Society: Ch.12 Economics and Politics
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True or False: The *economy* organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
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*True*: The economy organizes the *production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services*.
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True or False: Compared to *agricultural work*, industrial jobs involve less *specialization*.
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*False*: Compared to agricultural work, *industrial jobs* involve *more specialization*.
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True or False: The *invention of the corporation* is generally taken as the point at which a postindustrial society emerged.
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*False*: The invention of the corporation is *not* generally taken as the point at which a postindustrial society emerged.
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True or False: The *Information Revolution* requires workers to gain literacy skills instead of the mechanical skills that were important during the Industrial Revolution.
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*True*: The Information Revolution requires workers to gain *literacy skills* instead of the mechanical skills that were important during the Industrial Revolution.
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True or False: The concepts \"*primary sector*,\" \"*secondary sector*,\" and \"*tertiary sector*\" refer to how productive a sector is in terms of economic value.
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*False*: The concepts \"primary sector,\" \"secondary sector,\" and \"tertiary sector\" refer to the *different parts of the economy*.
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True or False: The *global economy* pays little regard to national borders.
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*True*: The global economy pays *little* regard to *national borders*.
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True or False: Taken together, *local, state, and federal governments* are the U.S.'s largest single employer.
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*True*: Taken together, local, state, and federal governments are the U.S.'s *largest single employer*.
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True or False: The concept *\"state capitalism\"* refers all productive enterprises in a country being owned by the government.
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*False*: The concept \"state capitalism\" refers all productive companies being *privately owned* but *cooperate closely with the government*.
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True or False: *Socialist economies* create greater economic equality than capitalist economies, but with a lower overall living standard.
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*True*: Socialist economies create *greater economic equality* than capitalist economies, but with a *lower overall living standard*.
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True or False: *Denmark* is an example of a European nation with a system of welfare capitalism in which high taxes pay for extensive government-provided benefits.
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*True*: *Denmark* is an example of a European nation with a system of *welfare capitalism* in which *high taxes* pay for extensive government-provided benefits.
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True or False: In the United States, *union membership* is higher today than ever before.
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*False*: Union membership peaked around 1970 at almost 25 million. Since then, membership has declined.
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True or False: The concept \"*paraprofessional*\" refers to work that requires skills, but typically lacks a broad theoretical knowledge of a field.
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*True*: The concept \"paraprofessional\" refers to work that *requires skills*, but typically *lacks a broad theoretical knowledge of a field*.
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True or False: The *self-employed* are more likely to have blue-collar jobs than white-collar jobs.
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*True*: The *self-employed* are more likely to have *blue-collar* jobs than white-collar jobs.
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True or False: A *recent trend in the United States* is a steady rise in the *share of small businesses* owned by women.
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*True*: A recent trend in the United States is a *steady rise* in the share of small businesses owned by *women*.
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True or False: In recent years, the lowest *unemployment rates in the United States* have been among teenagers.
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*False*: In recent years, the *highest* unemployment rates in the United States have been among *teenagers*.
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True or False: The *U.S. workforce* is becoming more \"white,\" even *as immigration rates rise*.
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*False*: The U.S. workforce is becoming *less* \"white,\" even as immigration rates rise.
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True or False: One effect of *computer technology* is giving workers greater power over their employers.
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*False*: One effect of computer technology is giving workers *less* power over their employers.
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True or False: *Conglomerates* are giant corporations composed of many smaller corporations.
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*True*: Conglomerates are *giant corporations* composed of *many smaller corporations*.
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True or False: *Oligopoly* refers to any company that operates in more than one country.
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*False*: Oligopoly refers to the domination of a market by *a few producers*.
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True or False: *Monopoly* refers to a corporation that operates within a single sector of the economy.
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*False*: Monopoly refers to the domination of a market by *a single producer*.
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True or False: *Large corporations* dominate many markets in the global economy.
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*True*: Large corporations dominate *many markets in the global economy*.
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True or False: The concept of \"*government*\" refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society.
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*True*: The concept of \"government\" refers to the formal organization that *directs the political life of a society*.
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True or False: According to *Max Weber*, *authority* is just another word for power.
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*False*: According to Max Weber, authority is *not* just another word for power.
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True or False: *Authority* refers to power that people perceive as coercive.
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*False*: Authority refers to power that people perceive as *legitimate*.
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True or False: *Charismatic authority* is based on extraordinary personal abilities.
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*True*: Charismatic authority is based on *extraordinary personal abilities*.
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True or False: *Rational-legal authority* is also called \"bureaucratic authority\" because it is legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations.
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*True*: Rational-legal authority is also called *\"bureaucratic authority\"* because it is *legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations*.
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True or False: *Weber's idea of the routinization of charisma* is the claim that charisma does not exist in the modern world.
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*False*: Weber's idea of the routinization of charisma is the claim that *charisma exists when charismatic authority is transformed* into some combination of *traditional and bureaucratic authority*.
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True or False: *Democracy* and *rational-legal authority* are linked, just as monarchy and traditional authority are linked.
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*True*: Democracy and rational-legal authority are linked, just as *monarchy* and *traditional authority* are linked.
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True or False: *Authoritarian governments* give people little voice in politics.
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*True*: Authoritarian governments give people *little* voice in politics.
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True or False: In a *totalitarian political system*, one political organization claims total control of society.
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*True*: In a totalitarian political system, *one political organization* claims *total control* of society.
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True or False: Just as *the economy is becoming more and more global*, so is the world developing a single global political system.
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*False*: Although the economy is becoming more and more global, the world remains *divided into nation-states*. However, *politics has become a global process*.
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True or False: *Special interest groups* represent liberal interests, while *political action committees* represent conservative interests.
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*False*: Both *special interest groups and political action committees* represent both *liberal and conservative interests*.
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True or False: The *pluralist model* states that *the United States* is far less democratic than most people would like to think.
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*False*: The pluralist model states that the United States is far *more democratic* than most people would like to think, because *power is spread widely enough so that all groups have some voice*.
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True or False: The sociologist closely associated with *the power-elite model* is C. Wright Mills.
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*True*: The sociologist closely associated with the power-elite model is *C. Wright Mills*.
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True or False: *Extensive civil liberties* make democratic societies more vulnerable to terrorism.
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*True*: Extensive civil liberties make democratic societies *more vulnerable to terrorism*.
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True or False: The concept \"*military-industrial complex*\" refers to the close association among the federal government, the military, and defense industries.
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*True*: The concept \"military-industrial complex\" refers to the *close association* among *the federal government, the military, and defense industries*.
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What is *true* about the *economy* as a *social institution*?
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As a *social institution*, the economy.... - produces and distributes goods and services; - guides the consumption of goods and services; and - operates in a relatively predictable manner.
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What are the *three technological revolutions* that transformed all of social life?
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The three technological revolutions are: - the *Agricultural* Revolution; - the *Industrial* Revolution; and - the *Information* Revolution.
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The economy first became a distinct social institution during *which historical stage of technological development*?
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The economy first became a distinct social institution during the stage of *agrarian* societies.
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What was the *Industrial Revolution* based on?
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The Industrial Revolution was based on *new sources of energy*.
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Which *new source of energy* launched the Industrial Revolution?
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The *steam engine* launched the Industrial Revolution.
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What is the *postindustrial economy* defined by?
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The postindustrial economy is defined by *service work* and *computer technology*.
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Which concept refers to an economy based on *computer technology*?
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*Postindustrial economy* refers to an economy based on computer technology.
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Which statement about the *Information Revolution* is *not* correct?
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It is *not* correct that there was a shift from *farming* to *turning raw materials into finished products* during the Information Revolution.
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Which statements about the *Information Revolution* are *correct*?
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During the Information Revolution, it is correct that there were shifts.... - from from making tangible products to generating ideas; - from mechanical skills to literacy skills; and - from working in factories to working almost anywhere.
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Looking at economies around the world, where is the *primary sector* is the *largest*?
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Looking at economies around the world, the primary sector is the largest in *low-income* nations.
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What growth does the *expansion of office work* mark?
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The expansion of office work marks the growth of the economy's *tertiary sector*.
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In the *United States*, about *what percentage of the labor force* performs *tertiary* sector work?
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In the United States, about *80 percent* of the labor force performs tertiary sector work.
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What does *globalization of the economy* mean?
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*Globalization of the economy* means that.... - world regions specialize in one sector of economic activity; - more and more products pass through several nations; and - a small number of businesses represent a huge share of global economic output.
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What is *true* about *capitalism* as an economic system?
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*Capitalism* is an economic system in which there is *private ownership of property*.
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In a *capitalist* economic system, what does \"*justice*\" amount to?
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In a *capitalist* economic system, justice amounts to *freedom of the marketplace* allowing people to *follow their self-interest*.
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Who was the social thinker whose ideas supported *the operation of a free-market economy* most?
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The social thinker whose ideas supported *the operation of a free-market economy* most was *Adam Smith*.
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Why is the United States a mostly capitalist nation?
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The United States is a mostly capitalist nation because *the vast majority of productive businesses are privately owned*.
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What is *true* about *socialism* as an economic system?
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*Socialism* is an economic system in which there is *collective control of production*.
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What does *not* describe the operation of a *socialist economy*?
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A *laissez-faire economy* does *not* describe the operation of a socialist economy.
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What describes the operation of a *socialist economy*?
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The operation of a *socialist economy* is described by.... - collective orientation; - government control of production; and - command economy.
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Which concept refers to a *political and economic system* that combines *a mostly market-based economy* with *extensive social welfare programs*.
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*Welfare capitalism* refers to a political and economic system that combines *a mostly market-based economy* with *extensive social welfare programs*.
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What is an example of *a European country* with *a mostly private economy* and *extensive social welfare programs*.
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An example of a European country with a mostly private economy and extensive social welfare programs is *Sweden*.
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What does the concept *\"state capitalism\"* refer to?
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The concept *\"state capitalism\"* refers to a system in which *privately owned companies cooperate closely with the government*.
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Contrasted to *socialist* economic systems, what is typically true about *capitalist economic systems*?
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Contrasted to socialist economic systems, *capitalist economic systems* are typically *more productive*.
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Concerning the issue of *personal freedom*, what do *capitalist* systems emphasize? And what do *socialist* systems emphasize?
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Concerning the issue of personal freedom, capitalist systems emphasize people's *freedom to pursue their self-interest*, while socialist systems emphasize people's *freedom from basic want*.
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In the *United States* about *what share of the population aged sixteen and older* is in the paid labor force?
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In the United States, about *59 percent* of the population aged sixteen and older is *in the paid labor force*.
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By *1950*, most of the people in the *U.S. labor force* had which *type of job*?
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By *1950*, most of the people in the U.S. labor force had *white-collar* jobs.
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What is *true* about *union membership* in recent decades?
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In recent decades, union membership has *declined in the United States and other high-income nations*.
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Which description does *not* apply to a *profession*?
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The description of *working for a large, well-established company* does *not* apply to a profession.
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Which descriptions apply to a *profession*?
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A *profession* is described by.... - having theoretical knowledge of a field; - having authority over clients; and - professing a community, rather than an individual.
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Which category of *the U.S. population* is showing the *greatest labor-force increase* in terms of *percentage*?
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*Hispanic women* are showing the *greatest labor-force increase* in terms of *percentage*.
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*Computers* are having which *effect on the workplace*?
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Computers are.... - deskilling labor; - limiting workplace interaction; and - enhancing employers' control of workers.
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What is a *conglomerate*?
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A conglomerate is *a giant corporation* composed of *many smaller corporations*.
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What does the concept *\"oligopoly\"* refer to?
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The concept \"oligopoly\" refers to *domination of a market by a few producers*.
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What do *modernization* theorists see *large corporations* as?
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Modernization theorists see large corporations as *unleashing the productive power of capitalism* to *speed development in poor nations*.
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What do *dependency* theorists see *large corporations* as?
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Dependency theorists see large corporations as *intensifying global inequality*.
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*Politics* is a social institution that is defined in terms of what?
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*Politics* is a social institution that is defined in terms of a society's *distribution of power, goals, and decision making*.
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What did *Max Weber* define *power* as?
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Max Weber defined power as the *ability to achieve desired ends*, despite *resistance*.
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Which concept refers to the formal organization that *directs the political life of a society*?
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*Government* refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society.
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*Preindustrial societies* are characterized by having what?
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*Preindustrial societies* are characterized by having mostly *traditional* authority.
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*Industrialization* decreases the importance of which *type of authority*?
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Industrialization *decreases* the importance of *traditional* authority.
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As *Max Weber* saw it, what is the essential difference between *power* and *authority*?
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As *Max Weber* saw it, the essential difference between power and authority is that *people perceive authority as legitimate, rather than coercive*.
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What do *people who attract followers*, including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, *display*?
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*People who attract followers*, including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, display *charismatic* authority.
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*Max Weber* said that with *charismatic* authority, *a crisis results with what*?
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*Max Weber* said that with *charismatic* authority, a *crisis* results with the *death of the leader*.
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Which concept refers to a political system in which *a single family rules from generation to generation*?
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*Monarchy* refers to a political system in which *a single family rules from generation to generation*.
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Which concept refers to a political system in which *power resides in the hands of the people as a whole*?
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*Democracy* refers to a political system in which *power resides in the hands of the people as a whole*.
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Which nations in the world today *claim to be democratic*?
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*Most high-income nations* in the world today claim to be *democratic*.
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For which *reasons* might you argue that *the United States is not truly democratic*?
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You might argue that *the United States is not truly democratic* because.... - there is a lot of economic inequality; - millions of bureaucratic officials are not elected; and - rich people have much more influence on our way of life than poor people.
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What does the concept *\"authoritarian\"* refer to?
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The concept *\"authoritarian\"* refers to a political system that *denies most people participation in government*.
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Which *nation* comes *closest* to having a political system that is \"*totalitarian*\"?
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*North Korea* comes closest to having a political system that is \"*totalitarian*\".
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What statement correctly describes *how the U.S. population falls on the political spectrum*?
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The statement that about 40 percent of people are *moderates who fall near the political center* describes how the U.S. population falls on the political spectrum.
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What would be described as *an economic issue*?
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*Poverty* would be described as an economic issue.
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In general, how do *high-income* people tend to be on *social* issues? And how do they tend to be on *economic* issues?
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In general, *high-income* people tend to be *liberal* on social issues and tend to be *conservative* on economic issues.
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What is the *National Rifle Association* an example of?
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The National Rifle Association is an example of a *special-interest group*.
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In the *2008 presidential election*, about *what percentage* of registered voters actually *went to the polls*?
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In the *2008 presidential election*, about *63 percent* of registered voters actually *went to the polls*.
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Which category of the U.S. population is *least* likely to *vote in national elections*?
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*Hispanic people* are *least* likely to vote in national elections.
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What does a *pluralist* approach to the *U.S. political system* suggest?
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A *pluralist approach* to the U.S. political system suggests that *power is widely dispersed throughout society*.
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Which are factors *encouraging political revolution*?
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Factors *encouraging political revolution* include.... - rising expectation of a better life; - unresponsive government; and - radical leadership by intellectuals.
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What does *terrorism* refer to?
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*Terrorism* refers to *the use or threat of *violence as a political strategy* by an individual or group.
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Which concept refers to *the use of violence by governments*, often *against their own people*?
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*State terrorism* refers to the use of violence by governments, often against their own people.
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Which statement about *terrorism* is *true*?
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It is *true* that.... - whether someone is a \"terrorist\" or a \"freedom fighter\" is often a matter of definition; - democratic societies are especially vulnerable to terrorism; and - identifying and effectively targeting terrorists is usually difficult.
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With respect to *war*, what does the text explain?
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With respect to *war*, the text explains that there is *nothing in our human biology* that *makes it natural to go to war*.
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A sociological profile of *men and women in the U.S. armed forces today* reveals a large share of *what kind of people*?
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A sociological profile of *men and women in the U.S. armed forces today* reveals a large share of young people who.... - are of working-class background; - are looking to the military for a job; and - join the military to earn money for college or just to get out of a small home town.
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Why has *terrorism* been called a *new kind of warfare*?
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*Terrorism* has been called a new kind of warfare because it *lacks clearly stated objectives* and *is not about controlling territory*.
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About *how much money* does the world as a whole spend annually for *military purposes*?
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The world as a whole spends about *$1.6 trillion* annually for *military purposes*.
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What does the *military-industrial complex* refer to?
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The military-industrial complex refers to *the close link between the government, defense industries, and the military*.
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For almost fifty years, what strategy has *kept the peace* between the *world's nuclear superpowers*?
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For almost fifty years, *deterrence* has kept the peace between the world's nuclear superpowers.
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In *2011*, a wave of popular uprisings seeking *more democratic government* swept across which *region of the world*?
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In *2011*, a wave of popular uprisings seeking *more democratic government* swept across *the Middle East*.
