PSY 306 (Adolescence) Exam 3
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secondary school
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The schools attended by adolescents, usually including a lower secondary school and an upper secondary school.
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comprehensive high school
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The form of American high school that arose in the 1920's and is still the main form today, which encompasses a wide range of functions and includes classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training.
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school climate
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The quality of interactions between teachers and students, what sort of expectations and standards they have for students, and what kinds of methods are used in the classroom.
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engagement
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The quality of being psychologically committed to learning, including being alert and attentive in the classroom and making a diligent effort to learn.
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gifted students
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Students who have unusually high abilities in academics, art, or music.
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Advanced Placement (AP) classes
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Classes for gifted students in high schools that have higher-level material than normal classes in order to provide a challenging curriculum.
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learning disability
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In schools, a diagnosis made when a child or adolescent has normal intelligence but has difficulty in one or more academic areas and the difficulty cannot be attributed to any other disorder.
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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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Disorder characterized by difficulty in maintaining attention on a task along with a high activity level that makes self-control problematic.
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retention
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The degree of success in maintaining students in college until they graduate.
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International Labor Organization (ILO)
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An organization that seeks to prevent children and adolescents from being exploited in the workplace.
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debt bondage
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Arrangement in which a person who is in debt pledges his labor or the labor of his children as payment.
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retention rate
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In a longitudinal study, the percentage of participants who continued to take part in the study after the first year.
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occupational deviance
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Deviant acts committed in relation to the workplace, such as stealing supplies.
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the forgotten half
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The nearly half of young Americans who enter the workplace following high school rather than attending college.
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the new basic skills
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Skills identified by Murnane and Levy that are required for high school graduates who wish to be able to obtain the best jobs available in the new information-based economy.
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apprenticeship
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An arrangement, common in Europe, in which adolescent "novice" serves under contract to a "master" who has substantial experience in the profession, and through working under the master, learns skills required to enter the profession.
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unemployed
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The status of persons who are not in school, not working, and who are not looking for a job.
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community service
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Volunteer work provided as a contribution to the community, without monetary compensation.
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Peace Corps
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An international service program in which Americans provide service to a community in a foreign country for two years.
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AmeriCorps
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The national service program in the United States in which young people serve in a community organization for up to 2 years for minimal pay.
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digital device
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A small hand-held device that can be used for communication and entertainment purposes.
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uses and gratification approach
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Approach to understanding media that emphasizes that people differ in numerous ways that lead them to make different choices about which media to consume and that even people consuming the same media product will respond to it in a variety of ways, depending on their individual characteristics.
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sensation seeking
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A personality characteristics defined by the extent to which a person enjoys novelty and intensity of sensation.
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super peer
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One of the functions of media for adolescents, meaning that adolescents often look to media for information (especially concerning sexuality) that their parents are unwilling to provide, in the same way they might look to a friend.
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field studies
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Studies in which people's behavior is observed in a natural setting.
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cathartic effect
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Effect sometimes attributed to media experiences, in which media experience has the effect of relieving unpleasant emotions.
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social networking websites
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Internet websites such as Facebook and Myspace that allow users a forum for identity presentation and for making and maintaining social contacts.
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blog
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A public Internet journal of a person's thoughts, feelings, and activities.
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text messaging
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Communication through cell phones that involve typing on the cell phone screen and sending like an email/message.
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internalizing problems
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Problems such as depression and anxiety that affect a person's internal world, for example: depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
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externalizing problems
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Problems that affect a person's external world, such as delinquency and fighting.
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overcontrolled
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Personality characterized by inhibition, anxiety, and self-punishment, sometimes ascribed to adolescents who have internalizing problems.
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risk behavior
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Problems that involve the risk of negative outcomes such as risky driving and substance use.
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problem behavior
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Behavior that young people engage in that is viewed by adults as a source of problems, such as unprotected premarital sex and substance abuse.
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driver education
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Programs designed to teach young drivers safe driving skills before they receive their driver's license.
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graduated driver licensing (GDL)
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A program that allows young people restricted driving privileges when they first receive their license, gradually increasing privileges if the restrictions are not violated.
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driving curfews
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In graduated licensing programs, a feature of the restricted license stage in which young drivers are prohibited from driving late at night except for a specific purpose such as going back and forth to work.
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substance use
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Use of substances that have mood-altering effects, including alcohol, cigarettes, and illegal drugs such as marijuana, LSD, and cocaine.
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binge drinking
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Drinking a large number of alcoholic drinks in one episode, usually defined as drinking five or more alcoholic drinks in a row.
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unstructured socializing
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The term for young people spending time together with no specific event as the center of their activity.
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gateway drugs
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Term sometimes applied to alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana because young people who us harder drugs usually use these drugs first.
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experimental substance use
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Trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity.
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self-medication
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The use of substances for relieving unpleasant states such as sadness or stress.
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addictive substance use
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Pattern of substance use in which a person has come depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically and/or psychologically.
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withdrawal symptoms
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States such as high anxiety and tremors experienced by persons who stop taking the substance to which they are addicted.
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parental monitoring
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The degree to which parents keep track of where their adolescents are and what they are doing.
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juveniles
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Persons defined by the legal system as being younger than adult status.
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delinquency
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Violations of the law committed by juveniles.
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status offenses
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Offenses such as running away from home that are defined as violations of the law only because they are committed by juveniles.
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index crimes
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Serious crimes divided into two categories: violent crimes (rape and assault, and murder) and property crimes (robbery, motor vehicle theft, and arson).
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violent crimes
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Crimes that involve physical harm to others, for example, assault and murder.
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property crimes
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Crimes that involve taking or damaging other's property, for example, robbery and arson.
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nonindex crimes
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Crimes such as illegal gambling, prostitution, and disorderly conduct, considered less serious offenses than index crimes.
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life-course-persistent delinquents (LCPD's)
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In Moffit's theory, adolescents who show a history of related problems both prior to and following adolescence.
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adolescence limited delinquents (ADLs)
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In Moffit's theory, delinquents who engage in criminal acts in adolescence and/or emerging adulthood but show no evidence of problems before or after these periods.
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multisystemic approach
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Delinquency prevention strategy that address risk factors at several levels, including the home, the school, and their neighborhood.
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peer contagion
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Term for increase in delinquent behavior that often takes place as an unintended consequence of bringing adolescents with problems together for intervention, because in the intervention setting they reinforce each others delinquent tendencies and find new partners for delinquent acts.
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socialized delinquents
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Delinquents who commit crimes in groups and are similar to non-delinquents in psychological functioning and family relationships.
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unsocialized delinquents
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Delinquent adolescents who have few friends and commit their crimes alone.
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ethos
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The beliefs about education that characterize a school as a whole.
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protective factor
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Characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of participation in risk behavior.
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low impulse control
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Difficulty in exercising self-control, often found to be related to risk behavior in adolescence.
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depression
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An enduring period of sadness.
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depressed mood
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An enduring period of sadness, without any other related symptoms of depression.
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depressive syndrome
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And enduring period of sadness along with other symptoms such as frequent crying, feelings of worthlessness, and feeling guilty, lonely, and worried.
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major depressive disorder
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Psychological diagnosis that entails depressed mood or reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, plus at least four other specific symptoms. Symptoms must be present over at least a 2-week period and must involve a change from previous functioning.
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diathesis-stress model
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A theory that mental disorders result from the combination of diathesis (biological vulnerability) and environmental stresses.
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placebo design
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Research in which some persons in a study receive medication and others receive placebos, which are pills that contain no medication.
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cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
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An approach to treating psychological disorders that focuses on changing negative ways of thinking and practicing new ways of interacting with others.
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negative attributions
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Beliefs that one's current unhappiness is permanent and uncontrollable.
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anorexia nervosa
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Eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation.
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bulimia
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An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by purging (self-induced vomiting).
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amenorrhea
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Cessation of menstruation, sometimes experienced by girls whose weight falls extremely low.
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ideal school size
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500-1000
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optimum school climate
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Supportive and involved teachers with firm but fair discipline. High expectations for conduct and performance.
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parents and school
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High expectations for achievement and can create positive climate and structure for school. Family problems can lead to issues in school. Authoritative parents usually best (high demandingness and responsiveness).
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peers and school
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Usually have more influence than parents. Influence attendance and effort in school. High achieving peers influence friends to work harder, but can lead to academic self-concept issues.
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characteristics of the gifted student
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Precocity (premature development), independence, drive for mastery, and excellence in information processing.
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common disabilities
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speech handicaps, mental retardation, emotional disorders, learning disabilities, and ADHD
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school disability facts
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10% have diagnosis, most common source of difficulty, boys twice as likely to be diagnosed
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ADHD statistics
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boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed, 50% heritability, 90% on medication and improper diagnoses often occurs without a full evaluation
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educational services
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student support team, school psychologist, 504 plan, IEP, medication, vocational tracking, special classes
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Individualized Education Program
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Federally mandated plans for students with disabilities to reach goals. Blueprint for special education experiences; may require specialized instruction.
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504 Plan
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A blueprint for how a child will have access to learning at school. Can require specific accommodations within classroom settings.
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high school dropouts
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Less job prospects, lower wages, delinquency, substance use. Highest among latinos and then blacks. More aggressive, active, and high sensation seeking.
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college retention factors
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higher SES, level of parent education, peer mentoring, programs for minority students
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collegiate subculture
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focus is on social life (fraternities/sororities, clubs, and athletics)
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vocational subculture
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in college just to get a degree and get a job
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academic subculture
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at college to learn; shift into this state the longer time spent in college
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rebel subculture
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nonconformist, radical students who question everything
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benefits of employment
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Responsibility, money management, experience, social skills, work ethic, independence.
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drawbacks of employment
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Higher problem behaviors, less leisure time, lower grades, loss of sleep, impact on psychological functioning (depression and anxiety).
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school-to-work benefits
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Aimed at manufacturing and technical skills. Have better literacy and numeracy. Earn more.
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crystallization
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First stage of Super's occupational theory. Consider talents, interests, and jobs. Age 14-18
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specification
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Second stage of Super's occupational theory. Narrow down options and become more focused. Age 18-21. College.
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implementation
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Third stage of Super's occupational theory. Get training and education, begin jobs, recognize discrepancy from reality. Age 21-24.
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stabilization
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Fourth stage of Super's occupational theory. Gain stability and experience. 25-35
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consolidation
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Fifth stage of Super's occupational theory. Gain expertise and possible promotion. 35+
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realistic
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Holland: construction and farming
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investigative
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Holland: math and science
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social
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Holland: teaching and social work
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conventional
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Holland: bank teller or secretary
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enterprising
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Holland: sales and running a business
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artistic
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Holland: painting or writing fiction
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uses for media
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entertainment, identity formation, high sensation, coping, youth subculture identification
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sensitization
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Troiden: prior to puberty; feel marginalized and different.
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identity confusion
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Troiden: same sex arousal, self-reflection, dissonance, inner turmoil, secrecy, and social isolation.
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identity assumption
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Troiden: established identity that is shared with others. Tolerance, experimentation, exploring subculture, self-acceptance.
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commitment
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Troiden: integration and way of life. Relationships, disclosure, stigma management, validated and satisfied.
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assumptions of McCarn and Fassinger model
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several phases simultaneously, not every phase is experienced, process can be lengthy, can be applied to lesbian and gay development
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McCarn and Fassinger phases
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awareness, exploration, deepening/commitment, internalization/synthesis
