Urban Sociology Final Exam
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According to the "loss of community" argument, what are the 2 types of community?
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-Territorial -Psychological
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Diminished identification w/ a specific geo area (village, small town, neighborhood)
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Territorial
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Social alienation or estrangement from personal ties or intimate relationships. Robert Bellah, Robert Putnam, & Robert Wuthnow wrote books about the loss of this type of community
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Psychological
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According to Robert Putnam, declines in social capital are associated with what kinds of outcomes/consequences?
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Leads to negative social and psychological outcomes such as: -social isolation -less trust -less info shared
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What are the *causes* of the decline in social capital, according to Putnam?
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-Women's labor force participation -Residential mobility -Tech. privatization of leisure
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Barry Wellman says that there are three possibilities for what has happened to community. What are they?
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Community: -Lost -Saved -Liberated
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Industrialism has led to the disintegration of communal ties
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Community Lost
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Territorial neighborhood is still important
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Community Saved
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Social ties are active but are no longer tied to the local community. Things like voluntary assoc., the internet, etc have helped this happen
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Community Liberated
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-City is composed of not just 1 urban way of life but a variety of lifestyles -Nature of local community & primary groups most important -City doesn't matter much ->about race, class, etc -Which sociologist came up with this?
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Compositional Theory; Gans
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-Urbanization produces weak social bonds and alienation -Negative view of city - makes weak bonds -Which sociologist came up with this?
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Determinist Theory; Wirth
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-Strengthens subcultural group identification -City allows for group creation you can't find anywhere else (ex: LGBT community) -Which sociologist came up with this?
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Subcultural Theory; Fischer
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What is the age composition of urban dwellers compared to rural dwellers?
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Younger (due to immigrants, gentrifiers, more activities for youth)
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What is the sex ratio (in developed and developing countries)?
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Developing = males > females Developed = females > males
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What is the racial/ethnic/religious composition (homogenous or heterogeneous) in cities?
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More heterogeneous (raises potential for intergroup conflict)
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What is the trend of SES stratification?
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-US cities losing middle class -Income segregation becoming more important than racial segregation
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According to Gans, there are 4 kinds of urban lifestyles. What are they & what are their characteristics?
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-Cosmopolites: sophisticated, income matches lifestyle -Unmarried or Childless: overlap w/ cosmo but younger; ed. more important than $ -Ethnic Villages: working class, dominated by 1 ethnic group -Deprived: high rate of instability, poverty, crime
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Gans said that working-class ethnic villages are characterized by a number of traits: Strong sense of attchmnt to a place
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Territoriality
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Gans said that working-class ethnic villages are characterized by a number of traits: Each ethnic group carefully and specifically defines its territory
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Ordered segmentation
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Gans said that working-class ethnic villages are characterized by a number of traits: Group made up of members who are @ same stage of the life cycle
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Peer group orientation
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Gans said that working-class ethnic villages are characterized by a number of traits: Family life is generally adult oriented
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Family norms
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Gans said that working-class ethnic villages are characterized by a number of traits: Psychological and social distance from rest of city. "In" but not "of" the city
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Image & vulnerability
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New class in the U.S. according to Richard Florida. Composed of those who create ideas or products that can be widely disseminated. Knowledge intensive industry
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Creative Class
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Which racial/ethnic group accounts for most of the gain in population?
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Hispanics
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Which racial/ethnic group is the fastest-growing group?
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Asian americans
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-Measures degree to which 2 groups are evenly spread among in census tracts -Values range from 0 to 100 (higher # = more segregation) -Value of 50 means 50% of population would have to move to another n'hood for 2 groups to be evenly distributed
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Dissimilarity Index
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-Measures % of racial composition of 1 group where avg. member of another group lives -Ranges from 0 to 100 (lower = more segregated) -Value of 7 for white person means that avg white lives in a n'hood w/ 7% blacks
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Exposure Index
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What has been the overall pattern of Black racial segregation since the 1970s?
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-Black/White seg. has declined -Still more seg. than hispanics and asians -Typically live in a more mixed n'hood
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What has been the overall pattern of Hispanic and Asian racial segregation since the 1970s?
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-Less segregated than blacks -Live in mixed n'hoods
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Comparing cities, suburbs, & non-metro areas, whose income is lowest?
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Non-metro areas
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Comparing cities, suburbs, & non-metro areas, whose income is highest?
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Suburbs (outside principle cities)
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What is the general trend of median income in recent years—has it increased or decreased?
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Decreased
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Measures income inequality on a scale from 0 to 1. The higher the value, the more inequality
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Gini Index
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...
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Quintile Distribution of Income
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What is the overall trend of income inequality since the late 1960s? Has it declined or increased?
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increased
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This phenomenon refers to the process of poverty tending to repeat itself or be "sticky," such that children of poor parents grow up to be poor adults.
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Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty
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How many waves of immigration to the U.S. have there been, & what are the defining characteristics of each wave?
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1 - Pre 1820; Western European, african slaves 2 - 1820 - 1880; lots of Irish = discrimination 3 - 1880 - 1914; S and E European, Asian 4 - 1965 - today; Preference to ppl w/ US relatives
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3 reasons for the immigration pause from 1915 to 1964?
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-WWI and WWII in europe -Quotas -Great Depression
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What are the two ways to acquire citizenship in the U.S.?
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-Birthright -Naturalization (Apply for citizenship)
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What are the four types of non-citizen status, & how are they defined?
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-Legal Immigrants -Refugees -Temporary visitors -Unauthorized
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This piece of legislation, passed after the terrorist attacks of 9/11/2001, expanded government's powers of surveillance & detention of foreigners without charges, and provided funding for more border security.
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USA PATRIOT Act
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What is the general trend in immigration since the last decennial Census—has the immigrant population increased or decreased?
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Increased
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Which group represents the largest proportion of immigrants currently in the U.S. (from which geographic area)?
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Latin America
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How does the foreign-born population compare to the native-born population on demographic characteristics of Family & marriage, fertility, and poverty vs income?
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More likely VS. Less
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Theory states that migration is caused by the supply/demand for labor. Wage differentials causes ppl to move to seek better wages. *most popular*
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Neoclassical MacroEconomics
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Theory states that rational actors seeks max. gains and minimize the cost of moving. Ppl who calculate and have a net monetary return will move
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Neoclassical MicroEconomics
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According to this theory, employers target immigrants to work in the secondary sector, where there is low pay and little chance of occupational prestige or status.
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Dual Labor Market Theory
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Theory states that global cities have lots of wealth and education concentrated in small segment of workforce - creates demand for unskilled workers. Natives resist low paying jobs @ btm creating demand for immigrants
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World Systems Theory
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Broken Windows theory distinguishes between these two types of disorder. What are examples of each?
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-Physical: broken windows -Social: drug dealing
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Routine Activities theory says that these three things are necessary to explain an increase in criminal victimization.
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-Motivated offender -Suitable target -Absence of capable guardian(*key for brkn wndws theory)
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Trust, cohesion, and willingness sto intervene for the common good of the n'hood
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Collective Efficacy
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Empirical Research suggests a different cause for crime and disorder. What is it?
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n'hood features -> collective efficacy -> disorder and crime
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Who is associated with the "culture of poverty" argument
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Oscar Lewis
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What does Elijah Anderson's research say is the reason for the levels of crime and other anti-social problems in inner-city Philadelphia?
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Lack of access to opportunities forces adaption which usually means illegal activities
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Result of a lawsuit against the CHA and HUD. Prohibited CHA to build high rise public housing in black dominated areas only. Also provides rent vouchers to black low income families to move into racially integrated n'hood. Based on racial criteria
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Gautreaux Program
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Took place in Chicago, Baltimore, Boston, LA, and NYC. Gave 3 different groups vouchers with different rules for where they could use them. Not as much universal success. Based on poverty.
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Moving To Opportunities Program
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Gov. funded to eradicate severely distressed public housing. Used rent vouchers to disperse low income residents to reduce concentration of poor families. Cautiously optimistic
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HOPE VI Program
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Robert Putnam is known for his work on this, which is defined as the potential for people or groups to secure benefits or resources by virtue of membership in a social network.
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Social Capital
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According to Gans, the "deprived or trapped" often live in these neighborhoods, which are characterized by an extreme concentration of underprivilege, isolation, & segregation.
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Hyperghetto
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This process, which has the goal of redeveloping urban areas by renovating or replacing existing dilapidated buildings in urban areas, was also referred to as "Negro removal" because of its displacement of blacks.
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Urban Renewal
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What are some of the values of the creative class, according to Richard Florida?
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-Individuality -Meritocracy -Diversity
