Ch. 10 Psychology
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social psychology
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looks at behavior and mental processes but also includes the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in many ways
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social influence
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the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual
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conformity
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changing one's own behavior to match that of other people
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groupthink
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occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned
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compliance
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changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change
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consumer psychology
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branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace, including compliance
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foot-in-the-door technique
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asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
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door-in-the-face technique
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asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment
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lowball technique
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getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment
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obedience
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changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure
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Milgram study
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-a \"teacher\" administered what he or she though were real shocks to a \"learner\" -Participants consistently followed orders to administer apparently painful shocks
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attitude
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a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation
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Three Components of an Attitude
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1.Affective (emotional) component 2.Behavioral component 3.Cognitive component
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very specific or very strong
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Attitudes are often poor predictors of behavior unless the attitude is .... ....
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vicarious conditioning
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watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations
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persuasion
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the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation
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source of the message, the message itself, the target audience, and the medium
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Key elements in persuasion are the:
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
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-People will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it -The future actions of those who elaborate are more predictable than the actions of those who do not -Central-route processing: involves attending to the content of the message itself -Peripheral-route processing: involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the expertise of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other non-content factors
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either elaborate;fail to elaborate
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People will ..... on the persuasive message or ..... on it
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central-route processing
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involves attending to the content of the message itself
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peripheral-route processing
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involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the expertise of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other non-content factors
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cognitive dissonance
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the sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's impression
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changing the conflicting behavior, changing the conflicting attitude, or forming a new attitude to justify the behavior
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Cognitive dissonance is lessened by ....
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impression formation
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the development of the first knowledge a person has about another person
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primacy effect
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the very first impression one has about a person tends to persist even in the face of evidence to the contrary
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social categorization
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the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past
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stereotype
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a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular of a particular social category
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implicit personality theory
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sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other
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implicit association test
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measures the degree of association between concepts
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schemas
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mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people
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stereotypes
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Schemas can become .....
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attribution
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the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
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attribution theory
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the theory of how people make attributions
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situational cause
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causes of behavior attributed to external factors
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situational causes
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-Delays -Action of others -Some other aspect of the situation
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dispositional cause
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cause of behavior attributed to internal factors
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dispositional causes
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-Personality -Character
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fundamental attribution error (actor-observer bias)
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the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors
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prejudice
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negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group
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discrimination
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treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong
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forms of prejudice
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ageism, sexism, racism, and prejudice against those who are too fat or too thin
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social cognitive theory
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theorists of this school view prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences
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in-groups
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social groups with who a person identifies; \"us\"
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out-groups
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social groups with whom a person does not identify: \"them\"
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scapegoating
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tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence
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realistic conflict theory
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this theory posits that conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination
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social identity theory
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this theory states that the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
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social identity
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the part of the self-concept that includes one's view of self as a member of a particular social category
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social comparison
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the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem
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stereotype vulnerability
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the effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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the tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectation more likely to occur
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equal status contact
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contact between groups in which the groups have equal status, with neither group having power over the other
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jigsaw classroom
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educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, forcing individuals to work together to find the solution
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social factors
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increasing the effects of stress include: 1. Poverty 2. Stresses on the job or in the workplace 3. Entering a majority culture that is different from one's culture of origin
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acculturative stress
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results from the need to change and adapt to the majority culture
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Four Methods of Acculturation
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integration,assimilation,separation, marginalization
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Integration
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maintaining a sense of the original culture while forming positive relationship with the majority culture
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Assimilation
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giving up the original cultural identity and adopting the majority culture
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Separation
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rejecting the majority culture's ways
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Marginalization
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maintain no ties with one's original or majority cultures
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social support system
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the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need
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perceive
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Different cultures .... stressors differently
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culture to culture
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Coping strategies will also vary from ....
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cope
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People with religious belief have been found to .... better with stressful events
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interpersonal attraction
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liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person
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proximity
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physical or geographical nearness
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similar;different
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People like people who are ... to themselves or who are .... from themselves (complementary).
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reciprocity of liking
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the tendency of people to like other people who like them in return
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love
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a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration or common interests
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Strenberg's Three Components of Love
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1. Intimacy 2. Passion 3. Commitment
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romantic love
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consists of intimacy and passion
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compassionate love
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consists of intimacy and commitment
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consummate love
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ideal love, in which all three components are present
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aggression
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behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
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aggression is a reaction to frustration
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Konrad Lorenz
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saw as an instinct for fighting to promote the survival of our species
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biological influences of Aggression
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genetics, the amygdala and limbic system, and testosterone and serotonin levels
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social role
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the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position
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Violent TV shows, movies, and videogames
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... ... ... are related to aggression
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prosocial behavior
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socially desirable behavior that benefits others
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altruism
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prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself
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temporoparietal junction
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is larger in individuals who make altruistic choices
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Bystander effect
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the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help
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diffusion of responsibility
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a person fails to take responsibility for action or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility
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one bystander
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... ... cannot diffuse responsibility
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Five Steps in Making a Decision to Help
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1.Noticing 2.Defining an emergency 3.Taking responsibility 4.Planning a course of action 5.Taking action
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noticing
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Realizing that there is a situation that might be an emergency
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defining an emergency
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Interpreting the cues as signaling an emergency
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taking responsibility
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Personally assuming the responsibility to act
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planning a course of action
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Deciding how to help and what skills might be needed
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taking action
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Actually helping
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social neuroscience
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-The study of how biological processes influence social behavior -Studies use of fMRI and other imaging techniques to discover areas of the brain involved in social actions
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a person suffers from feelings of low self-worth
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Researchers found that reciprocity of liking doesn't work when
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is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution.
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The \"jigsaw classroom\"
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ambiguous
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The presence of others heavily influences helping behavior when a situation is
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more likely to help
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A woman falls on the sidewalk in front of Ben. There is no one else around. Studies have shown that Ben is ... in this situation than if several people were around.
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conformity
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Tyonna hates to exercise. However, when her friends decide to go to the gym to exercise after work, Tyonna joins in without even being asked. Tyonna's change in behavior could be due to the effect of ....
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normative social influence
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Oscar wants to feel accepted by his classmates, so when they all decide to skip school to have a party, he conforms by joining in. Oscar's need to conform is the result of ... ... ...
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prosocial and competitive
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The TPJ is an area of the brain involved in both ... and ... behavior.
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poor predictors of actual behavior
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Attitudes are
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releasing inhibitions
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Alcohol has an impact on aggressive behavior by ... ...
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of the extreme effect it was having on the participants
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Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because
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reciprocity of liking
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Once Dawn realized that Samson was attracted to her, she suddenly became very attracted to him. This example is based on what \"rule\" of attraction?
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conformity
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When a person changes his or her own behavior to more closely match the actions of others, this is
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conformity
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Kayla decided to drink at the party simply because everyone else seemed to be doing it. Kayla's behavior is an example of
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social neuroscientists
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study the most intimate workings of the social brain
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dissonance
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When people who think they're smart do something they think is stupid, it causes
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Cognitive dissonance involves an inconsistency between what people say and what they do.
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Which of the following statements concerning cognitive dissonance is true? -Cognitive dissonance involves an inconsistency between what people say and what they do. -Cognitive dissonance is only found in adolescents and adults. -Cognitive dissonance has been debunked as a scientific theory. -It only happens to intelligent individuals.
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at least one confederate agreed with the participant
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In Asch's study, conformity decreased when...
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Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan.
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Which of the following would not be effective in minimizing groupthink? -Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan. -Karen openly invites input from all team members and even those outside her team. -Annina reminds her team that everyone will be held responsible for the ultimate decision of her group. -Juanita works hard to remain impartial to all ideas no matter what they are.
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door-in-the-face technique
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Conner needs just $20 more to go out with his friends. He asks his mother for $50 but she tells him he can have $30 instead. In the end, Conner ends up with $10 more than he originally planned. What technique did Conner use?
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Dan, who is curious about other forms of religion and independent
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Who among the following might be the least likely target for a cult? -Sharona, who is fairly gullible and very idealistic -Benji, who is very stressed about his job and his life in general -Dan, who is curious about other forms of religion and independent -Geneva, who tends to be unassertive and wants to belong
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were only slightly less likely to obey than those in Milgram's study
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In Burger's follow-up study to Milgram's obedience experiment, participants ...
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\" I love to go to clubs - it makes me so happy!\"
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Which of the following represents the affective component of an attitude? -\" I love to go to clubs - it makes me so happy!\" - \"Tonight, we're going to that new club downtown.\" - \"It is interesting to watch people when I'm out at a club\" - \"I'm going to wear a new outfit to the club tonight.\"
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the source
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As an attorney, you always recommend to your clients that they dress up in professional clothes for their day in court. What aspect of persuasion are you focusing upon?
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peripheral-route processing
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One of your friends tells you, \"I didn't like the environmental-awareness presentation today. First of all it was too long, not to mention the person who gave it was drinking out of a polystyrene cup and drove away in a huge SUV.\" What kind of processing might your friend be using?
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Those things that happen first, also known as the primary effect.
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According to the phenomenon known as social categorization, what is most influential in helping us form an attitude about someone or something?
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implicit personality theory
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Kohanna thinks that everyone who smiles must always be happy and those people who are quiet must be naturally shy. Such assumptions are the bases of....
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dispositional
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Caleb almost always shows up late for work. His friends attribute this to Caleb's laziness. This is an example of a cause.
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Subjects in that study must have been the kind of people who like to hurt others.
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How might someone who unknowingly is committing the fundamental attribution error explain Stanley Milgram's obedience study?
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attitudes; behavior
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Prejudice is about... whereas discrimination is about ...
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poverty and job stress
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What are two of the most prominent social factors in creating stressful living conditions?
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assimilation
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Joaquin moved from Nicaragua to the United States. He learned to speak and write English, changed his last name so that it would some more \"American,\" and no longer maintains any of his old culture's styles of dress or customs. Joaquin has used which method of entering the majority culture?
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Religion can help people effectively cope with stress in multiple ways.
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What effect, if any, does religion have on one's stress?
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Studies do no support this idea and instead note that similarity is what tends to draw people together.
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What does the research say about the concept of opposites attract?
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reciprocity of liking
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In grade school, 12-year-old Chase does not know 12-year-old Corrine well, but starts to like her when he hears from her friends that she has a crush on him. This is an example of ....
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consummate
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According to Sternberg, when all three components of love are present, a couple possesses .... love.
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aggression
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When people are unable to a reach a goal, frustration may result, which can ultimately turn into....
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serotonin
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Increased levels of aggression in those who drink alcohol may be due to a decrease in what neurotransmitter?
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temporoparietal junction; altruistic
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Studies of the brain have found that the .... is influential in the presence of ... behavior.
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You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your local nature center.
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Which of the following scenarios probably will not result in the bystander effect? - you come across someone lying on a busy sidewalk in a large city. - you see someone pass out at a concert - you drive past an automobile accident where a crowd has gathered -You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your local nature center.
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taking responsibility
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Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is...
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normative social influence
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Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is known as ....
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presidential elections
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According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been known to occur?
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door-in-the face
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Maria was approached by her neighbor, asking her to adopt two to three kittens that were abandoned by their mother. Although Maria refused to take in three kittens, she did agree to adopt just one. What compliance technique did her neighbor use on Maria?
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the foot-in-the-door technique
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When examining Stanley Milgram's research, some have suggested that a teacher's willingness to deliver potentially lethal shocks may be a product of .... than of obedience, but as of yet no research supports this specific conclusion.
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direct instruction
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The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?
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moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences
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Researchers have found that a ... degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with ...
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central-route
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Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not very well-spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using .... processing.
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changing her behavior
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If LaShonda experiences a sense of cognitive dissonance between her attitude and behavior , which of the following would help her reduce that uncomfortable sensation?
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impression formation
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Gerard goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn T-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about...
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a situational cause
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If behaviors assumed to be caused by external characteristics, this is known as...
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in-group
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Thomas likes to \"hang with the guys.\" These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly with are called a(n)...
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an equal status contact
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The \"Robber's Cave\" experiment showed the value of ... in combating prejudice.
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integration
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Huong has moved from China to the United States. While she dresses and acts like her American friends, she still has retained much of her cultural heritage and attends traditional Chinese dance classes on the weekends. This is an example of....
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Mary, a very religious person who is involved in her community
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Which of the following people may have the greatest ability to cope with stress? -Mary, a very religious person who is involved in her community - Carrie, who works hard but doesn't have any apparent hobbies or other interests - Jeri, who has few friends and whose family lives far away from her -Larry, who is highly driven to succeed
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mere exposure
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Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love - or as Vivian tells her friends, \"Steve just grew on me!\" According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is...
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romantic
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According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is based on intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called ... love.
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social learning
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The concept that aggression results from a social role is based on what psychological theory?
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bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility
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To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of those around LaShanda Calloway to help her?
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taking action
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While serving as a chaperone for her son's class trip to the museum, Cara witnessed someone fall down a flight of stairs. She was able to request emergency assistance by simply dialing 9-1-1 on her cell phone. Which step in the decision process for helping was Cara?
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what parts of the brain influence social behavior
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Which of the following would field of social neuroscience be most likely to study? -what parts of the brain influence social behavior - how influential heredity is on social behavior - what impact head trauma has on developing relationships -what impact friends have in resolving conflicts
