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Black Box of Social Disorganization

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working together to control crime rates through social capital, collective efficacy

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What are early social disorganization assessments (Sampson and Grove)

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* Friendships in the neighborhood. * Participation in voluntary community organizations *Collective supervision

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Social Capital

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interrelations or ties between families or individuals within a community

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Collective Efficacy (two requirements)

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Willingness to act on behalf of the community, must have mutual trust and shared expectations among residents. Know your neighbors, trust your neighbors, act on behalf of your neighbors.

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Criticism of Black Box of Social Disorganization Theory

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People tend to keep to themselves.

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Structural Disadvantage Features of Neighborhoods

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*Residential Mobility *Poverty *Family Disruption *Population Heterogeneity *Social ILLS (AIDS) high correlations with Social Disorganization resulting in crime.

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Two ways to test Social Disorganization

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*Official Data (Uniform Crime Reports/Census) *Compare high rates of crime btw suburbs and city. *Official Data such as pverty rates, residential mobility, unemployment rate, avg income...Hypothesis is that if these statistics are high then crime will be highest in these places...supports Shaw and McKay's Theory of Social Disorganization.

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What did the early measures of Social Disorganization focus on?

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Establishing links between structural features of neighborhoods and crime rates.

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Criticism for Shaw and McKay's Social Disorganization Theory

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Does not take into account social interaction, and these high crime rates can be explained by more than one theory/structural features.

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Structural Features of Neighborhoods

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Residential Mobility Racial and Ethnic Heterogeneity Family Disruption Poverty Rates

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systematic model theory..define and who developed it

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Burski and Grasmick, three systems/levels contributing to crime...Private, Parochial, Public.

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Private, Parochial, Public systems of social control theory

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Private level is relationship with family and friends that is controlled by threats of withdrawal of support and esteem. Parochial-controlled through supervision and surveillance, pertains to broader interpersonal networks. Public- Networks between neighborhood and outside agencies...Affects the ability to receive public goods and services.

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Criticism of Burski and Grasmick

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Assumes all social networks in communities are conventional and will result in crime control. Lacks temporality (cause must come before effect) crime could cause social disorganization because people might fear their neighbors. Makes a vicious cycle because social disorganization and crime can work both ways.

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Policy and LOA for Social Disorganization Theory

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Chicago Area Project (Shaw and McKay)

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Who created Chicago Area Project and why is policy important

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Shaw and McKay, policy is what we need to do to prevent crime like...crime watch, neighborhood meetings, recreation. Shaw and McKay instituted legal services and job finders. Proven to reduce crime.

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Social Control Theory

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Hirschi

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Consensus Theory and Criticism

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grievance in society about what is good and bad, so the law reflects this grievance. Our society is diverse, defined by plurality, so we all have different beliefs & values.

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Consensus Assumptions of Human Beings (Two) and Criticism

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1.Limited Free Choice-limited by structural constraints 2.Born Bad-Thomas Hobbs, people assume we all are born bad. Criticism: If people are all born bad, why don't all of us commit crime?

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Conflict Model

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Different values and beliefs throughout society, the values and beliefs of the powerful are reflected in the law.

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Alternative theory to consensus theory of everyone born evil

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Theory of Free Will, You choose your own destiny.

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Soft Determinism/Limited Free Will Theory

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People make their own choices, however, the options available to us are limited to some people more than others. Choice we make, reflect opportunities presented to us. What is in our environment shapes our choices.

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Individual LOA

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The unit of analysis is the individual person, outcome is a criminal act, theories are social/psychological. Uses Self-report Data

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Group LOA

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Structural level of analysis focusing on its unit...group or organization. Outcome is Group Crime Rates, Theories concern social-strucutral aspects.

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What does Social Disorganizational Theory assume

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consensus that people are born bad...so it focuses on why people do not commit crime. Shaw and McKay

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Concentric Zone Model

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Developed by Park and Burgess to display patterns of crime across cities. 1.Central Business District 2.Transitional Zone-highest rate of crime 3.Working Class Zone 4.Residential Zone 5.Commuter Zone Shaw and McKay developed theory that as you move farther away from zones one and two(center of city)...crime rates decrease.

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Where do Criminasl live in the city and what are social conditions associated with these high crime areas

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Transitional Zone -highly impoverished/poorest of poor -recent immigrants and minorities -economically homogenous, but socially diverse.

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Shaw and McKay's Place Theory

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Crime rates have nothing to do with race or ethnic groups.

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Social Disorganization results in ____, further resulting in higher crime rates

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Lack of Control

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Hirschi's Social Control Theory..Assumptions

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Consensus about what is good/bad/right/wrong about society and law...so what controls our individual impulses to commit crime.

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Three controls of Hirschi's Control Theory

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Conventional Socialization--->Strong Bonds to single Moral Order--->Controlled impulses/individual Lack of Conventional Socialization--->weak bonds(low attachment, low commitment, low involvement, low belief) to single moral order--->\"Free\" to follow bad impulses.

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Four specific bonds Hirschi says we have with other people that tie us to society and control our evil impulses.

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Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief

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What are \"stakes of conformity\"

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Hirschi says two bonds of attachment and commitment control an individual, because you have stuff to lose by engaging in crime.

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Empirical Evidence used to measure Hirschi's bonds?

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Self-Report data measures things like your attachment to parents.

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Attachment Bonds..supported and not supported

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-Attachment to Parents says people who are close with their parent are less likely to engage in delinquency and crime.Studies also find that what is going on within family not the family structure. Supported. Only need One parent -Attachment to Friends poses same question as parent attachment but it is not supported by empirical evidence. Says relationship with people who are conventional and don't commit crime works, but not everyone is conventional. -

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Commitment Bond...supported and not supported

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Concerns your conventional future. e.g. Where do you see yourself in five years, Plans for College. People who show commitment are less likely to be delinquent.

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Involvement Bond. Support? Measures?

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involvement is basically staying busy. Measured through activities like clubs, sports, band, activity groups. Studies do not support this bond because sometimes involvement can be with the wrong things.

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Belief (Support and Measurement)

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Supported by data, says people who hold beliefs are less likely to engage in crime. Hirschi does not have a scale to measure this, it is black and white.

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Criticisms of Hirschi's Control Theory

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Focuses on individual/too narrow Hirschi doesn't say how many bonds are needed or how they work together Temporal Ordering...lack of attachment to dad--->deliquency BUT delinquency--->lack of attachment to dad

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Policies/Progams for Hirschi's Four Bonds

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Attachment- smaller classes--->individual teacher attention---> stronger bond to teacher Commitment- College prep programs, job fairs, career day, economic policies, trade schools, subsidized college schoarships. Involvement- require extracurricuar participation, mentor program, truancy laws. Belief- Public Service Announcements, DARE program, alcohol awareness, abstinence programs.

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What is strongest/most predictive correlate of crime?

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AGE, age of crime curve is how social control theory would explain crime.

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Life Course Theory (who developed it)

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Sampson and Laub

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Sampson and Laub's Life Course Theory

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Says when you're younger (teen years) you have less/weak bonds so you are free to break the law. Once you grow up you have responsibilities (job, family,etc) so you are no longer free to break the law

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Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory

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People with low self control are high rate offenders who have low self control throughout their life..low self control in teen years results in teen law violation, low self control in adult years could result in no job, no marriage, and adult law violations.

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Crime

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Says crime are acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self-interest. No need to distinguish between types of crimes. Any commitment of crime brings these offenders a short-term pleasure but sometimes long-term pain.

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Criminality

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Relatively stable differences across individuals in their propensity to commit crime or equivalent acts.

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What is difference in Crime and Criminality theories?

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Low-Self Control

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Characteristics of people with Low-Self Control

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-Impulsive -Physical -Risk-seeking -Shameless -Insensitive -Nonverbal -Short-sighted -Self-centered

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How does a person get self-control?

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Consistent with Hirschi's control theory, he says everyone is born with self-control

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Three things Hirschi says will bring Low-Self Control by age 8

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Absence of learning, Absence of nurture, Absence of discipline.

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Adequate Child Rearing

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-Monitor Behavior -Recognize Misbehavior -Willing to Punish Behavior

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Variables we think cause crime(neighborhoods,relationships) and Crime both can be associated with?

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Low-Self Control

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LOA/Outcome... Criticism of Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory

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-Individual level of analysis, Structual and Consensus model features. -ignores all social institutions (racism, poverty, ecology) -no conclusive evidence crimianl can be distinguished from non-criminals based on personality. -Research shows self-control may vary with age -ignores moral beliefs -Realms of self-control may not be a global characteristic.

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What is spurious factor causing crime?

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Low-Self-Control, not neighborhoods, relationships, crime, etc.

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A theory that attempts to explain why rates of crime are higher in the South than they are in the Midwest is ___________________.

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Group-Level or Macro Theory

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In their chapter, \"Ships that Pass in the Night,\" Messner and Rosenfeld argue that most theories of crime and delinquency focus on:

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nonserious and delinquent acts of individuals

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Social Control Theory Assumes that

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Human beings are naturally inclined to engage in in crime and deliquency.

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