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anomie

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Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual has become ineffective; usually occurs during a period of profound social change and disorder

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Robert Merton

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adapted Durkheim's notion of anomie to explain why people accept or reject the goals of a society the socially approved means of fulfilling aspirations, or both

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success

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one important cultural goal in the US that is measured largely in terms of money

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Modes of Individual Adaptation

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Nondeviant: conformity; Deviant: innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion

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Nondeviant

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accepts institutionalized means (hard work) and societal goal (acquisition of wealth); conformity

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Innovation

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rejects institutionalized means (hard work) but accepts societal goal (acquisition of wealth); deviant

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Ritualism

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accepts institutionalized means (hard work) but rejects societal goal (acquisition of wealth); deviant

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Retreatism

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rejects institutionalized means (hard work) and societal goal (acquisition of wealth); deviant

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Rebellion

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replaces institutionalized means (hard work) and societal goal (acquisition of wealth) with new means and goals

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anomie theory of deviance

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Robert Merton's theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both

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conformity

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going along with peers - individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior

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control theory

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a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms

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crime

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a violation of criminal law for which some government authority applies formal penalties; reflects competing values and interests

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cultural transmission

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a school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions; explains the deviant behavior of juvenile delinquents or graffiti artists but fails to explain the conduct of first-time impulsive shoplifter or impoverished person who steals out of necessity

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deviance

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behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society; we are all deviant from time to time; not always negative nor criminal; hardly objective or set in stone: changes from one era to another, defined by the individuals or groups with the greatest status and power

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differential association

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a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts

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differential justice

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differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups; puts African Americans and Latinos at a disadvantage

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Feminist

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pushed for amendments in the criminal law defining rape

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Freda Adler and Meda Chesney-Lind

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many existing approaches to deviance and crime were developed with only men in mind

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formal social control

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social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers; example is being placed in a correctional supervision

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binge drinking

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indulging in five or four consecutive drinks in a row

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1700

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number of college sstudents that die of unintentional aclohol-related injuries each year

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hate crime (or bias crime)

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a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation

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index crimes

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the eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI in the 'Uniform Crime Reports:' murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

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informal social control

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social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule

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labeling theory (or societal-reaction approach)

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an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not; response to an act, not the behavior itself; focuses on agents of social control; som individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others; conflict perspective's emphasis on the social significance of power

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racial profiling

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people are identified as criminal suspects purely on the basis of their race, has come under public scrutiny

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Howard Becker

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popularized labeling theory; \"deviant behavior is behavior that people so label\"

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Saints

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group of high school males who continually engaged in excessive drinking but never arrested; hid behind a facade of respectability: good family, good grades, planned on going to college; their delinquent acts are viewed as a few isolated cases

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Roughnecks

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group of high school males who continually engaged in excessive drinking and was frequently in trouble with police and townspeople; had no aura of respectability: bad grades, beat up cars

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William Chambliss

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concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the Saints and the Roughnecks

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law

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governmental social control; changes depending on he standards of what is right and wrong, of how violations are to be determined, and of what sanctions are to be applied

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socialization

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primary source of conforming and obedient behavior

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15

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number of states that granted citizens the right to use marijuana for medical purposes, including the District of Columbia

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Travis Hirschi

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people's bond to family members, friends, and peers induce us to follow mores and folkways

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obedience

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compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

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organized crime

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the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smugglinng and sale of illegal drugs

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professional criminal

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a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals

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sanction

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a penalty or reqard for conduct concerning a social norm

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social constructionist perspective

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an approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity

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third-hand smoke

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smoke-related chemicals that cling to clothes and linger in rooms, cars, even elevators

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American Psychiatrict Association

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considered homosexuality as a mental illness for two years

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social control

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the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society; challenged by people receiving competing messages about how to behave

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gay and lesbian

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more positive terms

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queer

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pejorative term

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transgendered people

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some see themselves as both male and females; people whose current gender identity does not match their physical identity at birth

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transexuals

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take hormones or undergo surgery in an effort to draw physically closer to their chosen gender identity

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transvestites

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cross-dressers who wear the clothing of the opposite sex

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pedophilia

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an adult having sex with a minor

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Functionalists

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maintain that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive: societies could not literaaly function if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct

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social disorganization theory

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the theory that crime and deviance are caused by the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions; developed at the University of Chicago in the early 1900s to describe the apparent disorganization that occured; emphasize on the effects of social networks on communal bonds; acknowledge that communities are not isolated islands and may be enhanced or weakened by their ties to groups outside the immediate community

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critiques of social disorganization theory

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the theory seems like a \"blame the victim;\" leaves larger societal forces unaccountable such as lack of jobs or high-quality schools

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

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literally mapped the distribution of social problems in Chicago; found high rates of social problems in neighborhoods where buildings had detoriated and the population had declined, regardless of the neighborhood's ethnic and racial composition

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Conflict theorists

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successful functioning of a society will consistently benefit the powerful and work to the disadvantage of other groups: rebellions are necessary as seen historically such as US resisting the social norms set by England to win independence and etc

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Stanley Milgram

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made useful distinctions between two levels of social control: conformity and obedience; people shift individual responsibility to their authority figure and see themselves as merely doing their duty

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conflict perspective

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obedience may be affected by the value we place on those whom our behavior affects; some of Milgram's subjects are more willing to obey if they feel that the \"victim\" deserves the punishment

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Gary Schulman

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re-created Milgram's experiment and found that White students were significantly more likely to shock Black learners than White learners

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interactionist perspective

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subjects were less likely to inflict supposed shocks as they were moved physically closer to their victims; they were more likely to continue administering the greater shocks if increase is in short increments instead of a large jump from a low to high voltage

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Jerry Burger

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repeated part of Milgram's experiment with college undergraduates; screened-out those who have heard of Milgram's experiments and saw that the results were similar to Milgram's with a 70% full obedience compared to 82.5% without significant difference

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corporal punishments

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child development specialists and pediatrics see these punishments ineffective and inappropriate because they teach children to solve problems through violence

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Milgram experiment

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fake administration of painful electric shocks to an accomplice who gives an incorrect answer to a memory test; \"behavior that is unthinkable in an individual...acting on his own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders\"

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2/3

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portion of Milgram's subjects that administered 'shocks'

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stigma

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a label used to devalue members of certain social groups; coined by Erving Goffman; often sticks for life

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spoiled identity

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people's reputations viewed as \"disfigured\" or \"stranged,\" in other words, deviant

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anonymity

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increased uncivilized behavior, which pushed for establishments of formal rules, especially for online behavior

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Napster

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a renegade website that allowed people to download music for free; shut down by the court

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transnational crime

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crime that occurs across multiple national borders

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victimization survey

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a questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime

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victimless crime

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a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services

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white-collar crime

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illegal acts committed by affluent, \"respectable\" individuals in the course of business activities

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Peter Moskos

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did a 20-month tour of duty with the Baltimore Police Department and responded to crimes; wrote the book 'Cop in the Hood: My Year Policing Baltimore's Eastern District;' crimes are functional in some subcultures, even if it is socially unacceptable to the rest of the neighborhood

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Journalist Naomi Wolf

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used the term 'beauty myth' to refer to an exaggerated ideal of beauty

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20th century

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contemporary studies, primarily by biochemists, deiscredited 1800s substantial research efforts to identify biological factors that lead to deviance since cirminality is hardly a personality trait and aggression can also lead to success in the corporate world, professional sports, and other walks of life

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sociologists

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reject any genetic roots of crime and deviance

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functionalist

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deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive and negative consequences, and it helps define the limits of proper behavior; explains why rule violations continue to happen despite pressure to conform and obey

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Emile Durkheim

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focused on criminal acts; punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior, which contributes to stability; introduced the word 'anomie'

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Kai Erikson

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illustrated the boundary maintenance function of deviance in his study of the Puritans of 17th-century New England (burning witches)

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Interactionst

answer

offers to explanations of crime: cultural transmission and routine activities theory

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Philip Zimbardo

answer

mock prison experiment; conducted an experiment that demostrated the power of communal relationships by leaving a car with its hood open in two different neighborhoods (one was strip quickly, the other one tooks weeks before it was touched)

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Edwin Sutherland

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first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process in learning conforming and deviant acts; drew on 'cultural transmission' and used the term 'differential association;' views that improper behavior results from the types of grous one associates with

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Susan A. Phillips

answer

discovered that graffiti writers learned from one another and noted how other ethnic groups built on models of African American and Chicano gangs, superimposing Cambodian, Chinese, or Vietnamese symbols

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conflict theory

answer

point out that people with power protect their interests and define deviance to suit their needs

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Richard Quinney

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leading exponent of the view that the criminal justice system serves the interestsof the powerful; lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their morality

Chapter 8: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

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