Combo Psychology Final - Flashcards

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Catatonia is characterized by

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periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement

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Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of:

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enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.

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The chances for recovery from schizophrenia are considered to be greatest when the disorder develops

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rapidly in response to a stressful life situation

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The value of light exposure therapy appears to result in part from its influence on people's

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hormones

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A psychiatrist has diagnosed a patient as having bipolar disorder. It is likely that she will prescribe

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lithium

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Jeremy often misinterprets normal bodily sensations such as hunger pangs as symptoms of serious illnesses such as stomach cancer. His experience is most indicative of

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hypochondriasis

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The effectiveness of psychotherapy shows little if any connection to:

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the level of training and experience of the therapist.

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One of the key characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder is that

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it is difficult to control

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The major characteristic of dissociative disorders is a disturbance of

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memory

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Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

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two weeks

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Mrs. Swift is alarmed by her own intrusive and irrational thoughts that her house is contaminated by germs. Her experience best illustrates the agitating effects of

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an obsession

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Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is

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preventing her from functioning effectively

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Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

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antisocial personality disorder

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An immediate and irrational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of

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a specific phobia

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Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

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mania

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If a therapist tells a client, "Rank order the things that frighten you from least to most," the therapist is most likely practicing

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systematic desensitization

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systematic desensitization

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This technique is based on the principles of classical conditioning and the premise that what has been learned (conditioned) can be unlearned. Systematic desensitization usually starts with imagining yourself in a progression of fearful situations and using relaxation strategies that compete with anxiety

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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The main feature of GAD is excessive and pervasive worry about many everyday life events. This worry is difficult to control, persists for more than 6 months and interferes with daily functioning.

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Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

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social withdrawal

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A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often

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bias our perceptions of the labeled person

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Linda's doctor prescribes medication that blocks the activity of dopamine in her nervous system. Evidently, Linda is being treated with an ________ drug.

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antipsychotic

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A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates

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exposure therapy.

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Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when

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participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.

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Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

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cognitive dissonance theory

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cognitive dissonance theory

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The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the feeling of discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs. When there is a discrepancy between beliefs for behaviors, something must change in order to eliminate or reduce the dissonance.

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the fundamental attribution error

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Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for people to emphasize certain qualities or dispositions of others rather than giving proper weight to the situational aspects which have brought about a given behavior. A person will conclude that someone else has acted in a certain way because they are that 'type' of person.

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Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of

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deindividuation

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social facilitation

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Social facilitation is the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in the presence of other people. This implies that whenever people are being watched by others, they will do well on things that they are already good at doing and will not do as well on activities that are more challenging to them.

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Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates

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the fundamental attribution error

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When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment. This reaction is best explained in terms of

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the just-world phenomenon

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When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of

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the mere exposure effect

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Which of the following strategies would be MOST likely to foster positive feelings between two conflicting groups?

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Have the groups work on a superordinate goal.

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Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated

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the chameleon effect

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A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in

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discrimination

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Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate

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ingroup bias

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In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of

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normative social influence

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Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates

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social facilitation

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People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrate the subtle nature of

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implicit attitudes

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implicit attitudes

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are generally unacknowledged or outside of awareness

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After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of

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the reciprocity norm

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the reciprocity norm

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refers to responding to a positive action with another positive action, and responding to a negative action with another negative one. This is a very common social norm which says that if I give something to you or help you in any way, then you are obliged to return the favor.

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The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

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were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

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Violent criminals often have diminished activity in the ________ of the brain, which play(s) an important role in ________.

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frontal lobes; controlling impulses

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Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

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a dispositional attribution

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Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates

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the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in

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the bystander effect

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When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions best illustrated

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altruism

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Classical antipsychotics block __________ receptors

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dopamine

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Tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movement of the facial muscles, tongue and limbs

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Atypical antipsychotics target _______________

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dopamine and serotonin receptors

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Boimedical therapy

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Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system; only offered by psychiatrists

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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Conventional antipsychotics

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Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia, like agitation, delusions and hallucination.

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Atypical antipsychotics

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Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia, like apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, difficulty in interacting with others.

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Antianxiety Drugs

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Control anxiety and agitation and depress central nervous system activity

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Antidepressants

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treat depression; elevate arousal and mood with norepinephrin and serotonin

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Mood-stabalizing medications

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lithium

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Electroconvlsive Therapy

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; stimulate or suppresses brain activity; used to treat depression and produces no side effects

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Deep-brain stimulatioin

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excite neurons that inhibit negative emotion thinking

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Psychosurgery

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irreversible surgical altering of behavior

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lobotomy

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procedure used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients by cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the brain

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Social psychology

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scientifically studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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Attribution theory: we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

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, A teacher may wonder whether a child's hostility reflects an aggressive personality (dispositional attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (a situational attribution)

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Attitudes

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A belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events.

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Conformity

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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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Normative Social Influence

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Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection.

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Informational Social Influence

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The group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others.

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Social Loafing

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Tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually.

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Deindividuation

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Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

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Scapegoat Theory

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Prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame

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Just-World Phenomenon

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The tendency to believe the world is just, and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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Psychotherapy

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involves an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient.

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Biomedical therapy

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uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient's nervous system curing him of psychological disorders.

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free association

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The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind.

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Interpersonal psychotherapy

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a variation of psychodynamic therapy, is effective in treating depression. It focuses on symptom relief here and now, not an overall personality change.

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Client-centeredtherapy

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a form of humanistic therapy: The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way.

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Counter conditioning

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a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. It is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.

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Systematic Desensitization

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A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias.

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Operant Conditioning

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Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification, in which desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished.

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Beck's Therapy for Depression

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Beck believes that cognitions such as "I can never be happy" need to change in order for depressed patients to recover. This change is brought about by gently questioning patients

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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

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Single-trauma patients Imagine traumatic scenes Therapist triggers eye movements Allows client to unlock and retrieve frozen memories

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Light Exposure Therapy

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Used to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Expose the client to bright light Light influences arousal and hormones/mood?

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Anxiety

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high arousal of FUTURE events; more physical symptoms than worry

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Worry

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negative thoughts in anticipation of future events

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Key characteristic is worry Excessive Difficult to control Restlessness Fatigue Difficulty concentration Irritability Muscle tension Sleep disturbance

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Panic Disorder

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Key characteristics of PD: Recurrent panic attacks Recurrent concerns about having panic attacks

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Social Anxiety Disorder

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Key characteristics: Irrational persistent fear of social situations Fear of negative evaluation specifically

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Specific Phobias

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Irrational persistent fear of specific object or situation (e.g., insects, heights, flying)

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OCD

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Persistent thoughts that are intrusive and cannot get rid of AND/OR Repetitive behaviors person feels driven to perform

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Experiencing or witnessing of trauma Re-experiencing of trauma (nightmares, thoughts, flashbacks) Avoidance of similar situations or people Increased anxiety

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Antonio is an 18 year old undergraduate student that has been having problems sleeping at night for the past year. He spends most of the time in bed worrying about bad things that might happen. When awake, he cannot control his worry over every little thing. For example, he frequently worries about being on time, losing his friends, getting bad grades, making his parents angry, whether people like him, his appearance, whether he will find a romantic partner in college, whether he will graduate on time, about jobs after graduation....

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GAD

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Major Depressive Disorder

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Key characteristic: At least one major depressive episode Major depressive episode: 5 or more of the following in a 2-week period: Depressed mood Anhedonia (loss of capacity to experience pleasure) Eating problems Sleeping problems Motor activity Fatigue Self-worth Concentration Death

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Dysthymic Disorder

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Chronic depressed mood (at least 2 years)

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Bipolar 1

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At least one manic episode with or without depressive episode

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Bipolar II

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At least one major depressive episode with some manic symptoms

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Mania

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Overexcited Hyperactive Wildly Optimistic

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The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders

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All behavior arises from nature AND nurture

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Dissociative Disorder plus Dissociative Identity Disorder

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Multiple personality; DID has not been found in other countries.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Formerly known as psychopath or sociopath Lack of conscience

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Somatoform Disorder

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Symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause

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Conversion Disorder

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Anxiety presumably is converted into a physical symptom

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Schizophrenia

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Literal translation "split mind". A group of severe disorders characterized by: Disorganized and delusional thinking. Disturbed perceptions. Inappropriate emotions and actions. Social and functional deficits. Positive symptoms: the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking) not present in healthy individuals Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies) present in healthy individuals

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Chronic/process schizophrenia

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When schizophrenia is slow to develop, recovery is doubtful. These patients usually display more negative symptoms.

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Acute/reactive schizophrenia

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When schizophrenia rapidly develops, recovery is better. These patients usually show more positive symptoms.

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A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome excessive anxiety would generally be best described as a

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psychotherapist

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Schizophrenia is a disorder that is MOST likely to be treated with

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biomedical therapies

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Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as

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psychoanalysis

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Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients

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become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses.

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Psychoanalytic interpretation is designed to promote

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insight

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Which form of therapy is most likely to be described as expensive and time-consuming?

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psychoanalysis

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Humanistic therapists are most likely to

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emphasize the importance of self-awareness for psychological adjustment

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Which approach emphasizes the importance of providing patients with feelings of unconditional positive regard?

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client-centered therapy

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Client-centered therapists are most likely to

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restate and seek further clarification of what clients say during the course of therapy

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Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of

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exposure therapies

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Systematic desensitization involves the use of

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progressive relaxation

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Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of

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phobias

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To treat nail biting, one can paint a patient's fingernails with a nasty-tasting nail polish. This procedure best illustrates

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aversive conditioning

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In which operant conditioning procedure are positive reinforcers given for desired behaviors?

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a token economy

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Mr. Quinones, a fifth-grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Quinones' strategy illustrates an application of

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operant conditioning

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Teaching people to stop blaming themselves for failures and negative circumstances beyond their control is of most direct concern to ________ therapists

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cognitive

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Natasha claimed that her failure to get A's in all her courses meant she was incompetent. Her therapist calmly challenged this assertion, commenting, "By your mental calculations, well over 90 percent of all students are incompetent!" The therapist's response was most typical of a ________ therapist.

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cognitive

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Cognitive therapists are most likely to emphasize that emotional disturbances result from

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self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events.

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The belief that no person is an island is the fundamental assumption of

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family therapy

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Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that

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clients are generally satisfied with the effectiveness of therapy.

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Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients

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often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy

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Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because

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clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy

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Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for extraordinary or unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events?

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the placebo effect

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Students who receive unusually low scores on their first psychology test can reasonably anticipate ________ scores on their second psychology test

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somewhat higher

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The best psychotherapy outcome studies are randomized clinical trials comparing treatment groups with ________ groups

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control

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Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies?

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meta-analysis

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Statistical summaries of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that

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no single form of therapy proves consistently superior to the others

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Increasingly, insurer and government support for mental health services requires

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evidence-based practice

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Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief for those who suffer from seasonal affective disorder?

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light exposure therapy

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Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are

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hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship

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Because she mistakenly thought that completing a diagnostic test was a therapeutic treatment for her anxiety disorder, Mrs. Shyam felt considerable relief for several weeks following the test. Mrs. Shyam's reaction best illustrates

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the placebo effect

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Immigrants from Asia would most likely experience difficulty as clients of American psychotherapists who emphasize the value of

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individualism

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Which therapeutic specialists are most likely to have received a Ph.D. degree in psychology?

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clinical psychologists

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A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a

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psychiatrist

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Although Dr. Anderson uses systematic desensitization for the treatment of phobias, he prescribes antianxiety drugs as well. It is most likely that Dr. Anderson is a

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psychiatrist

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The double-blind technique involves

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a procedure in which neither patients nor health care staff know whether a given patient is receiving a drug or a placebo.

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Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of

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schizophrenia

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Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used only with severely depressed patients?

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drug therapy

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Surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain is called

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a lobotomy

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Antidepressant drugs, a fresh perspective on his problems, and a strong therapeutic alliance all contributed to helping David recover from a major depressive disorder. An integrated understanding of David's recovery process is best provided by

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a biopsychosocial approach

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Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, and social engagement are important components of

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therapeutic life-style change

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The psychologist who developed the inkblot test was

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Rorschach

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After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates:

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learned helplessness

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In suggesting that the mind is like an iceberg, Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of the:

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unconscious

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Martin is optimistic, impulsive, excitable, and restless. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions, he would be classified as:

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unstable-extraverted

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A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of:

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conscientiousness

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According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is:

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repression

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Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of:

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social influence

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The trait of optimism is most closely related to a strong sense of:

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personal control

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You have just taken a test that involved answering pages of questions about your characteristic behavior. You probably responded to

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a self-report personality inventory

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In assessing a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between:

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ideal self and actual self

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According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the:

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ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized

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Cari often has temper tantrums and pouts when she can't have her own way. She often behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can't have the things that she wants immediately. According to Freud's view of the personality, Cari's personality appears to be dominated by

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her id

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Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates:

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an internal locus of control

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A student who is quite honest turns in a paper of another student as his own. When accused of dishonesty, he says "nowadays everybody cheats in school, but I'm always honest." The student is using which type of defense mechanism?

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projection

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Veena gets poor grades no matter how hard she studies, so she has simply given up studying. Veena's behavior most clearly reflects:

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learned helplessness

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According to Freud's theory, the ego:

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is the executive part of personality

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Callie just gave birth to her sixth daughter. Unconsciously, she resents the baby's birth and wishes the infant would have died during delivery. However, when she cares for her infant she showers her with exaggerated care and affection. According to Freud, Callie may be unconsciously dealing with her hostile feelings toward her new baby using the defense mechanism of

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reaction formation

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Id is to pleasure principle as

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ego is to reality principle

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Searching for identity by fulfilling needs is basic to the theory of

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Fromm

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According to Freud, the unconscious is:

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the thoughts, wished, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware.

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Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to:

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fixation

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Roberto tends to focus on people and things around him and is outgoing, talkative, and friendly. Jung would refer to Robert as an

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extravert

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According to Freud, children develop unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the ______ stage.

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phallic

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When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time, he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious. His reaction best illustrates:

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the spotlight effect

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Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates:

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self-serving bias

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Adler is to individual psychology as Jung is to

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analytical psychology

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A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called:

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the Oedipus complex

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In class, the psychological definition of personality is one's reaction to the environment as determined by

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one's perception of the environment

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When anthropologists compare ancient artifacts from South America, Europe, and Australia they often find similarities among the images that are depicted. Based on Jung's analytical psychology, some of these apparent similarities may stem from

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the collective unconscious

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Paula expects that diligent study will enable her to earn good grades on her tests. Paula's belief best illustrates:

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an internal locus of control

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Celine recently had a vivid dream that was strikingly similar to an ancient by unfamiliar religious myth. This coincidence would have been of particular interest to:

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Jung

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Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for:

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self-actualization

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Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology, which focuses on topics such as:

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optimism

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A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as:

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free association

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Alfred Adler stressed what in his personality theory?

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striving for superiority

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Daryl is taking a personality test in which he is shown a series of simple scenes. He is supposed to tell a story about what is happening in each scene and suggest what the characters are feeling. The test that Daryl is taking is the

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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In explaining why Cole is deceitful and has a tendency to lie, a psychologist who held a strong behavioral view towards personality development would consider Cole's

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previous learning experiences and his history of reinforcement

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Howard sets extremely high standards for both himself and others. He tends to be rigid and inflexible and rarely allows himself to enjoy life. Freud would probably conclude that Howard is dominated by

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his superego

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A high school junior admires a movie star and follows the star's life on the screen and in the newspapers, experiencing the same emotions as the star would. The student is using what type of defense mechanism?

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identification

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Ten-year-old Benjamin is often nervous about bringing report cards home to his parents. Although his parents say they love him, he feels that they only really love him when he obtains excellent grades in school. Based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers, Benjamin perceives his parents' affection as

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conditional, and he is likely to develop incongruence in his self-concept

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Freud suggested that pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various:

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psychosexual stages

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Whenever Wanda is denied anything by her husband, she pouts and gives him the silent treatment. This immature way of dealing with reality can be referred to as

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regression

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Esteban has a job that pays well, and he recently moved to a neighborhood where there is little crime. Lately, he finds that he is thinking seriously about finding the right person to settle down with, and raising a family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, at this point in time Esteban is most likely motivated by

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belongingness and love needs

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Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by:

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reciprocal determinism

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Personality is best defined as an individual's:

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characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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A young man explained that he did poorly on his exam because his eyes hurt, the test was unfair, and he did not feel the subject was important anyway. The young man is using what type of defense mechanism?

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rationalization

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Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysenck's basic personality dimensions she would be classified as:

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unstable-introverted

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Which theory proposes that faith in one's world view is used to defend against a deeply rooted fear of death?

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terror-management theory

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The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects:

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an external locus of control

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Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the interactive effects of internal personal factors and external environmental occurrences on human behavior?

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social-cognitive perspective

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Jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least 4 hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best college teams in the country. His goal and behavior best illustrate the concept of:

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achievement motivation

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The eating of non-nutritive substances is the definition of which eating disorder?

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pica

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Juan is a CEO of Hoola-Hoops, Inc. He sees his employees as lazy, untrustworthy creatures with no interest in their work. Thus, he offers a highly structured, heavily supervised work environment. Juan assumes that his employees are primarily motivated by ______ rewards.

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extrinsic

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Organizational psychologists are most likely to be involved in:

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modifying work environments in order to improve employee engagement

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A drive is an internal state of

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tension that is motivating

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When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ______ in hunger and a(n) ______ in its basal metabolic rate.

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increase; decrease

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Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to:

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cause the rat to become extremely fat

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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of anorexia nervosa?

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low job or school performance

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A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing:

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stored energy

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The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as:

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homeostasis

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Which of the following events would most likely cause an animal to overeat and become obese?

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destruction of its ventromedial hypothalamus

question

The fact that some people often ignore their hunger and skip lunch in anticipation of a special dinner is a direct contradiction to the ______ theory of motivation.

answer

drive reduction

question

Although Cara has been obese for as long as she can remember, she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low-calorie diet. Cara is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because:

answer

she may have a higher-than-average set point for body weight

question

Carlos is so friendly that his job supervisors and co-workers often appraise his work skills and performance more positively than is actually warranted. This best illustrates evaluators' vulnerability to:

answer

halo errors

question

It is characteristic of robins to build nests. This is an example of:

answer

an instinct

question

Electrical stimulation of the ______ causes an animal to ________.

answer

lateral hypothalamus; start eating

question

Santa Claus stops by your house to drop off presents and is feeling very hungry. He sees two cookies on the mantle and quickly devours them. Afterward, he no longer feels a need to eat. What theory of motivation best describes this situation?

answer

drive reduction

question

Matt is a college sophomore who often becomes so fully absorbed in his course studies that he completely loses his awareness of how long he has been working. Matt's experience best illustrates:

answer

flow

question

Breana is telling a story about a character on a TAT card. In her story, Breana focuses on the fact that the character is daydreaming about being away from all the pressures of work and family, and spending quiet time in an isolated location. Breana's answer suggests that she MOST likely has

answer

a low need for affiliation

question

Ghrelin, a hormone that influences appetite, is secreted by the:

answer

stomach

question

Deidre is constantly worried about being fat. In addition, a few times a week, she will eat large quantities of food and then force herself to vomit. As a result, she also suffers from nutritional imbalances, intestinal damage, and dental problems. Deidre is most likely suffering from

answer

bulimia nervosa

question

Researchers use biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis to understand eating disorders. The social-cultural level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize that eating disorders are influenced by:

answer

mass media standards of appearance

question

Rudy has been on a strict diet of 1000 calories per day for the last six weeks. He lost considerably more weight in the first three weeks of his diet than in the last three because:

answer

his metabolic rate has decreased

question

An instinctive behavior is one that is:

answer

unlearned

question

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

answer

arousal theory

question

Anu has just finished watching a movie about cement mixing that she thought was long and boring. According to the optimal arousal theory of motivation, Anu will most likely __________ next.

answer

do something exciting

question

Which of the following statements would be the best advice for people who plan to lose weight by going on a restricted diet?

answer

eat simple meals that include only a few different foods

question

hypothermia refers to:

answer

feeling cold

question

in a complete sexual response cycle:

answer

the plateau phase immediately precedes orgasm

question

Stefan is an individual who has a high need for achievement. His boss has three jobs that need to be completed; one job is easy, one job is moderately difficult, and one job is extremely difficult. If Stefan is allowed to choose which of the three jobs he will undertake for his boss, you would expect that Stefan will

answer

choose the moderately difficult job

question

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to _________.

answer

need; drive

question

People sometimes choose a certain career because they want to please their parents. This is an example of a(n) __________ factor as a motivational source.

answer

social

question

Our sexual attraction toward members of either the same sex or the opposite sex is called our:

answer

sexual orientation

question

Homeostasis is a state of

answer

physiological stability

question

New research has linked women's obesity to their risk of late-life:

answer

Alzheimer's disease

question

Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date. Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with, but he is also unemployed. Jebreel is older than Kent, has a secure job, and owns his own home; however, Jebreel is quite unattractive and not very much fun. Danielle chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent. The _______ theory of motivation would best predict Danielle's choice.

answer

evolutionary

question

The need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and meet high standards of excellence is referred to as

answer

an achievement motive

question

The Thematic Apperception Test has been used to assess an individual's

answer

affiliation motive

question

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of:

answer

incentives

question

Lauren and Curtis both spend six hours per week studying for their botany course. Lauren is concerned that if she doesn't study she will fail the course; Curtis is concerned that if he doesn't study he won't earn the highest grade in the class. In this example

answer

Lauren is motivated by a fear of failure, and Curtis is motivated by a need for achievement

question

Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by _______ needs.

answer

belongingness

question

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of:

answer

boredom

question

When a rat's blood sugar level decreases, the ____________ hypothalamus releases the hunger-triggering hormone _________.

answer

lateral; orexin

question

Royce is telling a story about a character on a TAT card. In his story, Royce focuses on the character's anxiety as she prepares a speech that will be presented in front of her classmates. He indicates that the character has spent a great deal of time worrying whether the speech may alienate some of her friends. Royce's response to this TAT card suggests that he most likely has

answer

a high need for affiliation

question

Imagine you are a male three-spined stickleback (a fish). You come across a nest of unfertilized three-spined stickleback eggs and you can't help but do a particular dance and then go ahead and fertilize the eggs. Which theory of motivation accounts for your behavior?

answer

instinct

question

An incentive is a(n):

answer

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

question

Developing assessment tools for selecting and placing employees is of most direct relevance to:

answer

personnel psychology

question

When meeting job applicants, employers often discount the influence of varying situations on applicants' behaviors and presume that what they observe applicants do and say reflects the applicants' enduring personality traits. This most clearly contributes to:

answer

the interviewer illusion

question

The reason many anorexics have dental problems is from:

answer

purging

question

According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are prompted to satisfy our need for ______.

answer

food; love

question

Herb's mother tells him to eat his oatmeal, which he dislikes, or gets a spanking. He is faced with what type of conflict?

answer

avoidance-avoidance

question

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations best represents Schachter's two-factor theory?

answer

my shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire

question

For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n):

answer

polygraph

question

Scott is taking a course in American History, and his professor has given all the students in the class a choice between completing a in-class final exam that will count for 60% of their final grade, or writing a 25-page term paper that will count for 60% of their final grade. As Scott considers which of these two options he will choose, he is facing

answer

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

question

The process by which we perceive and respond to events that threaten or challenge us is called:

answer

stress

question

The concept of relative deprivation refers to the perception that:

answer

one is worse off than those with whom one compares oneself

question

Although stress does not create cancer cells, it may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of:

answer

T lymphocytes

question

The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are:

answer

the same throughout the world

question

Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This finding best serves to support the:

answer

James-Lange Theory

question

The theory of emotions that believes bodily changes and emotions occur simultaneously is

answer

Cannon-Bard

question

Primates at the top of the social pecking order are less likely to contract coldlike viral infections than those with lower social status. This best illustrates the value of:

answer

perceived control

question

As Erica watched the televised drawing of the lottery numbers, she realized she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning the lottery, Erica's response pattern would lend support to

answer

the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

question

As people experience negative emotions:

answer

the right prefrontal cortex becomes more electrically active

question

Religiously active people have ________ socially supportive relationships and ________ healthy life-styles than those who are not religiously active.

answer

more; more

question

The catharsis hypothesis refers to the idea that:

answer

anger is reduced by aggressive action or fantasy

question

Ten distinct and basic emotions were identified by:

answer

Caroll Izard

question

Tatiana just finished entering her 10-page term paper into one of the computers in the University's computer lab. She clicks the "save" command, and the computer unexpectedly locks up. When she reboots the computer she discovers that all but the first two pages of her term paper have been lost. At this point in time Tatiana is most likely experiencing

answer

frustration

question

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by:

answer

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

question

The method of reacting to stress in which the person protects themselves from psychological harm is called

answer

defense orientation

question

Imagine that an individual has taken medication that has lowered his or her overall level of autonomic arousal. If this person reports less intense emotional experiences, it would provide some support for

answer

the James-Lange theory of emotion

question

Megan is looking at the ballot form for a citywide referendum and trying to decide whether or not to support the proposed change. If the referendum passes there will be better services available for all the city residents, but it will also mean that residents will pay increased property taxes. As Megan tries to decide whether to support the proposed referendum, she is facing

answer

an approach-avoidance conflict

question

Conflict occurs when a person

answer

must choose between two or more alternatives

question

Electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses is called:

answer

biofeedback

question

Frustration is usually felt in situations where

answer

something blocks out plans or hinders your progress toward a goal

question

Rosemary recently married her high school sweetheart, and they moved into a wonderful new condominium. A week after the move, Rosemary was offered a job that she had been hoping she would get. At this point in time, Rosemary can't imagine being any happier. According to Holmes and Rahe, Rosemary is likely to be experiencing

answer

a high level of stress

question

Dr. Gouin believes that getting a promotion at work or getting married is just as stressful as losing a job or getting a divorce. Dr. Gouin's beliefs are most like those of

answer

Holmes and Rahe

question

Schachter's concept of emotion stresses that

answer

both bodily arousal and our interpretations of the arousal play a role in emotion

question

During World War II, promotion rates in the U.S. Air Corps were so rapid for the group as a whole that many individual soldiers in this military branch were unhappy about the speed at which they were promoted. Their unhappiness is best explained in terms of the:

answer

relative deprivation principle

question

Which of the following is a method or way in which a stressful situation could be perceived as less stressful?

answer

all of the above

question

In describing the two dimensions of emotion, fear is to terror as anger is to:

answer

rage

question

walking home from work late one night, Jaydra suddenly hears footsteps behind her. Her heart pounds, her muscles tense, and her mouth goes dry. These body responses are activated by her _________ nervous system.

answer

sympathetic

question

Demands or expectations to behave in a certain way define the notion of

answer

pressure

question

The adaptation-level phenomenon refers to the tendency for our judgments and events to be heavily influenced by our:

answer

previous experiences

question

The sympathetic nervous system is to the parasympathetic nervous system as ______ is to ______

answer

inhibition of digestion; acceleration of digestion

question

Matt has been experiencing severe stomach aches and his physician strongly recommends that he enroll in an anger-management class. The physician has probably diagnosed Matt's stomach aches as a(n) ______ illness

answer

psychophysiological

question

A young person is faced with the problem of whether or not to stop smoking cigarettes. He knows that smoking will probably cause some type of injury to his health, and so he does not wish to continue smoking. He also knows that most of his friends smoke and will give him a hard time if he does try to quit. He is faced with what type of conflict?

answer

approach-avoidance

question

The GSR is usually considered to be

answer

a general measure of autonomic arousal

question

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal?

answer

two-factor

question

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is:

answer

alarm

question

The results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person support the idea that:

answer

our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret bodily arousal

question

Which brain structure has been found to be especially important in learning to fear specific objects?

answer

amygdala

question

The closing of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle is known as:

answer

coronary heart disease

question

As the three children approached the house that everyone claimed was haunted, Yvette was apprehensive, Mackenzie was afraid, and Jayme was terrified. Robert Plutnik would suggest that these three children were

answer

experiencing different intensities of the same primary emotion

question

As a psychologist employed by a medical school, Dr. McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress. Dr. McNerney is most likely a(n) ______ psychologist

answer

health

question

People are most biologically predisposed to learn to fear:

answer

spiders

question

Some paralyzed humans have learned to bring their blood pressure under conscious control by means of:

answer

biofeedback

question

According to Arnold's theory of emotions, what is the correct order of events in which emotions develop in real life?

answer

perception, appraisal, bodily changes, emotions, actions

question

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of:

answer

anger

question

If intense fears of specific objects disrupt people's ability to cope, they are said to experience:

answer

phobias

question

During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release ________ into the bloodstream

answer

norepinephrine

question

What is the most common form of hallucination in the schizophrenic?

answer

hearing voices

question

Chantel's four children were killed in an automobile accident, which Chantel survived. When police questioned her about the events surrounding the accident, Chantel is unable to remember anything. She remembers getting into her car to drive her children to school, and she remembers her trip by ambulance to the local hospital, but everything in between is a complete "blank." IN this case, Chantel's symptoms are MOST consistent with

answer

dissociative amnesia

question

Which of the following disorders is more common among men than women?

answer

antisocial personality disorder

question

Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from a(n):

answer

generalized anxiety disorder

question

Behavior that does not coincide with cultural norms may be considered to be

answer

deviant

question

For the past month Lawrence seems to have lost interest in most of his normal activities. He feels irritable, and he has had difficulty sleeping. He also finds that he has difficulty making decisions. Lawrence's symptoms are MOST consistent with those seen in

answer

major depressive disorder

question

Etiology refers to the

answer

apparent cause of a condition

question

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the _______ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors

answer

presence; absence

question

After Charles Darwin began suffering panic disorder, he lived in relative seclusion and traveled only in his wife's company. His panic disorder was apparently accompanied by:

answer

agoraphobia

question

Among schizophrenia patients, the fluid-filled areas of the brain are:

answer

abnormally large and the thalamus is abnormally small

question

Dysthymic disorder is to _________ as cyclothymic disorder is to ______

answer

major depressive disorder; bipolar disorder

question

Three months ago, Sheldon's 7-year-old daughter was killed when a car swerved out of control and hit her as she waited to cross the street. As the police told Sheldon about the accident he felt everything start to go black, and then he found he couldn't see at all. Since then he has been to a number of specialists, but none of the specialists can find anything wrong with his visual system. Sheldon's pupils respond normally to light, and there is activity in the visual cortex when images are presented. Still, Sheldon claims that he cannot see anything. In this case, Sheldon's symptoms are MOST consistent with

answer

conversion disorder

question

Two years after being brutally beaten and raped, Brianna still experiences jumpy anxiety and has trouble sleeping and vivid flashbacks of her assault. Brianna is most clearly showing signs of

answer

post-traumatic stress disorder

question

Several weeks after being fired from a job he had held for more than 20 years, Landon awoke one morning in a state of bewildered confusion. He had little sense of who he was and even failed to recognize his wife. Landon's experience is most indicative of:

answer

dissociative disorder

question

Dopamine overactivity appears to be most clearly related to:

answer

hallucinations

question

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is:

answer

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

question

A post-traumatic stress disorder is considered to be a(n) ________ disorder

answer

anxiety

question

Which of the following terms refers to the future course of a condition or illness?

answer

prognosis

question

Free-floating anxiety is MOST characteristic of

answer

generalized anxiety disorder

question

Using DSM-IV guidelines, two different clinicians are likely to give a specific patient the same diagnosis. This indicates that the DSM-IV is:

answer

reliable

question

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are:

answer

sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured

question

If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility. This illustrated the dangers of:

answer

self-fulfilling prophecies

question

Of those who talk of suicide, _______actually attempt suicide. Of those who attempt suicide, __________ succeed in completing the act

answer

only a few; only a few

question

"Gradually developing" is to "suddenly developing" as _______ schizophrenia is to _______ schizophrenia

answer

chronic; acute

question

One of the positive symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia includes:

answer

hallucinations

question

Insanity is a legal status indicating that

answer

a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness

question

A feeling that "things are not real" and that there is little awareness of time and place is called

answer

depersonalization

question

In regard to psychological disorders, prevalence refers to

answer

the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time

question

Dr. Underhill is reviewing the records from a patient who has just been referred tor treatment. He is carefully considering the symptoms that have been documented, and is attempting to identify the type of psychological disorder the individual is most likely to have. Dr. Underhill is currently focusing on

answer

diagnosis

question

The study of the incidence and distribution of mental or physical disorders within a population defined the discipline known as

answer

epidemiology

question

A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often:

answer

bias our perceptions of the labeled person

question

Judicial systems are responsible for making decisions regarding:

answer

insanity

question

Manuel is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when he is with other people that he often misses his college classes just to avoid social interactions. Manuel appears to suffer from a(n):

answer

social phobia

question

The disorganized schizophrenic used to be called the:

answer

hebephrenic schizophrenic

question

In a study by David Rosenhan (1973), researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be "hearing voices." This study best illustrated the negative effects of:

answer

diagnostic labels

question

Rats who received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders may result from:

answer

classical conditioning

question

jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from:

answer

schizophrenia

question

A therapist claims that Luke's irrational fear of snakes results from repressed childhood feelings of hostility toward his own father. The therapist's interpretation reflects a _______ perspective.

answer

psychoanalytic

question

Sophie takes over 40 different vitamins and herbal remedies each day to keep herself in top physical health. Recently she had some severe dizziness, but her family doctor assured her that it was just a minor ear infection that would clear up in a few days. Sophie is concerned because she is sure the ear infection is the sign of something much more serious, such as a brain tumor, and she has made appointments with three different specialists to have more testing done. In this case, Sophie's symptoms are MOST consistent with

answer

hypochondriasis

question

If research indicated that phobias result from a chemical imbalance in the central nervous system, this would most clearly give added credibility to:

answer

the medical model

question

Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the:

answer

amygdala

question

Abby was watching a documentary on some of the horrors of the Vietnam War. Even when she saw soldiers being blown up after stepping on land mines, she showed no emotional reaction or response. In this case, Abby is displaying symptoms of

answer

blunted or flat affect

question

Cooper is an auto mechanic at a local garage. However, he is convinced that his phone line is tapped and all the rooms in his house have listening devices planted, so that the enemy agents can learn all his secret conversations. He never takes the same route to work two days in a row, to prevent the enemy agents, from following him and learning where he works. In this case, it appears that Cooper is experiencing

answer

delusions of persecution

question

Matt is restless and often jumps out of his seat or interferes with ongoing class activities in response to the sound of outside traffic. Matt most clearly exhibits symptoms of:

answer

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

question

Learning theorists have suggested that compulsive behaviors are:

answer

reinforced by anxiety reduction

question

A physical ailment that results, in part, from psychological factors without any accompanying physical basis is referred to as

answer

a somatoform disorder

question

In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with:

answer

low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels

question

A schizoid personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by:

answer

a detachment from social relationships

question

Damian has brief attacks of overwhelming anxiety in which his heart pounds and he can't control his breathing. He never knows when the next attack is going to occur. In this case, Damian's symptoms are MOST consistent with

answer

panic disorder

question

George Fredric Handel composed his Messiah during three weeks of intense, creative energy. Many believe Handel suffered a mild form of:

answer

bipolar disorder

question

Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa's symptoms are most likely to be relieved by _______ drugs

answer

antipsychotic

question

electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT):

answer

involves the use of electric shock to produce a cortical seizure and convulsions

question

Kayla has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed an MAO inhibitor to reduce the severity of Kayla's symptoms. In this case, Kayla's therapist is MOST likely treating her for

answer

depression

question

The use of the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization allows for the

answer

gradual approach to the feared object

question

Dr. Nenning is a psychotherapist who is extremely supportive of all his clients. He encourages his clients to talk about their concerns, and he often acts as a sounding board, restating and clarifying the themes that come to the surface as his clients speak freely about their concerns and problems. Dr. Nenning appears to be

answer

a client-centered therapist

question

Cognitive therapies have achieved especially favorable results in the treatment of:

answer

depression

question

Which of the following biomedical treatments provides some of the benefits of ETC without triggering seizures or memory loss?

answer

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

question

Which of the following statements best represents the approach of a COGNITIVE therapist in treating a chronically anxious client?

answer

"Let's see if we can identify the irrational thoughts that are producing your anxiety."

question

Beth is so terrified of snakes that even walking on sidewalks covered with earthworms after a rain storm makes he feel anxious. Her behavioral therapist has been helping Beth overcome her fear by having her work through an anxiety hierarchy while she maintains a state of deep relaxation. In this case, her therapist is using

answer

systematic desensitization to help Beth overcome her fear of snakes

question

Deinstitutionalization means that

answer

whenever possible, the mentally ill should be treated at community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care

question

Which drugs are designed to depress central nervous system activity?

answer

antianxiety drugs

question

In which form of therapy is unwanted behavior systematically associated with unpleasant experiences?

answer

aversive conditioning

question

A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who:

answer

uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches

question

The study of the effect of drugs on mind and behavior is called:

answer

psychopharmacology

question

Eartha has been experiencing mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. Her parents schedule an appointment with a therapist to find out if there is something she can take to reduce her symptoms. In this case, the doctor will MOST likely prescribe

answer

Thorazine

question

Which of the following psychologists is MOST likely to deal with the most severe mental health problems?

answer

clinical psychologist

question

Mario recently started seeing a therapist. At the start of each session, Mario lies down and starts talking about anything that comes to mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his therapist encourages him to say whatever comes into his mind. This therapeutic technique is common among therapists who use

answer

a psychoanalytic approach in therapy

question

SSRIs are prescribed to:

answer

elevate arousal and mood

question

Inflated estimates of the value of antidepressant drugs are in large part due to the fact that patient recovery often results from:

answer

the placebo effect

question

Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of:

answer

schizophrenia

question

Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies?

answer

meta-analysis

question

What do psychoanalytic, client-centered, and cognitive therapies have in common?

answer

they all stress insight into the self

question

Generally speaking, the majority of clinical psychologists describe themselves as using

answer

an eclectic approach to therapy

question

Light exposure therapy was developed to relieve symptoms of:

answer

depression

question

Long term use of certain antipsychotic drugs can produce involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. This menacing condition is known as:

answer

tardive dyskinesia

question

Which psychosurgical procedure was designed to calm uncontrollable emotional or violent patients?

answer

lobotomy

question

Which drug sometimes helps patients exhibiting negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as apathy and withdrawal?

answer

Clozaril

question

Mr. Gotanda mistakenly believed that a single intake interview in which he simply described his numerous symptoms to a therapist was a treatment for his distress. His immediate relief from many of his symptoms following this session best illustrates:

answer

the placebo effect

question

Mary has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed a drug from the benzodiazepine family to reduce the severity of Mary's symptoms. In this case, Mary's therapist is MOST likely treating her for

answer

an anxiety disorder

question

Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help:

answer

Jerome overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax

question

Rogers named his technique "client-centered therapy" to emphasize his belief that

answer

clients should play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy

question

When Murli told his therapist, "I came to see what you could do for me," the therapist responded, "It sounds like you're feeling you need some help. Am I right?" The therapist's response illustrates the technique of:

answer

active listening

question

Mr. McCardle's excessive feelings of helplessness and despondency are periodically interrupted by episodes in which he experiences extreme feelings of personal power and a grandiose optimism about his future. Which drug would most likely be prescribed to alleviate his symptoms?

answer

lithium

question

Clients often stay in touch with their psychotherapists only if satisfied with the treatment they received. This helps us understand why therapists:

answer

tend to overestimate the effectiveness of psychotherapy

question

Jimmy has been in psychotherapy for several months, but during the last few sessions he has been distracted and inattentive. When his therapist asks him to describe any dreams he has had recently, Jimmy insists that he doesn't remember any of his dreams. According to Freud, Jimmy's behavior may be a sign of

answer

resistance

question

Many self-help groups have emulated the use of _______ by Alcoholics Anonymous.

answer

a 12-step strategy

question

Which of the following therapies are mainly intended to eliminate symptoms rather than alter personality?

answer

behavior and drug therapies

question

The theoretical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist is that

answer

the clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the counseling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems

question

Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events?

answer

cognitive therapy

question

Leslie has been feeling depressed for a number of weeks. She thinks she may need to see a therapist to help her overcome her depressions, but she doesn't want to see anyone who is going to dwell on her childhood and try to work through any problems she experienced years ago. She wants to see someone who will focus on direct treatment of her current symptoms. In this example. it appears that Leslie is looking for a therapist whose approach to treatment would be classified as

answer

biomedical therapy

question

Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of:

answer

exposure therapies

question

According to Beck, which types of thought processes tend to produce depressions?

answer

drawing negative conclusions about one's personal worth based on insignificant events

question

Lithium is often an effective _____ drug.

answer

mood-stabilizing

question

Group therapy is typically more effective than individual therapy for:

answer

enabling people to discover that others have problems similar to their own

question

Jenna is afraid of speaking to a large audience. Her therapist suggests that prior to a speaking engagement she should reassure herself with comments like, "Cheer up, Jenna. You know what you're talking about and your topic is really interesting!" This approach to reducing Jenna's fear most clearly illustrates:

answer

stress inoculation training

question

Psychoanalytic interpretation is designed to promote:

answer

insight

question

Which approach would attempt to minimize psychological disorders by working to reduce the incidence of child abuse and illiteracy in society?

answer

preventative mental health

question

Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug that reduces paranoia and hallucinations by:

answer

dampening responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli

question

Prozac is an antidepressant drug that partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of _______ from synapses.

answer

serotonin

question

Clive is a clinical psychologist and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist. The main difference between these two professionals would be the fact that Clive would

answer

have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a medical degree

question

Steve is the manager of a local store. His management style involves keeping strict control over what his employees are doing. Steve always makes sure everyone is working at what he has decided they should be doing. What type of leader is Steve?

answer

authoritarian

question

You've just been awarded a full scholarship for next year, which you perceive as confirmation of your superior intellectual ability. According to Weiner's model, you are making an _____ attribution about your success.

answer

internal-stable

question

In Asch's studies of conformity, subjects

answer

indicated which of three lines matched a "standard line" in length

question

Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief best illustrates a potential consequence of:

answer

the just-world phenomenon

question

Gender identity refers to:

answer

the sense of being male or female

question

Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of:

answer

scapegoat theory

question

Which of the following social influence techniques involves getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed?

answer

lowball technique

question

Montel, a white university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of:

answer

the scapegoat theory

question

In the local group to which Tom belongs, he finds that he is only able to talk with the leader of the group. Later, he finds that everyone in the group can only talk with the leader and no one else in the group. What type of communication pattern best describes the type of group that Tom is in?

answer

wheel type

question

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced to the then Soviet Union that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The Soviet's positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of:

answer

GRIT

question

According to the fundamental attribution error, actors tend to attribute their own behavior to _____ factors, and observers tend to attribute the behavior of others to _______ factors.

answer

situational; personal

question

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the:

answer

bystander effect

question

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people _______ one another.

answer

think about, influence, and relate to

question

Altruism is best described as:

answer

behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others

question

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:

answer

self-disclosure

question

Steve belongs to an organization set up by the recreation department in his community, which attempts to bring together people of the community for a variety of social events. The group puts on a number of activities and dances during the year for anyone who wants to join the group. The group is basically made up of young singles in the community, but anyone is free to join. Which of the following terms describe Steve's group?

answer

interaction and inclusive group

question

When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of:

answer

gender roles

question

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as:

answer

companionate love

question

You were presenting a talk to a group of people considered experts in the field you were talking about. Which of the following would be the best to do in convincing them of your argument?

answer

present both sides of the argument

question

When Armen first heard the hit song "Gotta Love It," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates:

answer

the mere exposure effect

question

Obedience is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to

answer

direct commands

question

Lewis has agreed to proofread a long legal brief that Trudy has written, even though he doesn't really like Trudy. Lewis knows that he will not receive any additional pay for his extra work, and he thinks that proofreading is one of the most boring jobs there is. However, after the legal brief is finished, Lewis decides that proofreading isn't such a bad job after all; he feels that at times he actually enjoyed the exacting work. The change in attitude that Lewis has experienced can best be explained using

answer

cognitive dissonance theory

question

Prejudice is to discrimination as

answer

attitude is to action

question

The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to:

answer

assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.

question

People at a prom, a wedding reception, or a Walk for the Arts would be considered what type of crowd?

answer

an expressive crowd

question

Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?

answer

social exchange theory

question

After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the:

answer

frustration-aggression principle

question

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believed that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate:

answer

ingroup bias

question

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from:

answer

reciprocity norm

question

Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr. Eskenazi's contribution to the gender-typing of his children would most likely be highlighted by:

answer

social learning theorists

question

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the:

answer

frustration-aggression principle

question

People tend to prefer a(n) _______ photograph of themselves and a(n) _________ photograph of a close friend.

answer

mirror-image; actual

question

Mike is a member of a committee set up by the school board. Mike's main concern with the activity of the group is that everyone in the group has a chance to state his or her view of the issue at hand. Anytime there is a problem between the members of the committee, Mike has been the one to reduce the tension. Everyone likes Mike, even though he has no official leadership position in the group. What type of leader is Mike?

answer

emotional

question

A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as:

answer

a social trap

question

Gender differences in verbal fluency are consistent with evidence that part of the:

answer

frontal lobes is thicker in women than in men

question

After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of:

answer

superordinate goals.

question

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the:

answer

social-responsibility norm

question

David, Roger, Ian and Keith were debating whether the Hoopsters or the Dunkers were the better basketball team. When they started their debate all four friends thought the Hoopsters were slightly better, but after an hour they have now come to the conclusion that the Hoopsters are so much better that they will probably take the division title. The process that would best explain the strengthening of opinion that occurred in this example would be

answer

group polarization

question

Which of the following social influence techniques involves getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later?

answer

foot-in-the-door technique

question

Maya has always preferred individual assignments to group projects, because she finds that she can accomplish more when she works on her own. The process that would best explain why Maya accomplishes less when she works as part of a group is

answer

social loafing

question

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:

answer

hindsight bias

question

Those who suggest that choices we make today determine what our future will be like are emphasizing the importance of:

answer

human responsibility

question

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates:

answer

mirror-image perceptions

question

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that:

answer

babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces

question

Denying a person equal social treatment based on his or her group membership defines

answer

discrimination

question

Just hearing someone reading a neutral text in a sad voice creates "mood contagion" in listeners. This best illustrates:

answer

the chameleon effect

question

Kirstie's boss asks for input about ways the company can improve its current advertising campaign. However, every time an employee offers a suggestion that differs from the plan that the boss has sketched out, the suggestion is ignored completely. In this case, it is likely that the group that is supposed to improve the company's advertising will experience the effects of

answer

groupthink

question

Orville thinks his girlfriend derives more benefits from their relationship than he does, even though he contributes more to the relationship. Orville most clearly believes that their relationship lacks:

answer

equity

question

In Milgram's research on obedience, what was the teacher's perception of what would happen when the learner made a mistake?

answer

the learner would receive a shock

question

Phoebe saw the passenger in the seat across the aisle suddenly slump forward in her seat. While the other passengers looked around for a flight attendant, Phoebe immediately started to administer CPR. In this case, Phoebe's actions are the opposite of what would be expected based on

answer

the bystander effect

question

When Stacey's husband has had a frustrating day at work, he is easily irritated and sometimes screams at her. According to Freud, when Stacey's husband yells at her, he is employing the defense mechanism known as

answer

displacement

question

Andre is very organized and efficient but also very anxious and tense. Which two of the Big-Five personality terms best describe Andre?

answer

conscientious; neurotic

question

Drive reduction theory has the greatest difficulty explaining the behavior of

answer

going to a horror movie for the thrill of it

question

Which of the following statements about polygraphs is most accurate?

answer

polygraphs can detect emotionality that accompanies lying some of the time, but with a high error rate

question

Duncan just had an unpleasant encounter with his chemistry instructor. As he walks angrily away, he notices that his heart is pounding rapidly and he is perspiring. As he passes a mirror he notices that his face is also beet red. Duncan's __________ system is responsible for this reaction.

answer

sympathetic nervous

question

Darlene is always helping people, even when it involves a potential cost or risk to herself. She has no expectation that she will be rewarded for her actions. Darlene might be described as highly

answer

altruistic

question

Becci is extremely afraid of snakes. Her therapist puts her in a room full of snakes and doesn't allow her to leave for several hours. When Becci leaves the room, she is no longer afraid of snakes. Becci's therapist helped her overcome her snake phobia through the use of __________, which is a technique used by _________ therapists.

answer

flooding; behavioral

question

Twenty-year-old Elton inherited a predisposition to depression and was brought up by a manic-depressive mother. Until now, Elton has avoided depression, but according to the diathesis-stress model, he may develop depression if he

answer

encounters very stressful events

question

Which of the following characteristics would be most likely to be exhibited by a person with narcissistic personality disorder?

answer

exaggerated self-importance

question

Tilda took a personality test on Friday and learned that she was high on extraversion and agreeableness. On Monday, she tool a different form of the test and found that she was high on extraversion and agreeableness. This personality test is based on the _______ theory of personality and is high in _____.

answer

trait; reliability

question

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion _______ physiological arousal; according to the Cannon-Bard theory, the conscious experience of emotion ________ physiological arousal.

answer

follow; coincides with

question

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations best represents Schachter's two-factor theory?

answer

my shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire

question

Gini has been diagnosed with major depression. Anti-depressant drugs have not been effective, and she has threatened to commit suicide on several occasions. Which of the following therapies would her psychiatrist most likely try next to help alleviate Gini's condition?

answer

ECT

question

Hayden is at Subway, and he overhears a group of friends at a table talking about why people are innately afraid of snakes. One guy says it is because we inherit memories from our ancestors but that we are not consciously aware of these memories. Everyone laughs at him. Hayden turns to their table and says, "I've heard of that theory. It's known as

answer

the collective unconscious

question

Mr. Boyd is having trouble with students in his seventh grade science class getting along with each other. He decides that if they work on a science project together to present to the entire middle school, they will cooperate and get along because of their larger shared goal. Mr. Boyd is trying to create a ______ for his students.

answer

superordinate goal

question

According to Freud, if conflicts at any given psychosexual stage are unresolved, the

answer

person will be unconsciously preoccupied with the area of pleasure

question

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory?

answer

I'm afraid because I'm shaking

question

Which of the following is commonly used to treat the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

answer

lithium

question

Kris is taking the TAT test. She looks at a picture and says, "The woman in the picture is trying to solve a problem at work. She is thinking hard. She knows if she thinks about it long enough, she'll be able to figure it out." This response reflects _______ motivation.

answer

achievement

question

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions on the basis of

answer

our interpretation of the situation

question

Patrick and Amanda are team leaders in a small organization. Patrick does not supervise his team very closely, is always asking for team members' ideas, and is very concerned about people's feelings and job satisfaction. Amanda, however, supervises her team very closely, gives direct orders without asking members' opinions, and does not encourage a lot of discussion among team members. Patrick is a(n) __________ leader, whereas Amanda is a(n) ________ leader.

answer

person-oriented; task- oriented

question

Deidre is constantly worried about being fat. In addition, a few times a week, she will eat large quantities of food and then force herself to vomit. As a result, she also suffers from nutritional imbalances, intestinal damage, and dental problems. Deidre is most likely suffering from

answer

bulimia nervosa

question

One problem with the common-sense view of emotions, the James-Lange theory of emotions, and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, is that all three fail to consider the role of

answer

cognitive interpretations in the experience of emotions

question

Dilbert has many traits that help him succeed at his job as an engineer. He is organized, efficient, dependable, thorough, and productive. According to the Big Five model of personality, Dilbert is high in ______ and low in _______.

answer

conscientiousness; openess to experience

question

Kristine and Nicole are seeing therapists for their psychological problems. Kristine constantly thinks that she is stupid and worthless, and sometimes she has thoughts of killing herself. Nicole cleans her house so much that she doesn't have time to do anything else; she realizes that her house is already clean, but she can't help herself. Their therapists are most likely treating Kristine for her ________ and treating Nicole for her ________.

answer

obsessions; compulsions

question

Leon is intrinsically motivated to wash his neighbor's car. Accordingly, he expects his neighbor to give him

answer

nothing

question

Roland was hungry, so he went to McFood Place. But when he got in line, he realized he didn't have any money. He saw a woman set her french fries down on a table, then walk away. Roland quickly grabbed the fries and left. According to Freud, Roland's actions were driven by his ______, which operates on the _____ principle.

answer

id; pleasure

question

Randolph is playing badminton, a task he is particularly good at. Soon, a crowd gathers to watch him play. Randolph ends up having one of the best badminton games of his life. His improved performance is a result of social

answer

facilitation

question

When Lani has an unpleasant task to complete, such as writing a term paper, she sets up rewards for herself. When she completes her outline, she watches TV for one hour. When she completes the rough draft, she spends an evening relaxing with her friends. When she finished the final draft, she goes to the mall and purchases a CD she has been wanting. The _______ theory of motivation best explains Lani's behavior.

answer

incentive

question

Spencer is about to be evaluated at his job, when he wakes up Monday morning and finds he is paralyzed and cannot go to work. On Friday evening, Spencer is miraculously able to walk again, yet the following Monday he is once again paralyzed. Spencer is most likely suffering from ______ disorder.

answer

conversion

question

Sylvester suffers from schizophrenia. He has negative symptoms, such as never feeling pleasure; he also has positive symptoms, which could include all of the following except

answer

multiple personalities

question

Raul often vascillates between days of unbridled exuberance and a feeling that he can "take on the world" to days when he cannot drag himself from bed to go to class. According to the DSM, Raul most likely has a(n) ________ disorder.

answer

mood

question

Research on the role of the amygdala in the modulation of emotion has focused mainly on which of the following emotions?

answer

fear

question

Dr. Noonan believes that psychological disorders are the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood. For example, she believes that panic attacks occur when a person's instinctual impulses become too overwhelming. Dr. Noonan believes in the _______ approach to psychopathology.

answer

psychodynamic

question

As Tevin walked into the strange house, the lights suddenly went out and he heard a loud groan off to one side. Based on the common sense view of emotions, Tevin should report

answer

I am trembling because I am afraid

question

Which of the following is not considered to be an anxiety disorder?

answer

dissociative disorder

question

According to Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion

answer

the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation of that arousal

question

You are a space alien who wishes to conquer the earth. You use a special ray gun that makes humans immobile by making them too fat to move. Your ray gun should __________ in the hypothalamus

answer

destroy the ventromedial nucleus

question

Discrimination is the _______ component of a prejudiced attitude.

answer

behavioral

question

Ezekiel asks, "Mom, may I eat a hot fudge sundae with extra whipped cream?" When his mother replies that he may not, Ezekiel then asks if he may eat one cookie. Ezekiel is using the ___________ strategy fro gaining compliance

answer

door-in-the-face

question

A psychologist at a mental health center was confused about how to diagnose a client. Which objective personality test might the psychologist administer to help develop a diagnosis?

answer

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

question

Vendela believes she did poorly on her driver's exam because she was too busy with other responsibilities to practice enough. However, she believes the other low scorers did poorly because they are bad drivers. Vendela's reasoning demonstrates the

answer

actor-observer bias

question

Part of client-centered therapy consists of the therapist treating the client as a valued person, regardless of what they say or do. Approval is not necessary, but acceptance without judgement is. Which of the following therapist attitudes does this describe?

answer

unconditional positive regard

question

Winston has been taking neuroleptics for several years, and he now suffers from an irreversible disorder of the nervous system that involves uncontrollable, repetitive movements of the body and face. Winston probably began taking neuroleptics to treat his ______, but the drug led to the disorder known as _______.

answer

schizophrenia; tardive dyskinesia

question

The James-Lange theory of emotions focuses on the ______ determinants of emotions.

answer

physiological

question

Which of the following is the primary pattern of sexual response?

answer

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

question

Kerry and Riamsalat dated a couple of times, but Kerry wasn't too interested and hadn't called Riamsalat for over a month. However, when she received a birthday card from Riamsalat in the main, she called him and decided to ask him out. This change in Kerry's attitude was probably due to

answer

the reciprocity norm

question

Your therapist is helping you to overcome irrational thoughts you have developed. Specifically, he asks you to complete "homework" to help you challenge your false beliefs. Your therapist likely adheres to the principles of _______ therapy.

answer

Beck's cognitive

question

At about age four, Bart begins to find his mother Marge quite sexually attractive. He feels the urge to kill his father Homer, so that he doesn't have to share his mother. However, Bart fears that Homer might get angry and retaliate against him. According to Freud, Bart is experiencing the _______ complex, which occurs during the ______ stage of development.

answer

Oedipus; phallic

question

Phani's therapist asks her to report everything that comes to mind no matter how trivial or bizarre it may seem. Phani's therapist is using

answer

free association

question

As Danica saw the headlights coming directly at her through the fog on the highway, her blood pressure rode quickly, and she felt her heart start to race. There reactions are part of

answer

the physiological component in Danica's emotional experience

question

Chad can only tune into two stations on his car's radio. One station plays only country music, while the other station plays disco music. Because Chad hates both types of music he is faced with a(n) ________ conflict.

answer

avoidance-avoidance

question

Nduta is developing a new test to assess individuals' personalities. She asks people to draw a picture of their families, and then she interprets the drawing to reflect aspects of the individual's personality. Nduta's test is a(n) ________ test of personality.

answer

projective

question

Leonard suffers from schizophrenia and lives in an institution. One day he walked up to one of the staff members and said, "Humble ports on the window overlook flying dunk myriad nevertheless honcho overload." Leonard's speech is an example of

answer

word salad

question

In the most recent studies on factors affecting conformity, which of the following was found to have the least influence on whether or not a person will conform?

answer

gender

question

Which of the following is the best example of an action that maintains homeostasis?

answer

shivering to generate body heat when you are cold

question

Dr. Schwartz is a humanistic psychologist. There are many things that he believes about his clients. Which of the following is not one of them?

answer

their behavior is motivated by sexual or aggressive drives

question

Yaveen is writing a paper criticizing the humanistic approach to personality. What is the best title for his paper?

answer

How Naive, romantic, and Unrealistic! Is everyone really innately good?

question

Which of the following is most likely to be used in the modern biological treatment of a mental disorder?

answer

drugs

question

In a tug-of-war competition, Teniel pulled much harder on the rope when competing as an individual than when she competed as a member of a team. This phenomenon is known as

answer

social loafing

question

Claudia has not left her house in ten years. If she steps on the front porch she becomes so uneasy that she has to return inside. Claudia is most likely suffering from _______, which is a(n) _______ disorder.

answer

agoraphobia; anxiety

question

According to drive reduction theory, an imbalance in homeostasis creates a(n) ______, to which the brain responds by creating a psychological state called a(n) _______.

answer

need; drive

question

Mario tells his therapist, "I am so confused about what area I want to major in." His therapist says, "So, you seem to be having trouble deciding what to study." Mario's therapist used

answer

reflection

question

Sally goes to Lucy for psychotherapy. In Lucy's office, Sally relaxes and says whatever comes to her mind. She also describes her dreams, and Lucy offers interpretations. Lucy claims that these methods help Sally become aware of her unconscious mind. Lucy is most likely a ________ psychotherapist.

answer

psychodynamic

question

Being able to play basketball at the skill level of Michael Jordan is very rare. Thus, Michael Jordan might be viewed as abnormal from the ______ approach to defining abnormality.

answer

statistical infrequency

question

Most tests using the deviation IQ set the mean at

answer

100 points and the standard deviation at 15 points

question

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is

answer

a conditioned response

question

Christine has been following the state lottery for over a year, and she has a record of the number of times every number has been selected. She is ready to invest $1000 in lottery tickets with the same six-number combination on each ticket. She is going to choose the six numbers that have occurred the least frequently in the last year because she is sure they will be picked eventually. In this case, Christine is showing evidence of

answer

the gambler's fallacy

question

Jerome is 8 years old and has been determined to have a mental age of 10. What is Jerome's IQ?

answer

125

question

In Serena's law class they are discussing high-profile cases, and when they get to the O.J. Simpson case, Serena suddenly has a vivid memory of watching the white Bronco driving slowly down the freeway. She feels like she can recall every detail of that night, right down to the snacks she and her roommate were eating. This would be an example of

answer

a flashbulb memory

question

Proactive interference occurs when

answer

previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

question

Destry recently completed the Artistic Reasoning Test (ART) for the third time in four months. The first time he took the test, his score was near the middle of the scale. The second time, he scored near the top of the scale; but for the most recent test, he scored near the bottom of the scale. Destry's scores for this test indicate that the test

answer

has low reliability

question

Dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of

answer

retrograde amnesia

question

The continued presentation of the CS without the UCS will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as

answer

extinction

question

At the preconventional level, the child decides if things are good or bad (moral) on the basis of whether they

answer

bring punishment or reward

question

Robert knows how to say "red" but when his cousin asks him to name the colors of the cars that drive past their house, he says red for the red cars, the blue cars, the green cars, and the black cars. Robert's use of this word illustrates

answer

overextension

question

Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who started the behavioral approach to the study of psychology. To answer this question correctly, you need to rely on your

answer

semantic memory

question

The longest stage of prenatal development is the

answer

fetal stage

question

A pigeon learns to peck at a disk lighted green to receive reinforcement, but not at a disk lighted red. This means that, for the pigeon, the color of the disk is

answer

a discriminative stimulus

question

A student's organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of a

answer

schema

question

When a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery, the rejuvenated response typically

answer

is weaker than the previously conditioned response

question

Mary takes a course in which she is tested every two weeks. Her studying falls off right after a test, followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approached. Her studying conforms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on

answer

fixed-interval schedules

question

The Flynn effect is the finding that

answer

performance on IQ tests seems to be rising steadily and consistently over time

question

An essay exam is most similar to the ______ method of measuring retention.

answer

recall

question

Stimulus discrimination is to stimulus generalization as reinforcement is to

answer

punishment

question

When groups of subjects of differing age are compared at a single point in time, the study is called a

answer

cross-sectional study

question

Mrs. Potter asks Malik if he wants his sandwich in one piece, or cut into two pieces. Malik's answer suggests that he

answer

does not yet understand conservation

question

The technique used to teach animals complex tricks, such as teaching pigeons to play ping-pong, is

answer

shaping

question

Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove it through town. This is an example of

answer

episodic memory

question

Noam Chomsky contended that

answer

there is an inborn biological propensity that guides language learning

question

The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that

answer

punishment weakens behavior, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior

question

In relation to age, which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

answer

autonomy versus shame

question

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the meat powder is

answer

an unconditioned stimulus

question

Omar's wife conceived a baby seven days ago, and does not yet know she is pregnant. His wife's pregnancy is currently in the

answer

germinal stage

question

Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is MOST likely to remember

answer

between 5 and 9 items from the list

question

When the word "jar" is changed to the word "jars," the number of

answer

phonemes and morphemes are both increased

question

Females developing wider hips and males developing facial hair are examples of

answer

secondary sexual characteristics

question

Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume, and when she would hug him or hold him close he could smell that scent. Today, whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume, it makes him feel calm and relaxed. The learning process that could best account for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume is

answer

classical conditioning

question

Elisa is entering survey data from adult males in a research study. One respondent has listed his height as 6 feet 5 inches, but the occupation is hard to decipher. Elisa thinks it might be basketball player or bank president. She decides to enter basketball player as the occupation. In this case, Elisa

answer

probably relied on the representativeness heuristic to make her decision

question

The connotation of a word consists of

answer

its emotional overtones and secondary implications

question

If you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time, you are evidencing

answer

a mental set

question

Negative reinforcement involves

answer

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

question

As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using

answer

rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory

question

An algorithm is

answer

a methodical procedure for trying all possible solutions to a problem

question

According to Skinner, children learn a language

answer

through imitation, reinforcement, and shaping

question

Test norms allow you to convert your raw score on a test into _____ score, which indicated the proportion of people who scored below your obtained score.

answer

a percentile

question

A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development will acquire

answer

optimism and trust toward the world

question

Suzanne is 10 months old, and her older brother has been playing peek-a-boo with her for the past ten minutes. At first, Suzanne was really excited each time her brother uncovered his face, but now she seems bored and uninterested, and she barely responds when her brother says, "boo." In this example, Suzanne is showing evidence of

answer

habituation

question

Conrad's economic professor tells the class that the next exam will cover Chapters 5 through 7 of their text. The day of the exam, the professor accidentally photocopies the exam from the previous semester, which includes a number of questions from Chapters 8 and 9. In this case, the students might reasonably argue that the exam

answer

had poor content validity

question

Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he was 14. Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist's name, but she just can't seem to recall it at this moment. Adan is experiencing something referred to as

answer

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

question

Escape conditioning is maintained by

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Roland is an architect who can design dream homes based on vague ideas and images that his clients bring to him. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Roland is likely to score high in which of the following?

answer

spatial intelligence

question

Three-year-old Johnny used to say "mikk" when he wanted a drink of mile. Now he is able to say "milk" quite clearly. In this instance, Johnny has made a gain in his use of

answer

phonemes

question

Craig is being introduced to the members of the fraternity he has just joined. There are 15 members who he has not met before, and once the introductions are over, he finds he can only remember the names of the first three people and the last two people he was introduced to. He can't recall the names of any other members. The memory difficulty that Craig is experiencing is consistent with

answer

the serial position effect

question

According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, someone who is efficient at processing information and who performs well on conventional tests designed to measure reasoning and logical-mathematical abilities, should score high in

answer

analytic intelligence

question

In convergent thinking, one attempts to

answer

narrow down a list of alternatives to solve a problem

question

Francis has applied for admission to a computer science program, and one of the requirements for admission is the completion of a test that measures sequencing skills and abstract reasoning skills. Her score on this test will be a major factor in the decision about whether to admit her to the program. In this case, the test that Francis is scheduled to take would be classified as

answer

an aptitude test

question

A child who uses "wented" as the past tense of the verb "to go"

answer

is using a general rule in an irregular case where it does not apply

question

The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart is lower than that between identical twins reared together suggests that

answer

environmental factors can have an influence on intellectual development

question

Often new situations and experiences have characteristics in common with situations or events that people have encountered in the past. In these types of situations, people can often respond appropriately by using the process Piaget referred to as

answer

assimilation

question

The correlation between a group's scored on an industrial aptitude test and actual performance on the industrial job would describe the test's

answer

criterion-related validity

question

The sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error is called

answer

insight

question

Conventional thinking in moral development bases morality (right or wrong) on

answer

society's laws

question

Andre is demonstrating a new computer program to his roommate. As he shows his roommate how to open the application and create a file, Andre is largely relying on his

answer

procedural memory

question

Trust and optimism are to Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage as ______ is to Piaget's sensorimotor period.

answer

object permanence

question

Semantics is the component of language concerned with

answer

understanding the meaning of words and word combinations

question

_______ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.

answer

retroactive interference

question

Based on Charles Spearman's view of intelligence, individuals who excel in

answer

one academic area are likely to excel in most academic areas.

question

Mercedes takes her 1-year-old son, Justice, to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him. Justice eagerly explores the playroom as long as Mercedes is present. When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Justice becomes somewhat upset, but when Mercedes returns, he quickly calms down. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

answer

share a secure attachment relationship

question

According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it

answer

increases the probability of the response that produced it

question

The greatest number of deaths in Africa today results from:

answer

AIDS

question

Rush hour traffic is to an upset stomach as blank is to blank:

answer

stressor; stress reaction

question

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as blank personalities:

answer

Type A

question

Research on taste aversion in rats led to the discovery that suppression of the immune system can be influenced by:

answer

classical conditioning

question

The interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease is:

answer

behavioral medicine

question

Friedman and Rosenman referred to relaxed and easy going individuals as blank personalities

answer

Type B

question

Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as:

answer

the general adaptation syndrome

question

Physical illnesses, such as hypertension and some headaches, that are not caused by an organic disorder but instead seem linked to stress are referred to as blank illnesses:

answer

psychophysiological

question

Because of poverty, unemployment, and overcrowding, residents of urban ghettos are especially likely to experience:

answer

high blood pressure

question

The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the:

answer

immune system

question

Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the:

answer

shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food

question

The growth of new brain cells in mice has been found to be promoted by:

answer

aerobic exercise

question

Lewis has suffered from acute stress for years. He is presently learning to relax with a device that provides him with information about changes in tension in his forehead muscles. Lewis' case illustrates the use of:

answer

biofeedback

question

What is the most noticeable nicotine withdrawal symptom?

answer

insomnia

question

Although John has been obese for as long as he can remember, he is determined to lose excess weight with a special low calorie diet. John is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because:

answer

fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues

question

A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces:

answer

sensitivity to pain

question

Although Cara has been obese for as long as she can remember, she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low calorie diet. Cara is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because:

answer

she may have a higher-than-average set point for body weight

question

Smokers and nonsmokers have been found to differ in a gene that influences responses to:

answer

dopamine

question

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome are organisms best able to physically cope with stress?

answer

resistance

question

Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the

answer

rats could control the termination of the shocks

question

Acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy are forms of

answer

complementary and alternative medicine

question

While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are

answer

stress reactions

question

Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family has been found to promote

answer

stronger immune functioning

question

Using emotional, behavioral, or cognitive methods to alleviate stress is known as

answer

coping

question

Heart disease and depression may both result when chronic stress triggers

answer

persistent inflammation

question

Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack

answer

perceived control

question

A perceived loss of control is associated with __ epinephrine levels and __ lymphocyte activity.

answer

increased; decreased

question

Genuine illnesses that are caused by stress are called __ illnesses.

answer

psychophysiological

question

Allergic reactions and arthritis are caused by

answer

an overreactive immune system

question

During meditative relaxation, a part of the __ lobe involved in focused attention is __; active than usual.

answer

frontal; more

question

By attacking the body's own tissues, an overly reactive immune system is most likely to cause

answer

arthritis

question

To study how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness, psychologists and physicians created the interdisciplinary field of

answer

behavioral medicine

question

People have been found to suffer fewer health problems following the death of their spouse if they

answer

communicate their painful feelings of loss to close friends

question

People tend to use emotion-focused coping rather than problem-focused coping when they

answer

believe they cannot change a stressful situation

question

Optimists are more likely than pessimists to experience

answer

perceived control

question

AIDS is caused by a __ infection spread primarily through __.

answer

viral; the exchange of bodily fluids

question

The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as

answer

health psychology

question

Psychologists defines stress as

answer

the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events

question

Which form of treatment has claimed to correct imbalances of energy flow at identifiable points close to the skin?

answer

acupuncture

question

T lymphocytes are formed in the

answer

thymus

question

Evidence suggests that __ may foster neurogenesis

answer

aerobic exercise

question

The secretion of stress hormones

answer

draws energy away from immune activity

question

The natural disappearance of a disease is called

answer

spontaneous remission

question

The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by

answer

high blood pressure

question

Prolonged daily hassles such as unemployment and overcrowding are likely to promote

answer

reduced production of lymphocytes

question

Research has indicated that rats become more vulnerable to ulcers when exposed to __ shock.

answer

uncontrollable

question

Volunteers who participated in an eight-week course of meditation training exhibited increased levels of the __ activity associated with positive emotions.

answer

left hemisphere

question

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of __ into the bloodstream.

answer

epinephrine and norepinephrine

question

Whether a health care treatment is mainstream medicine or an alternative medicine depends on whether the treatment has been

answer

scientifically validated as effective

question

Trying to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor is most characteristic of

answer

emotion-focused coping

question

A diminished sense of self, space, and time is most likely to be associated with

answer

meditative relaxation

question

In a study of Type A heart attak survivors, Friedman and his colleagues found that the most effective technique for preventing recurrent heart attacks was

answer

relaxation training

question

After being told that his parents have just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Bill is likely to experience an outpouring of

answer

epinephrine

question

People who laugh a lot have exhibited a lower incidence of

answer

heart disease

question

To alleviate the stress of losing her job, Alicia enrolled in a work retraining program that led to full-time employment. Alicia's behavior best illustrates

answer

problem-focused coping

question

A stressor is a(n)

answer

environmental event that threatens or challenges us

question

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text as a potential health benefit of exercise?

answer

Exercise improves functioning of the immune system

question

Aerobic exercise is an effective way to

answer

lower the blood pressure reaction to stress

question

Jon, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Jon most likely experiencing?

answer

alarm reaction

question

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger

answer

a fight-or-flight reaction

question

Oxytocin is a stress-moderating hormone released by

answer

breast feeding

question

To alleviate the stress of long work hours, Phara has arranged a more convenient work schedule with her employer. Phara's behavior best illustrates

answer

problem-focused coping

question

Although stress does not create cancer cells, it may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of

answer

T lymphocytes

question

It has been suggested that a coherent worldview may contribute to the stress protection associated with

answer

the faith factor

question

The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates

answer

the tend-and-befriend response

question

A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their

answer

muscle tension

question

People tend to use emotion-focused coping rather than problem-focused coping when they

answer

believe they cannot change a stressful situation

question

Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections?

answer

Stress hormones suppress the productio of lymphocytes

question

Anger is the toxic core of

answer

the Type A personality

question

Research has demonstrated that as a predictor of health and longevity, religious involvement

answer

rivals nonsmoking and exercise

question

Physical and emotional responses to threatening and challenging events are referred to as

answer

stress reactions

question

Religiously active people have __ socially supportive relationships and __ lifestyles than those who are not religiously active.

answer

more; healthier

question

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

answer

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

question

One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of

answer

stress appraisal

question

To study how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness, psychologists and physicians created the interdisciplinary field of

answer

behavioral medicine

question

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to:

answer

judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.

question

Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates:

answer

social faciliation

question

On which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be least likely to lead to better and faster performance?

answer

solving a crossword puzzle

question

Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of:

answer

social exchange theory

question

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called:

answer

fundamental attribution error

question

Group polarization refers to:

answer

the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.

question

A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.

answer

personality traits; assigned roles

question

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of:

answer

dispositional attribution

question

Laura's husband died three years ago, but she is still depressed. Her therapist suggests that she is really angry at her husband for abandoning her. The therapist's interpretation reflects the ________ perspective.

answer

psychoanalytical

question

Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. According to Walter Mischel, Sheen's behavior should lead us to question the consistency of:

answer

personality traits

question

Thaddeus will play a violin solo at his school tomorrow. Which of the following will be true of his musical performance?

answer

It will be good if his physiological arousal during the performance is moderate.

question

When students perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating, they experience much less anxiety. This is best understood in terms of the:

answer

...

question

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

answer

cognition

question

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called:

answer

heuristics

question

Our schemas often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of:

answer

memory construction

question

A mnemonic device is a:

answer

memory aid

question

Automatic processing occurs without:

answer

conscious awareness

question

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key in order to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

observational learning

question

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

answer

extinction

question

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:

answer

palvov

question

Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in:

answer

temperant

question

Low birth weight is a known risk factor for:

answer

dissociative identity disorder

question

Wilma is extremely agitated because she hears voices that tell her to sexually seduce the male nurses in her hospital ward. Wilma is most clearly suffering from:

answer

hallucinations

question

As a therapist, Dr. Cioffi often uses systematic desensitization. She also considers active listening to be an invaluable therapeutic tool, and she frequently makes use of free association. Dr. Cioffi's therapeutic approach would best be described as:

answer

eclectic

question

Dr. Judd is convinced that psychological disorders result largely from stressful social situations rather than from disturbances within the individual personality. Dr. Judd's belief is most consistent with the assumptions that underlie:

answer

drug therapy

question

Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

answer

learning

question

The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by:

answer

stressful life experiences

question

The symptoms of ________ are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of ________.

answer

antisocial personality; schizophrenia

question

Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies?

answer

meta-analysis

question

According to the social-cognitive perspective, women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to:

answer

sense a lack of personal control over their lives.

question

Dr. Byrne is a clinical psychologist who often uses operant conditioning techniques to treat her clients. She also encourages them to modify their thought patterns, and on occasion she interprets their transference behaviors. Dr. Byrne's therapeutic approach would best be described as:

answer

eclectic

question

An abnormal shrinkage of cerebral tissue is most likely to be associated with:

answer

schizophrenia

question

Brenda has never cheated on a psychology test, but she often does so on chemistry tests. She recently stole some merchandise from a local store, but she also returned a lost billfold along with $28 to its rightful owner. Walter Mischel would have suggested that this pattern of behavior should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of:

answer

personality traits

question

Which of the following tests characteristically describes personality in flattering terms?

answer

myers-briggs type indicator

question

Compared to gay men, lesbian women are:

answer

...

question

Lack of body fluids is to thirst as ________ is to ________.

answer

need; drive

question

Myra has such low self-esteem that she typically expects critical comments about her appearance and behavior. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of:

answer

confirmation bias

question

If both depressed and nondepressed individuals receive similar scores on a diagnostic test for depression, it suggests that the test:

answer

is not valid

question

People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10,000 people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is one-tenth of 1 percent. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

framing

question

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

answer

echoic

question

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as:

answer

the spacing effect

question

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of:

answer

modeling

question

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote:

answer

survival

question

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of:

answer

generalization

question

Perceptual adaptation refers to the:

answer

perceptual adjustment to an artificially displaced visual field.

question

Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same:

answer

placenta

question

Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development.

answer

genetic predispositions

question

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the:

answer

myelin sheath

question

People with high self-esteem are less likely than those with low self-esteem to:

answer

succumb to conformity pressures.

question

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to:

answer

work persistently at difficult tasks

question

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of:

answer

self determination

question

Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of:

answer

social influence

question

As personality descriptions become more positive, the Barnum effect becomes stronger. This best illustrates:

answer

self-serving bias

question

Research on self-perception indicates that most people:

answer

view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.

question

Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.

answer

ego

question

An individual who perceives an internal locus of control would most likely show signs of a:

answer

strong ego

question

Veena gets poor grades no matter how hard she studies, so she has simply given up studying. Veena's behavior most clearly reflects:

answer

learned helplessness

question

The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her:

answer

attributional style.

question

Short segments of surgeon-patient conversations were filtered to make the speech unintelligible while preserving its intonation, pitch, and rhythm. Listeners' ability to use this limited information to accurately assess which surgeons had been sued illustrated the potency of the surgeons':

answer

expressive style

question

Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from:

answer

psychological processes

question

Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to:

answer

regression

question

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote:

answer

pessimism

question

Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates:

answer

self serving bias

question

Most late adolescents perceive themselves as less vulnerable than their peers to the AIDS virus. This best illustrates:

answer

unrealistic optimism

question

Which of the following tests characteristically describes personality in flattering terms?

answer

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

question

Sexually active undergraduate women perceive themselves as much less likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy than other women at their university. This best illustrates:

answer

unrealistic optimism

question

While attending college, Saeb impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on "wine, women, and song." Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n):

answer

weak super ego

question

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

answer

Mara, an irritable, impatient teacher

question

Rush hour traffic is to an upset stomach as ________ is to ________.

answer

stressor; stress reaction

question

In Wolfgang Köhler's experiment, the chimpanzee Sultan retrieved a long stick with a short stick to retrieve a piece of fruit. Sultan was able to reach the fruit as a result of:

answer

insight

question

Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called:

answer

algorithms

question

Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to:

answer

appear credible to their customers

question

In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on:

answer

heuristics

question

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

answer

implicit

question

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

answer

the spacing effect

question

Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates:

answer

repression

question

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of

answer

rehearsal

question

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of:

answer

modeling

question

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:

answer

pavlov

question

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.

answer

reinforcement; punishment

question

The acquisition of a sense of object permanence is most closely associated with the development of:

answer

stranger anxiety

question

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of:

answer

individualism

question

If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates:

answer

natural selection

question

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is:

answer

epinephrine

question

The emotion of fear is sometimes accompanied by ________ that differ from those that accompany rage.

answer

hormone secretions and finger temperatures

question

The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the:

answer

immune system

question

Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This finding best serves to support the:

answer

adaptation-level principle

question

Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This best illustrates the:

answer

adaptation-level phenomenon

question

Those who view their work as a necessary but personally unfulfilling way to make money are said to view work as a:

answer

job

question

Bernard is an ambitious, highly competitive corporation lawyer who recently had a heart attack. He tends to be impatient and a perfectionist, and he gets angry over little things. Research suggests that Bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his:

answer

anger

question

Which of the following best describes task performance?

answer

It is best when physiological arousal is moderate.

question

Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as:

answer

the general adaptation syndrome

question

An inexperienced pilot prepares for an emergency landing after her single-engine plane loses power. Her emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by:

answer

increased blood sugar levels

question

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, body arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________.

answer

sympathetic nervous system; cortex

question

Dr. Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior. His area of research has obviously been:

answer

motivation

question

In researching taste aversion in rats, Ader and Cohen discovered that saccharin-sweetened water was a conditioned stimulus for:

answer

the suppression of the immune system

question

Rabbits fail to react with fear to a signal of impending shock if they have suffered damage to the part of the brain called the:

answer

amygdala

question

Compared to gay men, lesbian women are:

answer

less likely to engage in promiscuous sex and more likely to enter into a committed long-term love relationship.

question

Automatic processing occurs without:

answer

conscious awareness

question

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of:

answer

encoding

question

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on recall.

answer

state-dependent memory

question

Long-term potentiation refers to:

answer

an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

question

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

answer

biological predispositions

question

After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcoholism may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.

answer

cognitive processes

question

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of:

answer

discrimination

question

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called

answer

delta waves

question

Alcohol consumption is least likely to make people more:

answer

fearful

question

Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

top-down processing

question

Identical twins typically begin walking on nearly the same day. This best illustrates the importance of _______ to motor skills.

answer

maturation

question

Unlike today's most widely used intelligence tests, the original Stanford-Binet would be most clearly criticized with respect to its:

answer

standardization sample

question

Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates:

answer

confirmation bias

question

During the earliest stage of speech development, infants:

answer

make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language.

question

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of:

answer

syntax

question

People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates:

answer

belief perseverance

question

Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often valuable because it facilitates:

answer

quick decisions

question

Because Ken is 6'6", people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his college's basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of:

answer

the representativeness heuristic.

question

In order to assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities, psychologists have made extensive use of:

answer

factor analysis

question

The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

the availability heuristic

question

Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Anika's decision best illustrates the use of:

answer

a heuristic

question

When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of:

answer

semantics

question

It is very difficult to get someone to change his or her unrealistically negative self-image. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

belief perseverance.

question

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of:

answer

prototypes

question

Andre first became suspicious of his roommate's honesty while trying to account for his own missing wallet. Although Andre later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, his newly formed doubt about his roommate's honesty remained as strong as ever. Andre's irrational suspicion of his roommate best illustrates:

answer

the belief perseverance phenomenon.

question

Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of:

answer

the representativeness heuristic.

question

English-speaking children learn to put the object of a sentence last, whereas Japanese-speaking children put the object before the verb. Chomsky suggests that this illustrates a difference in the two languages':

answer

surface structure

question

A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n):

answer

prototype

question

A 12-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have an IQ of:

answer

75

question

Our capacity for thinking without language is best illustrated by:

answer

unconscious information processing.

question

Chunking refers to:

answer

the organization of information into meaningful units.

question

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of:

answer

Source amnesia

question

The process of getting information out of memory is called:

answer

retrieval

question

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called:

answer

rehearsal

question

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of:

answer

encoding

question

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key in order to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

observational learning

question

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is:

answer

experience

question

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by:

answer

external influences

question

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of:

answer

successive approximations.

question

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

answer

conditioned

question

Our experience of pain may be intensified when we perceive that others are experiencing pain. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

top-down processing

question

The visually perceived distance between ourselves and an object provides an important cue for our perception of the object's:

answer

size

question

In order to test whether newborns can visually discriminate between various shapes and colors, psychologists have made use of the process of:

answer

habituation

question

When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of:

answer

gender roles

question

The prenatal development of the external male sex organs is stimulated by:

answer

testosterone

question

A random error in gene replication is known as a:

answer

mutation

question

An infant's temperament refers most directly to its:

answer

emotional excitability.

question

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

answer

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

question

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ________ is to ________.

answer

meaning; imagery

question

The process of getting information into memory is called:

answer

encoding

question

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates:

answer

proactive interference.

question

Automatic processing occurs without:

answer

conscious awareness

question

Our schemas often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of:

answer

memory construction

question

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term "proactive interference." Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of:

answer

automatic processing

question

When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating. This best illustrates the dynamics of:

answer

memory construction

question

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of:

answer

retroactive interference

question

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires:

answer

semantic encoding

question

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by:

answer

retrieval failure

question

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates:

answer

proactive interference

question

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

answer

short term

question

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as:

answer

priming

question

Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates:

answer

repression

question

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve:

answer

interference

question

Long-term potentiation refers to:

answer

an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

question

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory

answer

short term

question

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to:

answer

encoding

question

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using:

answer

mnemonic device

question

Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.

answer

explicit

question

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of:

answer

semantic encoding

question

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of

answer

rehearsal

question

Compared to formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates:

answer

mood- congruent memory

question

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n):

answer

conditioned response

question

According to Piaget's theory, during the concrete operational stage, a child is still unlikely to demonstrate:

answer

the ability to think hypothetically.

question

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

answer

detection; interpretation

question

An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods:

answer

are genetically predisposed

question

Carl had an unusually low birth weight because his mother failed to eat sufficient amounts of nutritional foods during his embryonic development. This best illustrates:

answer

prenatal environments

question

American university students are more likely than Japanese university students to describe themselves in terms of their:

answer

academic abilities

question

Compared to identical twins, fraternal twins are:

answer

less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion

question

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

answer

conditioned

question

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.

answer

reinforcement; punishment

question

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote:

answer

survival

question

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement.

answer

continuous; partial

question

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by:

answer

external influences

question

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to go into 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

answer

extinction

question

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:

answer

discrimination

question

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called:

answer

the law of effect

question

On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a full half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through:

answer

shaping

question

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:

answer

cognitive processes

question

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

answer

classical conditioning

question

The "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were:

answer

conditioned responses

question

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates:

answer

discrimination

question

According to the opponentprocess theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to:

answer

green light are inhibited by exposure to red light.

question

If Jared watches a nurse give him an injection, he experiences more pain than if he closes his eyes during the procedure and thinks about his favorite food. This illustrates the value of ________ for pain control.

answer

distraction

question

A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's:

answer

neural connections

question

Elton responds to his daughter's fistfight with, "Good girls don't fight!" but when his son has a fistfight he says, "Did you win?!" The role of Elton's reactions in the gender-typing of his children would be of most direct interest to:

answer

social learning theorists

question

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women.

answer

greater reproductive potential

question

psychoanalysts would suggest that resistance during therapy supports and maintains the process of:

answer

repression

question

Mr. Phillips has recently begun to express feelings of hostility and resentment his therapist, who is consistently friendly, caring and helpful. A psychoanalyst would most likely consider Mr. Phillip's hostility to be an example of:

answer

transference

question

As a psychotherapist, Dr. Buist does not analyze people's motives or diagnose the nature of their difficulties because he believes that they are in the best position to diagnose and solve their own problems. Dr. Buist's position is most characteristic of _____________ therapy

answer

client centered therapy

question

Cindy suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, "No, Cindy, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting." Cindy's therapist sounds most like a _________ therapist.

answer

behavior

question

To treat nail biting, one can paint a patient's fingernails with a bitter-tasting nail polish. This procedure best illustrates:

answer

aversive conditioning

question

Mr. Quinones, a fifth grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Quinones' strategy illustrates an application of:

answer

operant conditioning

question

Jenna is afraid of speaking to a large audience. Her therapist suggests that prior to a speaking engagement she should reassure herself with comments like, "Cheer up, Jenna. You know what you're talking about and your topic is really interesting!" This approach to reducing Jenna's fear most clearly illustrates:

answer

stress inoculation training

question

Dr. Jackson reinforces depressed patients for their participation in pleasant activities and trains them to take increasingly more credit for the rewards they gain from engaging in these activities. Dr. Jackson's treatment approach best illustrates:

answer

cognitive behavior therapy

question

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people _________ one another.

answer

think about, influence, and relate to

question

Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates:

answer

a situational attribution

question

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called:

answer

attitudes

question

During a recent disaster John witnessed and watched an accident and yet did nothing to provide assistance. He may have rationalized, engaged in denial or transferred his personal responsibility to help in the situation because of what Social Psychologist call the ____________.

answer

bystander effect

question

Singh's religious beliefs require that men keep their heads covered at all times, but while living in America he is aware that it is traditional for men to bare their heads when the flag passes by them. He feels conflicted, but decides the disapproving looks are not worth it and removes his hat. Singh's behavior is an example of which form of social influence?

answer

conformity

question

Altruism is best described as:

answer

behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others

question

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will:

answer

fail to interpret the incident as an emergency

question

Which following statement is MORE LIKELY to be made by a humanistic psychologist?

answer

Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potentials.

question

Fifteen year old Mark is trying to figure out what he should do after he graduates from college. According to Erikson, Mark is in the stage of ________________.

answer

identity versus role confusion

question

Martha is very creative and she enjoys making new and unusual works in her ceramics class. Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to Martha's level of creativity?

answer

openness to experience

question

Although Sara was told not to, she ate three cookies before dinner. By choosing to eat the cookies, Sigmund Freud would say, she was following the desires of her _______.

answer

Id

question

When asked to describe herself, 5-year old Jamie says "My hair is black". Jamie's physical description of herself is part of her____________.

answer

self-concept

question

Strategies used by the ego to prevent anxious or threatening thoughts from entering conscious awareness are called____________.

answer

defense mechanisms

question

People with unipolar disorders experience ____________; most people with bipolar disorders experience ____________.

answer

depression only; alternating periods of depression and mania

question

Max worries about everything. He worries about his job, his finances and the economy. You name it and he worries about it. Max could be diagnosed as having a(n) _________________.

answer

generalized anxiety disorder

question

James is so afraid of snakes that he is unable to leave the house. James is most likely suffering from a(n) ___________.

answer

phobia

question

A person whose behavior is dominated by irrational thinking, poor reality contact, disturbed emotions, delusions, and hallucinations probably has a(n) ___________ disorder.

answer

schizophrenia

question

Psychopharmacology involves treating mental disorders with ___________.

answer

medication

question

A person who continues to take a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms such as tremors and chills is exhibiting ________________.

answer

physical dependence

question

Which of the following is an example of systematic desensitization?

answer

Imagining increasingly frightening situations while deeply relaxed

question

A central goal of psychoanalysis is to ____________.

answer

explore unconscious conflicts

question

The form of therapy that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thought patterns is __________ therapy.

answer

cognitive

question

The DSM is a reference manual for ___________.

answer

diagnosing psychiatric disorders

question

Ali, a survivor of Hurricane Katrina, continues to have nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks. Ali is most likely suffering from ___________.

answer

post-traumatic stress disorder

question

The belief that some distressing physical symptoms made no neurological sense contributed most directly to:

answer

Freud's interest in unconscious conflicts

question

Although Garth wants to interact sexually with his girlfriend with his girlfriend, he also wants to avoid premarital sex. Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's

answer

ego

question

Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires, he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body. According to psychoanalytic theory, Eduardo's thinking best illustrates:

answer

projection

question

Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding, Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers. Fred's comments illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of:

answer

displacement

question

Celine recently had a vivid dream that was strikingly similar to an ancient but unfamiliar religious myth. This coincidence would have been of particular interest to

answer

Jung

question

Morris is hostile, aggressive, and socially destructive. According to Carl Rogers, this behavior pattern results from:

answer

His growth-inhibiting environment

question

Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are least likely to

answer

Experience defensive self-esteem

question

Repeatedly checking to see if your stove is turned off is to ______________ as repeatedly thinking you might try to set your own house on fire is to _____________.

answer

compulsion; obsession

question

Niesha demonstrates seven different personalities that appear to take turns controlling her behavior. Evidence that the same life memories are consciously experienced by all the alternate personalities would most clearly rule out the contribution of ______________ to her disorder

answer

dissociation

question

Within the last year, Mr. Shangkun has been fired by three different employers because they each discovered that he was stealing money or materials from their companies. Although he feels no remorse for his misdeeds, his outward signs of repentance have dissuaded his former employers from taking him to court. Mr. Shangkun's behavior is most indicative of:

answer

antisocial personality disorder

question

Although Mrs. Petrides usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, she sometimes repetitiously shakes her head or waves her arms. She most likely suffers from:

answer

catatonia

question

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of

answer

behavioral consistency

question

The belief that some distressing physical symptoms could not be readily explained in terms of neurological impairments contributed most directly to

answer

Freud's interest in unconscious conflicts

question

Free association is central to the process of

answer

psychoanalysis

question

In suggesting that the mind is like an iceberg, Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of the unconscious by having the entire _____ at that level

answer

id

question

Ego is to id as__is to _____

answer

reality principle; pleasure principle

question

Katrinka habitually makes nasty, hostile comments about her teachers. Freud would have suggested that her behavior illustrates the powerful influence of the

answer

id

question

According to Freud's theory, the ego...

answer

is the executive part of personality

question

For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of

answer

regression

question

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a

answer

projection

question

Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?

answer

Carl Jung

question

Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, expanded Freud's assumption about

answer

seeking security over insecurity

question

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called _____tests.

answer

projective

question

The major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that

answer

only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity

question

Frida was informed by a professional palm reader, "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates...

answer

the Barnum effect

question

The Barnum Effect

answer

individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people.

question

Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysenck's basic personality dimensions she would be classified as

answer

unstable-introverted

question

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the

answer

Thematic Apperception Test

question

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

answer

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

question

Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism?

answer

social-cognitive

question

reciprocal determinism

answer

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

question

The humanistic perspective is to Maslow as the trait perspective is to

answer

Allport

question

According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among

answer

behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events

question

Learned helplessness is most likely to result from

answer

an external locus of control

question

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote

answer

pessimism

question

According to the social-cognitive perspective, one of the vest ways to predict a person's future behavior is to

answer

observe that person's behavior in various relevant situations

question

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates

answer

the self-serving bias

question

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

answer

id

question

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of

answer

self-determinism

question

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by

answer

Carl Jung

question

Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

answer

openness

question

Big Five

answer

extroversion, openness, neuroticism, conscientiousness,. agreeableness

question

Is the MMPI test empirically derived?

answer

Yes

question

The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as

answer

the Barnum effect

question

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes influences of traits and situations on human behavior?

answer

social-cognitive perspective

question

Social-cognitive perspective

answer

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

question

Analena's refusal to purchase fattening snacks at the grocery store is both a cause and a consequences of her superior dietary self-control. It may have started because of the environment at the grocery store or her thinking before get got to the store. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

reciprocal determinism

question

Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha's belief most clearly illustrates

answer

an external locus of control

question

external locus of control

answer

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

question

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

answer

learned helplessness

question

Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology, which focuses on topics such as:

answer

optimism

question

Research on self-perception indicates that most people

answer

view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others

question

When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time, he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious. His reaction best illustrates

answer

the spotlight effect

question

Mira claims that alcohol dependence is a disease that, like pneumonia or meningitis, can be cured or prevented with proper treatment. Her belief is most clearly consistent with

answer

the medical model

question

Using DSM-IV-TR guidelines, two different clinicians are likely to give a specific patient the same diagnosis, This indicates that the DSM-IV-TR si

answer

reliable

question

Anxiety is considered disordered if it is:

answer

frequent and distressing

question

Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from a(n)

answer

generalized anxiety disorder

question

While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that eh could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from a(n)

answer

panic attack

question

Mrs. Swift is alarmed by her own intrusive and irrational thoughts that her house is contaminated by germs. Her experience best illustrates the agitating effects of

answer

an obsession

question

A therapist suggests that Mr. Broshi continues to bite his fingernails because this behavior often reduced his feelings of anxiety in the past. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ___________ perspective.

answer

learning/behavioral

question

Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the

answer

amygdala

question

Hypochondriasis is characterized by

answer

the misinterpretation of normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

question

Two or more distinct identities appear to alternately control the behavior of those with:

answer

DID

question

Several weeks after being fired from a job he has held for more than 20 years, Landon awoke one morning in a state of bewildered confusion. He had little sense of who he was and even failed to recongnize his wife. Landon's experience is most indicate of

answer

dissociative disorder

question

Is bipolar disorder classified as a mood disorder?

answer

Yes

question

Because it is so pervasive, _______is often considered "the common cold" of psychological disorders

answer

depression

question

Which perspective suggests that depression is a reaction to loss and the internalization of unresolved anger toward parents?

answer

psychoanalytic

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

question

Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with

answer

depression

question

Jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from

answer

Schizophrenia

question

The distinctive features used to identify the three clusters of personality disorders are

answer

anxiety, eccentricity, and impulsivity

question

An antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

answer

a lack of guilt feelings

question

Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory trace from out species history as the

answer

collective unconscious

question

The symptoms of ______ are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of ______.

answer

antisocial personality; schizophrenia

question

Schizophrenia is a disorder that is MOST likely to be treated with

answer

biomedical therapies

question

Mr. Choi's therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist's goal best reflects a primary aim of

answer

psychoanalysis

question

Carl Rogers is known for the development of

answer

client-centered therapy

question

client-centered therapy/ person-centered therapy

answer

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth.

question

Counterconditioning techniques were derived from principles first developed by

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

In 1924, Mary Cover Jones reported that 3-year-old Peter lost his fear of rabbits when one was repeatedly presented while he was eating a tasty snack. This episode best illustrated the potential usefulness of

answer

exposure therapies

question

Systematic desensitization involves

answer

associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli

question

In which operant conditioning procedure are positive reinforcers given for desired behaviors?

answer

a token economy

question

Token economy

answer

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

question

The belief that no person is an island is the fundamental assumption of a

answer

family therapy

question

family therapy

answer

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

question

Meta-analysis refers to

answer

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies.

question

Light exposure therapy was developed to relieve symptoms of

answer

depression

question

Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are prescrive to

answer

elevate arousal and mood

question

Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of

answer

depression.

question

Because Gretchen is afraid of contracting infectious diseases, she compulsively avoids shaking people's hands or touching doorknobs. Research suggests than an especially effective treatment for her difficulty would involve

answer

behavior therapy

question

cognitive-behavior therapy

answer

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

question

Melanie's therapist suggests that when she feels anxious, Melanie should attribute her arousal to her highly reactive nervous system and shift her attention to playing a game with her preschool child. This suggestion best illustrates

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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In programs to treat alcoholism, clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. The therapist is using a technique known as

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aversive conditioning

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Dr. Byrne is a clinical psychologist who often uses operant conditioning techniques to treat her clients. She also encourages them to modify their thought patterns, and on occasion she interprets their transference behaviors. Dr. Byrne's therapeutic approach would best be described as

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eclectic

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Psychiatrists ad psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is

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devient distressful distraction

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ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life are best characterized as

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dysfunction

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the conception of psychological disorders as biologically based sicknesses is known as the

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medical model

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to call psychological disorders "sicknesses" is especially likely to encourage research supporting

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medical model

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A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-IV-TR in order to various psychological disorders

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identify

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In a study by David Rosenhan (1973), researchers wre admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be "hearing voiced." This study best illustrated the negative effects of

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diagnostic labeling

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When children are told that certain classmates are leaning disabled, they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of these students in the classroom. This bess illustrates the danger of

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Self filling process

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Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations are most characteristic of

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panic disorder

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A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

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unfocused out of control, negative feeling

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Frued suggested that for those suffering a generalixed anxiety disorder, the anxiety is

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free feeling

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In which disorders is a person continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic arousal

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Generalized anxiety disorders

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Panic attacks are most closely associated with

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anxiety attack

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Phobias are most likely to be characterized by

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anxiety disorders

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Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of

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allegory phobia

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An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions is called

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OCD

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Compulsions are best described as

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Receptive behaviors

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Obsessions ar

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offensive unwanted thoughts

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Ashley L. is so afraid of spiders that she avoids most outdoor activities and refuses to go to the basement of her house alone. Ashley appears to suffer from a(n)

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phobia

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A person who has agoraphobia is most likely to

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stay close to home

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Repeated distressing dreams and intrusive memories of an intensely fearful and life-threatening experience are symptoms most commonly associated with

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PTSD

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Learning theorists have suggested that compulsive behaviors are

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reinforced by anxiety reduction

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Experiencing physical symptoms, such as blindness or paralysis, that make no physiological sense is indicative of

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conversion disorder

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Hypochondriasis is characterized by

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always thinking they are sick

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Dissociative disorders are most likely to be characterized by

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disruptions sensitive of identity

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College students were asked to pretend that they were accused murderers. Under hypnosis, they typically expressed a second personality when promoted to do so by the examining psychiatrist. This most strongly suggests that dissociative identity disorder may involve

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Roll playing

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The major characteristic of dissociative disorders is disturbance of

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Memories

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What disorders are classified as a mood disorders

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Depression, bipolar

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The number on reason people seek mental health services is

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...

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Feeling of worthlessness are most likely to be associated with

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Major depression disorder

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Because it is so pervasive, ________ is often consider "the common cold" of psychological disorders

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depression

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A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by

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Feeling of personal

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Mania is most likely to be associated with

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lost of family, friends and activity

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Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by

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hopeless and extreme optimism

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Internal, stable and global explanations of one's own failures are indicative of

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Petosomissum

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The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by

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stressful life situations

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False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are called

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...

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Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by

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disorganized inflagment thinking

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Although Mrs. Petrides usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, she sometimes repetitiously shakes her head or waves her arms. she most likely suffers from

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catatonia

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One of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is

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expressional phase

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Those with narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with

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...

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An antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

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...

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Definition of Personality

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a mostly enduring and unique cluster of characteristics that may change in response to different situations

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Psychoanalysis Freud

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Theory of personality that attributes to our thoughts/actions to unconscious motives/ conflicts.Ex:Motivated by unacceptable passions, repress, causing conflict. Iceberg Idea.

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Id

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In Sigmund Freud's theory, the portion of the personality that contains our instincts and our irrational desires. It is largely unconscious and very demanding. It lives according to the pleasure principle, which is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

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Oedipus Complex, Electra Complex

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Boys attraction to mother/ Girls attraction to father.

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Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)

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the five developmenal stages that Freud believed were initiated by changes in the id and its energy levels

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Free association

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In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

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Defense mechanisms

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certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstance, According to psychoanalytic theory, the mechanisms used by the ego to prevent conscious awareness of anxiety-producing impulses, thoughts, desires, etc. Examples include repression, regression, fixation, denial, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation.

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Carl Jung*

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Was a Swiss psychotherapist and psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Jung proposed and developed the concepts of the extraverted and the introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. HE has many theories, including that of introversion and extraversion, of the complex, the collective unconscious and synchronocity.

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Myers-Briggs Type indicator

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a personality test that taps 4 characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types, An attempt to sort people according to Carl Jung's personality types; it has 126 questions. Most people agree with their assigned type, as each trait has strengths. However, though it is widely used for job assessment, it probably is not well-suited for that purpose.

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MMPI

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (2), revised in 1980s; objective tests; most widely used object of personality test; originally developed as an aid in diagnosing psychiatric disorders; two versions-adult and adolescent

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MMPI-2

answer

...

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TAT

answer

...

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Rorschach Inkblot test given

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A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure

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Neo-Freudians

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Group of psychologists who agree with Freud's emphasis on the impact of childhood on one's life, but move away from a sole focus on sex and aggression., Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson

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Karen Horney

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1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends, 1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian & psychodynamic; Horney claimed that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts. She believed that Penis Envy doesn't apply to girls, though she did emphasize the conscious and agree with Freud to some extent. She was the 1st femenist in pyschology.

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Factor analysis

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A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.

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Big Five trait dimensions

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CANOE, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion

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Carl Rogers

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1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

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Actual self & ideal self,

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Actual self- the self we truly believe ourselves to be, ideal self- In Roger's theory of personality, the self a person would ideally like to be.

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Alfred Adler

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1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order

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Self serving bias

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Tendency to take credit for success & not take credit for failure

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Culture and self descriptions

answer

...

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Humanistic Psychologists

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Abraham Maslow, carl rogers

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Trait theory

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A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions

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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS********* (Know this area very well)

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Mood, personality, anxiety,

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Genetic factors for the disorders

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Schizoprenia, twins, parents, siblings stats,

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Various Theories regarding the causes of the disorders

answer

...

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Symptoms of the disorders

answer

...

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Treatments for the disorders

answer

...

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Biological factors (i.e. neurotransmitters off-line, etc)

answer

...

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DSM-IV What does it actually evaluate? Criticisms of it??

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The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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Reciprocal determinism

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Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment

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Medical model & view of psychological disorders

answer

...

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Self-fulfilling prophecies

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an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true., A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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Mental Health Workers are likely to label a behavior as disordered if_________?

answer

ongoing patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that are deviant, istressful, and dysfunctional

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Obsessions

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persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

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Learning perspective

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A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social- cognitive learning theories.

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Biological perspective

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Emphasizes genetics, the roles of various parts of the brain, and the structure and function of individual nerve cells.

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Psychoanalytic perspective

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Freud's theory of personality development where children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectation. Resolution of conflicts determine psychological adjustment/growt.

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Humanistic perspective

answer

An explanation for behavior which suggests that humans strive for self-fulfillment and are motivated by a basic goodness. Developed originally by Carl Rogers.

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Trait perspective

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An individual's unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits) constitutes his or her personality

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Social-cultural perspective

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Look at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures. Emphasize the influence culture has on the way we think and act.

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Suicidal Ideation and Alcohol

answer

Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones.

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Suicide rates and ethnicity

answer

3x as many females than males attempt, 3x as many men are successful. Latinos have a higher rate than European American youth. AA men are low, and AA women have the lowest suicide rate. Native Americans have the highest rate. LGBTQ ranges from 20-42%. They are 2-3x more likely to commit suicide and constitute 30% of ALL youth suicides.

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Gender & depression

answer

depression is far more common among women than men; women may seek help more often than men; submissive nature of some women lends to depression; in men, depression is masked by substance abuse and anger.

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Sensing a lack of control & depression

answer

...

question

Dissociation

answer

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder & role playing

answer

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

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frontal lobes and murderers

answer

frontal, the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

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Transference

answer

(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy

answer

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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Systematic Desensitization

answer

A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

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Client-centered therapy

answer

A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way.

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Family therapy

answer

therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

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Eclectic therapists

answer

A therapeutic approach that draws upon principles and techniques representing different schools of therapy

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Humanistic therapy

answer

Focuses on removing obstacles that block personal growth and potential

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Behavioral therapy

answer

A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change the person's behavior from maladaptive to adaptive

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Aversive conditioning

answer

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

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A Token economy

answer

Joy earns a gumball sticker for every chore she completes. She puts the stickers on her gumball chart. When the gumball chart is filled, Joy gets to choose a prize out of the prize box. Joy's parents are using, In which operant conditioning procedure are positive reinforcers given for desired behaviors?

question

Psychiatrists

answer

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

question

Which psychotropic medications can produce symptoms similar to Parkinson's Disease?

answer

Drugs that affect mental processes. Change brain neurochemistry. Three categories: anti-anxiety drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotics, but can be used cross-category. Most treatments based on trial-and-error rather than specific evidence. Some drugs don't fall into a category: eg. lithium (bipolar), anticonvulsants (used for seizures but can also help with bipolar).

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Regression toward the mean

answer

Effect that occurs when people who score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time and their new score falls closer to the mean (average).

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Smith et al. Study (1980) -results of the meta-analysis on the effectiveness of therapy.

answer

...

question

Valium

answer

Antianxiety

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Who is most likely to profit from therapy??

answer

...

question

Antipsychotic drugs

answer

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

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Prozac

answer

(fluoxetine HCl) Depression or anxiety treatment Selective serotonin receptor inhibitor

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

answer

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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Prolonged stress

answer

can be harmful to the hippocampus and can affect memory, Makes a person more susceptible to infections, such as cold and flu, causes tension headaches, contributes to heart disease and stroke, can cause depression

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General Adaptation Syndrome --What is it? What are the three phases??

answer

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

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Cortisol

answer

A stress hormone that releases sugars into the blood, helping to prepare the body to respond to a threat.

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Definition of stress

answer

The experience of a perceived threat (real or imagined) to one's mental, physical, or spiritual well being, resulting from a series of physiological responses and adaptations.

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Stress appraisal

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the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are pos, neg, or neutral, One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of:

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Epinephrine, Norepinephrine & cortisol do what to artery walls??

answer

Increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdowna dn increase gblood glucose levels, releases fat in fat tissue

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Chronic anger & impact on bodily systems

answer

What effect do chronic anger and depression have on heart disease?, Death-Deferral Phenomenon, Heart disease

question

Chronic depression & impact on bodily systems

answer

related to brain changes involving serotonin, Persistant feelings of sadness or despair., Depression with symptoms lasting at least two years

question

Lupus

answer

Men -vs- Women & risks for Men -vs- Women & risks for , 2 Chronic types:discoid lupus erythematous is more mild. Lesions confined to skin and oral cavity. TX depends on severity. One TX is hydrochoroquinine. Some lupus may need premed. Chronic inflammatory disease. multi organ involvement. Affects women 8x more frequently than men and more in black women than white women.

question

AIDS

answer

(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood

question

Aerobic exercise & Depression

answer

Mildly depressed college students who participated in aerobic exercise program showed marked decrease in depression , compared to those who did relaxation or nothing.

question

Aerobic exercise & Hypertension

answer

Aerobic exercise & Hypertension , sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety, Abnormally high blood pressure

question

smoking why people start

answer

teens start if their friends and relatives smoke

question

Smoking

answer

Activates the Sympathetic Nervous System, increasing heart rate and blood pressure; relaxes the skeletal muscles.

question

Reward consequence of smoking

answer

...

question

Caloric intake & exercise

answer

Lower caloric intake and exercising will help you loose weight

question

Do diets work

answer

NO. Diet and exercise work (lifestyle)

question

Dieting

answer

Calorie restricting diets revealed that overall one-third to two-thirds of dieters regain more weight than they lost. However some people do lose weight and maintain the loss. The most effective programs include exercise. Weight cycling or yoyo dieting are dangerous for health. Liquid diets and other low calorie diets can damage the gallbladder

question

ego

answer

According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. , (psychoanalysis) the conscious mind

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super ego

answer

Freud; "moral watchdog"; governs behavior by reality and morality, often taught by parents, church and/or community; standards develop through interaction; conscience; ego ideal , Develops around the age of 4 or 5, internalizes the values of ones parents and society. Operates according to morality, principle. Demands perfection and serves as ones conscience. Responsible for guilt pride, shame

question

varenicline

answer

Chantix - smoking cessation. Partial agonist selectively binds nAChR in brain. Sustained release of mesolimbic dopamine (reward pathway).

question

pseudoparkinsonism

answer

frequently occurs as an adverse reaction to anti-psychotic drugs especially PHENOTHIAZINES, (drug-induced Parkinsonism): reversible syndrome that looks like parkinson's, Triad of resting tremor, muscular rigidicity and bradykinesia, shuffling gait, slowed cognition, excessive salvation. Symptoms appear 3 to 9 days after initiation of treatment or dose increase. Treatment is anticholinergics

question

Psychologists

answer

Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems.

question

Multiple Sclerosis (M.S.)

answer

An autoimmune disease in which the body's natural defenses attack the myelin sheath covering the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. Symptoms include numbness, clumsiness, and blurred vision.

question

ADHD

answer

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity., ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

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Panic disorder

answer

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

question

phobia

answer

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

question

OCD

answer

A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with and individual's functioning.

question

PTSD

answer

A disorder in which a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

question

Post traumatic growth

answer

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

question

somatoform disorder

answer

A class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors.

question

conversion disorder

answer

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

question

hypochondriasis

answer

A somatoform disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses.

question

dissociative disorders

answer

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

question

dissociative identity disorder

answer

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

question

mood disorder

answer

A class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes.

question

major depressive disorder

answer

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

question

mania

answer

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

question

bipolar disorder

answer

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

question

schizophrenia

answer

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

question

delusions

answer

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

question

personality disorder

answer

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

question

antisocial personality disorder

answer

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

question

eclectic approach

answer

An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

question

psychotherapy

answer

An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

question

psychoanalysis

answer

A lengthy insight therapy that was developed by Freud and aims at uncovering conflicts and unconscious impulses through special techniques, including free association, dream analysis, and transference.

question

resistance

answer

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

question

interpretation

answer

In Freud's theory, the technique of providing a context, meaning, or cause for a specific idea, feeling, or set of behaviors; the process of tying a set of behaviors to its unconscious determinant.

question

psychodynamic therapy

answer

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

question

insight therapies

answer

A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

question

client centered therapy

answer

A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way.

question

active listening

answer

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

question

unconditional positive regard

answer

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

question

behavior therapy

answer

A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

question

counterconditioning

answer

A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

question

exposure therapies

answer

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

question

systematic desensitization

answer

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

question

virtual reality exposure therapy

answer

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

question

aversive conditioning

answer

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

question

token economy

answer

A system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.

question

cognitive therapy

answer

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

question

cognitive behavior therapy

answer

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

question

family therapy

answer

therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

question

Murder mind and frontal lobes

answer

Reduced activation in PET scans in frontal lobes, an area of the brain that helps break impulsive, aggressive behavior.

question

Biopsychosocial roots of crime

answer

Obstetrical complications, poverty equal greater likely hood of criminal offenders. Denmark

question

Research has indicated that rats become more vulnerable to ulcers when exposed to ________ shock.

answer

Uncontrollable

question

Primates at the top of the social pecking order are less likely to contract coldlike viral infections than those with lower social status. This best illustrates the value of:

answer

perceived control.

question

In convincing people that they can accurately assess their personalities, astrologers, palm readers, and graphologists take advantage of:

answer

Barnun Effect

question

Research on self-perception indicates that most people:

answer

more quickly believe flattering descriptions of themselves than unflattering feedback.

question

The trait of optimism is most closely related to a strong sense of:

answer

personal control

question

While driving to work, Pedro hears a radio advertisement for a new restaurant. Throughout the day, the tune associated with the advertisement keeps running through his head. Pedro's inability to stop thinking about the tune best illustrates the nature of a(n):

answer

obsession

question

As a psychologist employed by a medical school, Dr. McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress. Dr. McNerney is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

answer

health

question

Although Garth wants to interact sexually with his girlfriend, he also wants to avoid premarital sex. Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's:

answer

ego

question

Analena's refusal to purchase fattening snacks at the grocery store is both a cause and a consequence of her superior dietary self-control. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

reciprocal determinism

question

Although World War II air raids were extremely traumatic for those who experienced them, few of these people developed lasting phobic reactions to overhead planes. This fact is best explained from a(n) ________ perspective.

answer

biological

question

The conception of psychological disorders as biologically based sicknesses is known as the:

answer

medical model

question

Aversive conditioning involves:

answer

associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences.

question

Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are:

answer

hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship.

question

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are called:

answer

SSRIs.

question

Freud's techniques and assumptions are most evident in today's:

answer

psychodynamic therapies.

question

perceived control

answer

...

question

dream analysis

answer

...

question

transference

answer

...

question

Oral stage

answer

1st stage. First year of life; the errogenous zone is the mouth, primary conflict is teething

question

anal stage

answer

(1-3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure. Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Has two outcomes-anal retentive (obsessions with cleanliness, perfection and control) and anal expulsive (messy, disorganized and dirty)

question

phallic stage

answer

(psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure

question

latency stage

answer

(6-12) - sexual feelings repressed; same sex friendships.

question

genital stage

answer

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

question

. During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates

answer

resistance.

question

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of

answer

enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.

question

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates

answer

systematic desensitization.

question

To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates

answer

aversive conditioning.

question

The goal of stress inoculation training is to reduce incapacitating anxiety by encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations. This best illustrates a form of

answer

humanistic therapy.???

question

Many physicians did not realize that bleeding was an ineffective treatment for typhoid fever until researchers made effective use of

answer

control group

question

Which of the following factors is NOT a therapeutically effective component of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

answer

rapidly moving one's eyes

question

The most effective psychotherapists are those who

answer

establish an empathic, caring relationship with their clients

question

Which of the following drugs is most likely to provide schizophrenia patients with some relief from their auditory hallucinations and paranoia?

answer

Thorazine

question

Which of the following is a selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor?

answer

Prozac

question

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with

answer

ECT

question

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as

answer

psychosurgery

question

Considering the greatest range of factors that may contribute to the process of healing is most clearly facilitated by a ________ approach to therapy.

answer

biopsychosocial

question

Identifying and eliminating the socially stressful conditions that contribute to psychological disorders is of most central interest to the advocat

answer

preventive mental health.

question

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of

answer

medical model

question

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the

answer

DSM IV TR

question

Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from

answer

Generalized anxiety disorder

question

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of

answer

PTSD

question

5. Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.

answer

Incorrect. Please see page 606.

question

Jeremy often misinterprets normal bodily sensations such as hunger pangs as symptoms of serious illnesses such as stomach cancer. His experience is most indicative of

answer

hypochodria

question

A sudden loss of memory is a symptom of

answer

a dissociative disorder.

question

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

answer

mood disorder

question

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

answer

mania episode

question

Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from

answer

delusions

question

Q1411 Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia

answer

?? Incorrect. Please see page 623.

question

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce

answer

hallucinations

question

The relationship between the season of the year in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ________ in this disorder.

answer

viral infections

question

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

answer

antisocial personality disorder

question

that 5 to 12 per cent of men and 10 to 20 per cent of women in the U.S

answer

will suffer major depression episode in lifetime

question

low levels of mono-amines in the brain could cause depression.

answer

led to the development of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as the first class of antidepressants.

question

Bonnie- angry at boss, takes it out on kids

answer

displacement

question

maslow- people are motived to achieve self actualization ____ concerned with personal safety and____________ achieving self esteem

answer

AFTER AFTER??

question

Rogers

answer

Unconditional positive regard

question

Ecomorph is to endo morph as

answer

thin is to plump

question

Lie scale on test that those may try to cheat on for personality is

answer

MMPi

question

most college students think they are less likely to drop out or become alcoholics

answer

unrealistic optimism

question

dysthmic

answer

depressed mood for most of the day, for at least 2 years in adults, in children and adolescents, symtpoms only need to be present for one year and can manifest as irrtiabiltiy, symptoms nevr absent from 2+ months

question

fear of water swim in pool 3 x week

answer

exposure therapy

question

scientific knowledge

answer

After reviewing several research articles, the clinical nurse specialist on a medical-surgical unit rewrites the procedure on assessing placement of a nasogastric tube. What source of nursing knowledge did the nurse use in this situation?

question

clinical knowledge

answer

refers to the individual nurse's personal knowledge. Results from using multiple ways of knowing while solving problems during client care provision. Manifested in the acts of practicing nurses and results from combining personal knowledge and empirical knowledge.

question

scientific method

answer

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

question

Professor Dockery

answer

behavior medicine

question

Chidren who memory of parent murder

answer

challende Freud reppression

question

acquisition

answer

the initial stage of learning something

question

aversive conditioning

answer

conditioning involving an unpleasant or harmful unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer

question

avoidance learning

answer

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

question

behavior modification

answer

a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning

question

behavioral contract

answer

a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program

question

behaviorism

answer

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science and (2) emphasizes observabable behavior (not mental processes) that can be objectively measured. Emerged from the pioneering work of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner.

question

chaining

answer

used to establish a specific sequence of behaviors by initially positively reinforcing each behavior in a desired sequence, then later rewarding only the completed sequence

question

classical conditioning

answer

a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. Also called Pavlovian conditioning

question

cognitive map

answer

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

question

conditioned response

answer

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

question

conditioned stimulus

answer

a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

question

conditioning

answer

learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment (if this, then that; first this, then that; if not this, the not that)

question

continuous reinforcement

answer

occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

question

cumulative recorder

answer

creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time

question

discriminative stimuli

answer

cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response

question

elicit

answer

to draw forth

question

emit

answer

to send forth

question

escape learning

answer

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

question

evaluative conditioning

answer

efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a US to a new CS

question

extinction

answer

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

question

fixed-interval schedule

answer

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed interval has elapsed

question

fixed-ratio schedule

answer

the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

question

habituation

answer

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

question

higher-order conditioning

answer

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

question

intermittent reinforcement

answer

occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

question

latent learning

answer

learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs; it becomes apparent when there is a reson todemonstrate it.

question

learned helplessness

answer

the feeling of futility and passive resignation that results from the inability to avoid repeated aversive events

question

learning

answer

any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

question

negative punishment

answer

taking away a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur

question

negative reinforcement

answer

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

question

observational learning

answer

occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation followed by imitation of others, who are called models

question

Skinner box

answer

a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled

question

operant conditioning

answer

a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

question

phobias

answer

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

question

positive punishment

answer

adding an aversive stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur

question

positive reinforcement

answer

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

question

preparedness

answer

species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

question

primary reinforcers

answer

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

question

punishment

answer

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response; a process in which behavior is followed by an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

question

reinforcement

answer

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response; a favorable outcome that strengthens a response tendency

question

reinforcement contingencies

answer

the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

question

renewal effect

answer

if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place

question

resistance to extinction

answer

occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated

question

schedule of reinforcement

answer

determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer

question

secondary reinforcers

answer

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

question

shaping

answer

the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

question

spontaneous recovery

answer

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

question

stimulus discrimination

answer

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

question

stimulus generalization

answer

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

question

Thorndike's law

answer

if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

question

trial

answer

in classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

question

unconditioned response

answer

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

question

unconditioned stimulus

answer

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

question

variable-interval schedule

answer

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

question

variable-ratio schedule

answer

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses

question

Clinical Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of full-fledged disorders

question

Psychiatrists

answer

Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders

question

Insight Therapies

answer

Therapies that involve verbal interactions intended to enhance a client's self-knowledge and thus produce healthful changes in personality and behavior

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

An insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference

question

Free Association

answer

A technique in which clients are urged to spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings with as little personal censorship as possible

question

Dream Analysis

answer

A technique for interpreting the symbolic meaning of dreams

question

Interpretation

answer

A therapist's attempts to explain the inner significance of a client's thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors

question

Resistance

answer

A client's largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy

question

Transference

answer

A process that occurs when clients start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives

question

Client-centered Therapy

answer

An insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy

question

Cognitive Therapy

answer

An insight therapy that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs

question

Group Therapy

answer

The simultaneous treatment of several clients

question

Behavior Therapies

answer

Therapies that involve the application of learning principles to change a client's maladaptive behaviors

question

Systematic Desensitization

answer

A behavior therapy used to reduce anxiety responses through counterconditioning

question

Aversion Therapy

answer

A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response

question

Spontaneous Remission

answer

Recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment

question

Social Skills Training

answer

A behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills and which emphasizes shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal

question

Biomedical Therapies

answer

Therapies that use physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders

question

Psychopharmacotherapy

answer

The treatment of mental disorders with drug therapy

question

Antianxiety Drugs

answer

Drugs that relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness

question

Antipsychotic Drugs

answer

Drugs that gradually reduce psychotic symptoms

question

Tardive Dyskinesia

answer

A neurological disorder marked by chronic tremors and involuntary spastic movements

question

Antidepressant Drugs

answer

Drugs that gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression

question

Mood Stabilizers

answer

Drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorder

question

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

answer

A treatment in which electric shock is used to produce cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions

question

Mental Hospitals

answer

A medical institution specializing in the provision of inpatient care for psychological disorders

question

Eclecticism

answer

Involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy, instead of just committing to one system

question

Deinstitutionalization

answer

Transferring the treatment of mental illness form inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care

question

Placebo Effects

answer

Occur when people's expectations lead them to experience some change, even though they received fake treatment

question

Regression Toward the Mean

answer

Occurs when people who score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time, and their new scores fall closer to the mean

question

Counseling Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who specialize in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems

question

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments

answer

Employ varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modifications techniques to help clients change maladaptive patters of thinking

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

Developed a systematic treatment procedure, which he called psychoanalysis (who)

question

Carl Rogers

answer

The developer of client-centered therapy (who)

question

Aaron Beck

answer

Noted for his work in the development of cognitive therapy (who)

question

Joseph Wolpe

answer

The developer of systematic desensitization (who)

question

Dorthea Dix

answer

One of the early reformers who helped to establish state-funded mental hospitals (who)

question

Insight

answer

Therapists who emphasize "talk therapy" in treatment employ the _________ approach to psychotherapy

question

Behavior

answer

Therapists who emphasize the application of learning principles in treatment use the ________ approach to psychotherapy

question

Insight Therapy

answer

John suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations. He decides to seek therapy. John put considerable thought into what he wants to gain from therapy. John believes that is he learns why he is so anxious he will be better able to cope. Based on John's beliefs, he is most likely to seek a therapist that emphasizes the ____________ approach

question

Providing a supportive climate for clients

answer

Client-centered therapy emphasizes

question

Resolve unconscious conflicts

answer

Goals of client-centered therapy include helping clients do all of the following except

question

The recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses

answer

Psychoanalysis is a therapy that emphasizes

question

Biomedical Therapy

answer

John suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations. He decides to seek therapy. John put considerable thought into what he wants to gain from therapy. John's primary goal is to simply reduce the level of anxiety and tension he is experiencing Based on John's beliefs, he is most likely to seek a therapist that emphasizes the ____________ approach

question

All the diverse approaches

answer

The text uses the term psychotherapy to refer to _______ used in the treatment of mental disorders and psychological problems

question

Interpretation

answer

Psychoanalysts use _____ to help clients gain insight regarding the unconscious meaning of their free associations and dreams

question

People with less education; people with more education

answer

Which of the following statements is false? ______ are more likely than ________ to receive psychotherapy

question

Behavior Therapy

answer

John suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations. He decides to seek therapy. John put considerable thought into what he wants to gain from therapy. John believes that if he can learn to calm himself down when he finds himself in anxiety-producing situations (like taking a psychology exam) he will be better able to cope. Based on John's beliefs, he is most likely to seek a therapist that emphasizes the ____________ approach

question

Inconsistency between one's self-concept and reality

answer

Carl Rogers believed that psychological disorders are caused by

question

Emotion Therapies

answer

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major categories of psychotherapy?

question

Psychiatrists typically devote less of their time to relatively serious disorders than clinical psychologists

answer

Which of the following statements concerning psychiatrists is false?

question

Transference

answer

Doris thinks she is in love with her therapist and has begun to respond to him in that way. Doris is displaying feelings and behavior that psychoanalysts refer to as

question

Free Association

answer

Laura is encouraged by her therapist to talk about absolutely anything that comes to her mind. Over the course of each session as her train of thought wanders, she usually talks about a variety of topics. From time to time her therapists comments on her statements. Laura's therapist can be best described as using the technique of

question

Unconditional Positive Regard

answer

No matter what Sam tells his therapist concerning his failures or successes, weaknesses or strengths, spiteful behaviors or good deeds, vengeful feelings or positive emotions, his therapist is very accepting of him as a person. Sam's therapist is showing him

question

Resistance

answer

Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers by a client intended to hinder the progress of therapy best describes

question

Biomedical

answer

Therapists who emphasize altering an individual's physiological functioning in treatment use the ______ approach to psychotherapy

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

Freud's approach for the treatment of psychological disorders is

question

Antianxiety Drugs

answer

What kind of drugs are Valium, Xanax, Buspar?

question

Antipsychotic Drugs

answer

What kind of drugs are Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol?

question

Thorazine

answer

Which medicine causes Tardive Dyskinesia?

question

Antidepressants

answer

What kind of drugs are Elavil, Tofranil, Nardil, Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft?

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