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About 80% of the ocean's water exists in the

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Deep zone

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Ocean water is saltiest

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where there is high evaporation and low precipitation

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Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part

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well mixed

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Which of the following is not a characteristic of currents

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always rapid and powerful

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The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the

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continental shelf

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The oil protection act of 1990

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required that by 2015 all oil tankers in the US be double hulled

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what does the term groundfish refer to

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various species that live in benthic habits such as haddock and flounder

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Sea otters act as keystone species in the

answer

kelp forests

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Zooxanthelle are

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symbiotic algae that provide coral reefs with energy via their photosynthetic activity

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Which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems

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it can lead to algae blooms that kills fish

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Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine systems is

answer

overharvesting

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Hpyoxia and euthropication in the Chesapeke Bay may be in part atributed to

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harvesting of oysters that previously would have filtered nutrients

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A 2003 study reported that ____ % of large bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing

answer

90

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Upwelling

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of ocean water results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface

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Downwelling

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occurs in areas where surface currents converge, or flow towards each other

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Bathmtery is best defined as the study of

answer

ocean depths

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Hydrothermal vents

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provide nutrients to symboiotic bacteria that support ecosystems at the ocean floor

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Kelp are

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large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for invertebrates and fish

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Salt Marshes

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occur mostly in temperate areas

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It is estimated that ___% of the worlds marine fish populations are fully exploited

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50

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In 1992, the Canadian government

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ordered a complete ban on cod fishing

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By-catch

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refers to the capture of animals not meant to be caught

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Most marine protected areas

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are along the coastlines of developed nations

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Marine reserves are

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'no take" areas in oceans

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Red tides are caused by

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nutrient pollution leading in marine algae blooms

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_____ will hopefully reduce the among of solid waste garbage in oceans

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Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Redirection act

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Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would best be determined by

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tree ring scars

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If forests are strictly managed according to the maximum substainable yield model, some biodiversity would still be lost because

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species whose habitat depends on mature trees in the top canopy layer will be excluded

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The first national park was

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Yellowstone

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Which of the following gave the president authority to declare selected public lands as national monuments

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The Anitques Act

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Land trusts are

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private nonprofit groups

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the SLOSS dillema involves controversy over

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habitat fragmentation and preserve design

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Rotation time is

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intended use of wood

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Research done in Oregon and California suggests that savage logging

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decreases long-term timber yield by more than 60%

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The program Reading Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degration (REDD)

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gives wealthy nations carbon offsts if they pay poorer nations to observe forests

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The UN Faos Global forest resources assesment of 2010 concluded that

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deforestation has slowed but we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million per year

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Ecosystem based timber harvesting uses mehtods that

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leave seed producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests

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The National forest managemnt Act _____ national forest land

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was passed in 1975 with the intent to ensure multiple use and substainable yield of

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The healthy forests restoration Act ___ national forest land

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directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fire threat

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Wilderness Areas

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are off limits to development of any kind but are open to low impact recreation

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Paper parks are

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areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding

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Second growth forests are

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forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area

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Approximatley _____ % of Earths land area is currently covered by forest

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30 %

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Since the 1990s, ____ have killed an estimated 30 billion conifers in the western United States

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bark beetles

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Deforestation

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has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions

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Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging

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They are desperate for economic development

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Clear cutting

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removes all trees from an area

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Most of the worlds forests are

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Boreal forest and rainforest

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Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agricultural purposes

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soil erosion is increased

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The "roadless rule"

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prohibits road construction in national forests

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"edge effects" are a particular problem when

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formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments

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Monoculture

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is an agricultural practice of growing large strands of a single species

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In Queensland, Australia, a cactus moth

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effectivley cleared non-native prickley pear cactus from rangeland

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Recombiant DNA

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is the merging of Dna from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varities

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What is true about GM Crops

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The united states leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops

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Raising ______ requires the most land and water

answer

beef cattle

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Researchers have demonstrated that organic farming

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decreased organic soil losses while giving yields comparable to conventional farming

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Bt crops

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have been given a bacterial gene that gives chemical protection against pests

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Which of the following requires the least ammount of land to produce 1k of protein

answer

Chicken

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Oaxaca, Mexico

answer

is a world center of biodiversity for maize

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Green revolution techniques

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have increased crop yields but may not be substainable

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____ % of the food we consume comes from ____ crop species

answer

90;15

question

Since 1960, pesticide use has risen

answer

fourfold

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Which of the following best describes integrated pest managemtn

answer

biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification

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Relative to agriculture, insects are usually

answer

essential pollinators and predators for substainable systems

question

Plants with showey flowers typically

answer

are pollinated by animals

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Aquaculture

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can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions

question

Organic Farming

answer

has increased in the United States, Canada and Europe in recent years

question

The Cartagena protocol on biosaftey

answer

outlines regulations on international trade of GM foods

question

Seed banks are important for

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protecting genetic diversity

question

It is more energetically efficent for us to eat more

answer

plant based food

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Why did the Indonesian government support IPM for agricultre in 1986

answer

pesticide subsides were costing money, causing pollution, and decreasing yields

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In order for livestock to be considered organic

answer

animals must be fed 100% agricultural feed

question

during the past half century, global food production has ____ world popluation growth

answer

grown at a faster rate than

question

recent investigations about the impact of Gm crops on biodiversity indicate that

answer

some GM sites had increased biodiversity, while in others it decreased

question

Normal Boralug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of

answer

high-yield wheat

question

in japan, the presecne of duks and the aquatic farm Azolla in rice cultivation has shown that

answer

restoring portions of the biodversity of a natural ecosystem increasess crop yields and profits

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