Bio 1 Lab Practical (BK College)
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Scientific Method
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1. Ask Question (testable) 2. Background research 3. Make hypothesis 4. Prediction (if/ then statement) 5. Experiment 6.Analysis/Conclusion 7. Communicate Results
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Hypothesis
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Proposed explanation
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Independent Variable
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Variable that changes/varies, X-axis
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Dependent Variable
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Variable that is measured or counted, \"depends\" on independent, Y-axis
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Control Variable
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Variables kept constant
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Level of Treatment
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Value set for the independent variables
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Prediction
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If a, then b
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Allometric Growth
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Parts of an organism grow at different rates (ie. humans)
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Isometric Growth
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Parts of an organism grow at constant rates (ie. lizards)
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Table
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Used to present results with many data points
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Figure
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Graphs, diagrams, drawings, and photographs - visual summary of results comparing independent and dependent variables
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Line Graph
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Shows changes in quantity and emphasizes rise and fall over a range
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Bar Graph
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Used for discontinuous groups or nonnumerical categories
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Prokaryotes
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Cells that lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
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Eukaryotes
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More evolved cells with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
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Ocular Lense
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Lense where you put your eyes, 10X
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Objective Lense
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Lenses on the revolving nosepiece, 4X, 10X and 40X
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Nosepiece
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Round disc that contains objective lenses
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Stage
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Flat piece where you put slides, moves up and down
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Stage Adjustment
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Adjusts stage to center slide
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Coarse focus
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Large knob
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Fine focus
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Small knob
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Interpupillary Distance
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Distance between eyepieces
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Iris diaphram lever
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Below stage, controls contrast
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Light
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Source of light
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Low Power
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4X
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High Power
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400X
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Field of View
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The circle of light that one sees in the microscope
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Depth of Field
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Thickness of the specimen that may be seen in focus at one time
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Wet Mount
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Drop of viable cells are placed on a microscope slide and covered with a cover slip.
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Unicellular
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Single-celled with all living functions handled by that one cell ex. Amoeba, Trichonympha
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Amoeba
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Unicellular, starfish-like with nucleus and contractile vacuole
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Trichonympha
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Unicellular with flagella in termite guts, mouselike w/ wood particles and nucleus
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Aggregates
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Random, temporary clusters of cells ex. Protococcus
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Protococcus
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Terrestrial, green alga that forms loose aggregates on the bark of trees, simple clumps of green cells w/ a cell wall
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Colonial
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Clusters composed of consistent and predictable number of cells ex. Scandesmus
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Scandesmus
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Aquatic alga that usually occurs in simple colonies of four cells connected by an outer cell wall with spines, (green with squiggles)
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Multicellular
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Organisms with two or more types of cells with specialized structure and function Ex. Elodea
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Elodea
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Aquatic, freshwater plant, green, rows of cells, with large central vacuole
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Human cheek cells
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Epithelial cells, thin, flattened squamous with large nucleus
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Mitosis
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Cell division, results in two identical diploid daughter cells: Interphase (G1, S, G2), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
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Meiosis
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Sexual Cell Division, produces haploid gametes, 2 stages I & II
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Prophase I
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Crossing over of homologous chromosomes and recombination occurs, tetrad forms
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Metaphase I
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Each tetrad lines up at metaphase plate, independent assortment
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Anaphase I
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Homologous chromosomes separate
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Telophase I
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Two haploid daughter cells form from cytokinesis
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Prophase II
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Centrosomes migrate to opposite sides
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Metaphase II
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Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate
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Anaphase II
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Sister chromatids separate
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Telophase II
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Four haploid daughter cells form from cytokinesis
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Protists
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Very diverse group of clades, mostly unicellular, some multi-cellular
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Alveolates
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Protist clade with membrane-bound sac-like structures, ex. Paramecium, Dinoflagellates
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Stramenopiles
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Protist clade with hairy flagellum, ex. diatoms, brown algae
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Rhodophyta
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Protist clade containing brown/red algae, ex. Ectocarpus
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Chlorphyta
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Protist clade that include the multicellular green algae, ex. spirogyra
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Heterotroph
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Ingests or absorbs food ex. humans, fungus
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Autotroph
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Organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis (chlorophyll) ex. diatoms, algae, elodea
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Mixtroph
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Organism that is both heterotrophic and autotrophic ex. Cyanobacteria, phytoplankton
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Zygomycota
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Phylum of fungi that include bread molds ex. Pilobolus
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Hyphae
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Fungi are made up of these threadlike, filaments
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Mycelium
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Body of fungus
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Sporangia
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Tall stalk in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.
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Gametangia
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Protective extensions where gametes are produced in sexual reproduction of fungi
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Ascomycota
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\"Sac Fungi,\" Phylum of fungi that inlcude edible mushrooms and produce ascospores, ex. penicillium
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Basidomycota
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\"Club Fungi,\" Phylum of fungi that includes edible mushrooms, contain basidiocarp, ex. Corprinus mushroom
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Basidiocarp
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Reproductive structure of Basidomycota fungi
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Gills
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Folds under the cap of a mushroom where the basidiocarps are located, spore production
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Lichens
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Symbiotic associations between fungi and usually algae forming a body that can consistently recognized.
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Foliose
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Type of lichen with a leafy thallus
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Crustose
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Type of lichen with a crustlike thallus
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Fruticose
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Type of lichen with branching, cylindrical thallus
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Chi Square Test
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Statistical test that compares expected results to observed results, \"goodness of fit\"
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Confidence Interval
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Measures how confident we are that our results are not random chance
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Degrees of Freedom
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Number of categories minus 1
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Bryophytes
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Non-vascular, seeless plants, simple mosses, ex. Mosses, liverworts and hornworts
