Chapter 13 World History Test – Flashcards
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What was the language of the church?
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Latin
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What did medieval scholars focus more on?
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Religious beliefs and spirituality
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What was Renaissance ideal?
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A person with talents in many fields
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What was an intellectual movement that occurred during the heart of the Italian Renaissance?
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humanism
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What did humanists study?
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The classical culture of Greece and Rome. Focused on worldly subjects rather than religious issues.
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What are the humanities?
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Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history
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Who was Francesco Petrarch?
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A Florentine humanist, poet, and scholar. Assembled a library of Greek/Roman manuscripts in monasteries & churches.
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What did Italy's location encourage?
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Trade
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What was Italy divided into?
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Small city-states
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Who was the Medici family?
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Family of Florence who were among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe.
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Of what ideas did Renaissance art reflect?
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Humanism
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What is perspective?
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Making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer.
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What did Renaissance painters use to make objects round? To reflect light?
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Shading. Oil paints.
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Who described architecture as a "social art"?
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Leon Alberti
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Who was Leonardo da Vinici? (1452-1519)
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A multi-talented Renaissance painter
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Who was Michelangelo? (1475-1564)
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A sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. Painted murals for the Sistine Chapel ceiling and designed the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral.
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Who was Raphael? (1483-1520)
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Painter known for portrayals of the Mother Mary and Jesus and for The School of Athens(imaginary gathering).
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Who was Baldassare Castiglione?
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Wrote The Book of Courtier. Describes manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have.
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What did Niccolò Machiavelli do?
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Wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain/maintain power
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What did Johann Gutenberg do? (1455)
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Printed the first complete edition of the bible.
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Where did the northern Renaissance begin?
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In the cities of Flanders. (France, Belgium, and the Netherlands)
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Who were the Flemish painters?
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Jan van Eyck (1400s), Pieter Bruegel (1500s), Peter Paul Rubens (1600s)
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Who was Albrecht Dürer?
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Pioneer in spreading Renaissance ideas to northern Europe.
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What was engraving?
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Etching a design on a metal plate with acid.
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What was the vernacular?
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The everyday language or ordinary people.
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Who was Desiderius Erasmus?
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Dutch priest and humanist who produced a new Greek edition of the bible.
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Who was Sir Thomas More?
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Humanist that wrote Utopia.
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What is utopian?
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Word to describe any ideal society.
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Who was François Rabelais?
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French humanist, monk, physician, Greek scholar, author; wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel.
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Who was William Shakespeare?
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English poet and playwright.
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Who competed with Italian princes for political power in the late Middle Ages?
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Popes
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What were indulgences? Who granted them?
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A lessening of time a soul would have to spend in purgatory. The church granted for good deeds, but by the late 1400s, sold them for money.
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What did John Wycliffe do? (1300s)
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Launched a attack against the church in England. Jan Hus, a follower, led a reform movement.
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Who was Martin Luther?
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A German monk and professor of theology who triggered a revolt in 1517.
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Who was Johann Tetzel? What did he do?
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A priest of Wittenberg, Germany, who offered indulgences to Christians who gave money to re-bulid the Cathedral of St. Peter. Claimed the purchase would assure entry into heaven.
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Who excommunicated Luther in 1521?
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Pope Leo X
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Who summoned Luther to the diet at the city of Worms?
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Charles V, and declared Luther an outlaw.
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What is a diet?
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An assembly of German princes.
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What was the Peasants Revolt? (1524)
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Rebels called for an end to serfdom and demanded other changes in their harsh lives.
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What was the Peace of Augsburg? (1555)
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Allowed each prince to decide which religion-Catholic or Lutheran-would be followed in his lands.
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Who was John Calvin?
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Reformer who published a book about his religious beliefs in 1536. Preached predestination. Set up theocracy in Geneva.
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What is predestination?
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The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.
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What is a theocracy?
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Government run by church leaders.
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Who was John Knox and what did he do?
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A Calvinist in Scotland that led a rebellion that overthrew the Catholic queen.
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WHat did some Calvinists do to escape persecution @ home? (1600s)
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Sail to the Americas.
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What are sects?
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Religious groups that had broken away from an established church.
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Who were the Anabaptists?
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Sect that rejected infant baptism and sought social change.
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Whose work broke the Catholic Church?
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King Henry VIII
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Who was Mary Tudor?
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Henry's one surviving daughter
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What did King Henry VIII make parliament do?
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Pass a series of laws that took the English church from the pope's control and into his rule.
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Who did Henry VIII appoint archbishop?
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Thomas Cranmer.
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Who did Henry marry and have Elizabeth with?
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Anne Boleyn
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What Act did Parliament pass making Henry the only supreme head of the Church of England?
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The Act of Supremacy
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What is canonized?
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Recognized as a saint, by the Catholic Church.
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What humanist was canonized?
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Sir Thomas More
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What did royal officials investigate between 1536 and 1540?
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Catholic convents and monasteries. Henry ordered them closed, claiming that they were centers of immortality.
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Who inherited Henry's throne when he died in 1547?
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His only surviving son, Edward VI. Wanted to make England Protestant.
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Who drew up the Protestant Book of Common Prayer?
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Thomas Cranmer
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Who became queen after Mary Tudor died?
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Elizabeth
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What is a compromise?
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Acceptable middle ground, between Protestant and Catholic practices.
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What did the Church of England preserve and keep?
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Catholic ritual and the hierarchy of bishops and archbishops.
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Who led the Catholic Reformation?
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Pope Paul III
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What was the Council of Trent?
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In 1545, the council of Trent reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that Protestants had challenged.
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Who was the order of Jesuits founded by?
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Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish knight.
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What did Teresa of Avilia symbolize? What did she do?
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Symbolized renewal. She established her own order of nuns and reorganized/reformed Spanish convents and monasteries.
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By 1600, what did the majority of Europeans remain?
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Catholic
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When did the persecution of witches decline?
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When the wars of religion came to an end.
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Where did Venice order Jews to live in 1516, because they would not convert?
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A separate quarter of the city called the ghetto.
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What did Nicolaus Copernicus publish?
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The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
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What is heliocentric?
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sun-centered
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Who was Tyco Brahe?
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A Danish astronomer that proved Copernicus' heliocentric model of the universe.
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Who was Johannes Kepler?
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German astronomer and mathematician that calculated the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.
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What did Galileo Galilei do?
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He assembled an astronomical telescope. His observations contradicted ancient views about the world. Church condemned him.
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Who were Francis Bacon and Descartes?
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Devoted themselves to understanding how truth is determined.
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What is scientific method?
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A step-by-step process of discovery.
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What is a hypothesis?
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Reasoning used to propose a logical or possible explanation
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What did Andreas Vesalius publish in 1543?
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On the Structure of the Human Body, the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy.
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Who was Ambroise Paré and what did he develop?
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A French physician; a new/more effective ointment for preventing infection, surgical techniques and instruments, and artificial limbs.
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What is alchemy now called?
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Chemistry
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Who was Robert Boyle and what did he do?
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An English chemist who refined the alchemists' view of chemicals as basic building blocks.
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Who was Issac Newton and what did he do?
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An English student who formed a theory to why the planets moved. He showed that a single force, called gravity, keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.
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What is calculus?
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A branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton and used to explain his laws.
