conservatives and liberals

question

Conservative backlash against liberalism

answer

conservatives like Reagan benefited from denouncing the New Left and excessive antiwar protests; gave him political prominence

question

Detente, realpolitik

answer

detente achieved with USSR and China by withdrawal from Vietnam; realpolitik shed the use of doctrines and policies, instead using China and USSR in alternative ways to achieve other goals (pitting China and USSR against each other, as communist nations)

question

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)

answer

Nixon agreed with USSR to achieve nuclear equality rather than the superiority that threatened the destruction of the world; further reduced tensions between the two countries

question

New Federalism

answer

Nixon's domestic policy; federal revenues shared with states (revenue sharing), minimum income proposed

question

Watergate Scandal

answer

despite near-guaranteed second term, campaign workers burglarized Democratic offices, cover-up unsuccessful, resigned to avoid impeachment

question

Energy Crisis, OPEC

answer

increased already high rate of inflation by quadrupling the price of crude oil

question

Stagflation

answer

Ford's and Carter's presidencies experienced a recession and inflation simultaneously, solved by Keynesian economics

question

President Jimmy Carter

answer

Panama Canal Treaty, diplomacy with China, end of recognition of Taiwan; little accomplished domestically due to conservative opposition, foreign policy more successful; Washington outsider, Experienced high interest rates, inflation, increased government spending, rising unemployment, decreased union membership

question

Humanitarian diplomacy

answer

fought for human rights in Africa, Panama Canal returned to Panama, relations with China resolved

question

Camp David Accords

answer

(peace btw Egypt and Israel) followed years of tension, Israel would leave newly acquired lands from war, Egypt would respect Israel's other land claims; accords not completely followed, Sadat (Egypt) assassinated

question

Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979

answer

American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight from uprising, botched rescue attempts

question

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

answer

despite CIA-sponsored Soviet resistance, Afghanistan taken by Soviet Union; ended detente between USSR and US

question

Deregulation

answer

drastic cutbacks in regulation of business by the federal government (banks, transportation, communications

question

Election of 1980

answer

decisive victory to Reagan due to his appeal over Carter (now unpopular due to lack of success in the presidency

question

President Ronald Reagan

answer

offered a New Deal (reminiscent of FDR) of smaller government, reduced taxes, and free enterprise; Washington outsider

question

Conservatism

answer

belief in minimal government so as to allow the people their own free reign, lower taxes to stimulate economy, &c.

question

Religious Right

answer

political action for religion justified by decreased presence of religion in society; Pat Robertson's Christian Coalition to expand national influence

question

Reaganomics

answer

capitalism would become productive when uninhibited by taxes and regulation

question

Supply-side economics, tax cuts

answer

tax cuts to increase population spending (help economy), drastic cutting back on government programs due to lack of funds

question

Nicaraguan Contras

answer

guerilla army sponsored by CIA to attack procommunist revolutionaries in Nicaragua; fear of another Vietnam

question

"Evil Empire" speech, "Star Wars"

answer

Reagan called the Soviet Union an "evil empire"; Korean passenger plane shot down near Moscow (increased anti-Soviet rhetoric); Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) used space-based lasers as defense from nuclear attack

question

Mikhail Gorbachev

answer

Soviet leader undergoing tensions on superpower and domestic level

question

Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987)

answer

Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove and destroy nuclear weapons from Eastern and Western Europe; eased international tension and allowed Soviet domestic reforms to take place

question

Fall of communism in Eastern Europe (1989)

answer

Gorbachev announced Soviet withdrawal of power from all of Eastern Europe, including Berlin (wall torn down, free movement, &c.)

question

Fall of Soviet Union (1991)

answer

Gorbachev decreased nuclear arsenals, Communist Party lost power, Boris Yeltsin (president of Russian Republic) led Muscovites to take control

question

"Graying of America"

answer

economic recession (collapse of savings-and-loan industry, increasing deficit due to Reagan tax cuts, retail decreased, higher crime rate)

question

Economic transition

answer

to service economy in late 20 century (end of industrialism) - higher focus on services (esp. education) rather than material products

question

Gulf War, "Operation Desert Storm" (1991)

answer

Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal to abandon Iraqi occupation

question

1992 Election

answer

Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of economy and problems of middle class (Clinton)

question

President Bill Clinton

answer

scholarly, welfare-reform, "Contract with America," impeachment over Monica Lewinski Scandal, War in Kosovo

question

Gays in the military

answer

ended exclusion of homosexuals from military; due to controversy, compromise of "don't ask, don't tell" instituted

question

North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA (1994)

answer

established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets

question

"Contract with America" (1994)

answer

Newt Gingrich (Republican congressman) planned for success of Republican party in upcoming election by pledging tax cuts, congressional term limits, tougher crime laws, balanced budget amendment, popular reforms &c.

question

Clinton impeachment (1997)

answer

helped approval ratings, not removed from office despite all the efforts of Republican congressmen

question

Bush v. Gore (2000)

answer

Gore promising with experience, Bush appealing by family influence and plans for presidency (tax cuts, education reform, defense, &c.)

question

9/11 Terrorist Attacks on NYC & DC (2001)

answer

planes hijacked by terrorists for destruction; blame pinned on Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden, sought out in attempt to completely destroy terrorism

question

Invasion of Afghanistan (2002)

answer

overthrow of the Taliban, in search of bin Laden

question

Invasion of Iraq, removal of Saddam Hussein, 2003

answer

Iran, Iraq, and North Korea designated as the "axis of evil," institution of democratic government in Iraq to replace Hussein's dictatorship (return to spread and protection of democracy throughout the world, moving beyond containment of communism)

question

Citizen Genet

answer

Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine

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