Chapter 1- Sociology of Sport
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Sociology
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study of social life, including all forms of interactions and relationships
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Culture
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the ways of life people create as they participate in a group or society
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Society
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a collection of people living in a defined geographical territory and united by a political system and a shared sense of self-identification that distinguishes them from other collections of people
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Sports
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institutionalized and competitive activities that involve rigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by participants motivated by inter or external rewards
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3 parts of sports
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physical activities, competitive activities, institutionalized activities
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How do sports become formalized?
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1. rules become standardized 2. official regulatory agencies take over rule enforcement 3.Organization & technical aspects of the activity become important 4. The learning of game skills becomes formalized
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What is the difference between play and dramatic spectacle?
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play- expressive activity done for its own sake dramatic spectacle- performance that is intended to entertain an audience
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Alternative approach to defining sports
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contested activities-- that is, activities for which there are non universal agreements about meaning, purpose, and organization
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Sociology of sport
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sport as a social construction-- aspects of social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under the social, political & economic conditions in their society
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Psychologists
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study behaviour in terms of attributes & processes that exist inside individuals
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Sociologists
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study actions and relationships in terms of social conditions & cultural contexts in which people live their lives
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Controversies created by sociology of sport
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research suggests that there should be changed in social organization and social structures
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People in ______ do not want to change social structure because it is \"____ & _____\"
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power, right, natural
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sport sociologists
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more interested in sports than society
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sociologists who study sports
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more concerned with society
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Ideologies
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webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to the world and make sense of their experiences
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Gender ideology
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web of ideas and beliefs about masculinity, femininity, and male-female relationships
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Dominant gender ideology
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males being superior is \"common sense\" and \"natural\"
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Racial ideology
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web of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to skin colour and to evaluate people in terms of racial classification
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Dark skinned people are ______ athletes
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\"natural\"
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Class ideology
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web of ideas and beliefs that people use to understand economic equalities and make sense of their own position in an economic hierarchy in society
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meritocracy
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deserving people become successful and success is achieved by those who deserve it
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Complex connection between sports and ideologies
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-difficult to generalize about consequences of sports in society
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What are the 6 spheres of social life?
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family, economy, media, politics, education, religion
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What is the purpose of sociology as a social science?
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produce knowledge to help us interpret, understand and predict patterns of social behaviour and solve human social problems
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What are the four parts of sociology?
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Social interaction, social organization, patterns of social behaviour, social problems
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Who came up with sociological imagination?
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C. Wright Mills
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Who is C. Wright Mills?
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Considered the father of modern sociology... didn't want people to become \"cheerful robots\"
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Sociological imagination
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A form of consciousness or frame of mind that looks beyond the \"here and now\" of social interaction
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What does sociological imagination look at?
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the historical and broader social aspects
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What are the three parts of sociological imagination?
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1. Immediate aspects 2. Current and local analysis 3. broader social analysis
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What does sociological imagination help us understand ?
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-our location in society and history -social similarities and/or differences -impact of large forces on meaning and experience
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Sport sociology originated in the early ____s and was established by ____s.
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1960, 1980
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What did the Jockrackers do?
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wrote personal biographies to draw attention to social issues in the sport world
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What happened in 1967?
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Harry Edwards wrote the first integrated text about sociology in sport... people didn't think sport was worthy/good enough to look at in sociology
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What happened in Mexico 1968?
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Wanted to make a boycott of black from the Olympics (no success), \"Olympic Athletes for Human Rights\" pins- Tommy Smith, John Carlos and Peter Norman
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What are 2 ways to study sociology?
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Natural scientific model, critical inquire method
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Critical inquire method
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Fact based... mix of qualitative and quantitative research, examines consequences of change, prescribes change, historically based
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Natural Scientific Model
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Fact based, quantitative research, present day, hypothesis testing, explaining and predicting
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Results of CIM
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Taken for granted assumptions about social life, and suggesting changes that threaten established patterns of power and privilege.... causing CONTROVERSY
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Social Focus + Historical Focus =
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Sociology of Sport
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What are arguments against sport in culture?
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1. culture is only found in the high arts 2. culture must foster intellectual growth
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Why can sports and PA be viewed as cultural practices?
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-They have the capacity to draw attention and need for social change, they have different forms and meanings at different time periods, they are human creations
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Sport is:
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physical, competitive, personally enjoyable, industrialized (rationalization, governing body, standardized rules)
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political + economic resources =
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sport
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Exercise
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A type of physical activity designed specifically to improve physical fitness, repetitive, regular and consists of increasing amounts of PA
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Health
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absence of illness, capacity to enjoy life, to withstand challenges, not merely the absence of disease
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Sports involve:
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1) the use of physical skill, prowess, or exertion; 2) institutionalized competition; 3) the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for participation
