question

A question about one or more topics that can be answered through research is referred to as a

answer

research question

question

Knowledge that is based on evidence from our senses is referred to an

answer

personal inquiry

question

When we rely on physicians, clergy members, and elected officials for information, we are putting our faith in

answer

their knowledge in those positions of authority

question

What is a potential problem with knowledge from personal inquiry?

answer

one may overgeneralize, perceive selectivity, premature closure, and uses senses alone (all of the above)

question

That positivist view of science states that

answer

we should only study things that can be observed and measured

question

The view that knowledge is not based on irrefutable observable grounds, that it is always somewhat speculative, but that science can provide some solid ground for these speculations is known as

answer

a post-positivist view of science

question

One of the great strengths of the scientific method is that

answer

it promotes skepticism about its knowledge claim

question

Which of the following statements is factually testable?

answer

Individuals with more education earn more than less educated individuals

question

A researcher is curious about why some students perform better on essay exams than others. He is engaged in

answer

basic research

question

Which of the following would describe applied research

answer

The aim of research is to have practical results for use in the immediate future

question

Exploratory research is

answer

ideal for examining unstudied phenomena

question

If we are presenting a detailed picture of a population, in terms of gender, age, income, residence, we have most likely conducted

answer

Descriptive research

question

When researchers have few cases and desire to interpret the meaning of words, they are engaging in

answer

qualitative analysis

question

The difference between basic research and applied research is

answer

applied research aims to improve something and basic research aims to add to the knowledge base

question

Evaluative research

answer

is designed to assess programs or policies

question

True/False: A researcher is interested in understanding why some students choose to live in residence halls while others do not

answer

True

question

True/False: An early step involved in doing science is to specify the goals of inquiry

answer

True

question

True/False: The publication of research allows for public scrutiny

answer

True

question

True/False: If we were interested in learning why individuals turn to lives of crime, we would be conducting explanatory research

answer

True

question

True/False: Qualitative research is based on the statistical summary of data

answer

False

question

___________________ are words or signs that are used to describe phenomena

answer

Concepts

question

A theory

answer

is an explanation about how and why something is as it is

question

Which of the following would be considered a variable

answer

employment status education religion marital status (all of these)

question

which of the following is a category of a variable?

answer

male Asian sociology divorced (all of these)

question

"In our research, we are looking at how gender (male or female) affects the amount of money individuals leave for tips at restaurants." In the previous statement, ___________ is the variable, and ____________ is/are the categories of the variable.

answer

gender; male or female

question

A hypothesis

answer

is a testable statement about how two or more variables are expected to be related to one another

question

________________ is a statement about two or more _________________ are expected to relate to each other

answer

A hypothesis; variables

question

The dependent variable (DV) is defined as

answer

a variable that is being influence by another variable

question

An antecedent variable

answer

comes before both the independent variable and dependent variable

question

A/n__________ relationship exists when an antecedent variable explains the original relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable

answer

spurious

question

Demonstrating non-spuriousnesses means to

answer

eliminate alternative explanation

question

When we develop ways to classify subjects to represent variables that we are interested in understanding, we are employing

answer

measurement

question

Measurement

answer

is basically a representation of variable concepts

question

If we approach a setting with a theory we want to test, we are employing

answer

deductive reasoning

question

Which of the following is associated with grounded theory?

answer

inductive reasoning

question

If social scientists want to develop or build theories about an aspect of social life that has previously been misunderstood, they might engage in

answer

both inductive reasoning and developing grounded theory

question

True/False: If we are using the variable of "language" to understand responses to a survey, categories might include French, Italian, Spanish, and English

answer

True

question

True/False: A hypothesis is a testable statement about how two or more variables link together

answer

True

question

True/False: Independent variables influence dependent variables

answer

True

question

True/False: Just because two variables are related to each other in some matter does not mean that they are necessarily causally related.

answer

True

question

_____________ refer(s) to a set of abstract principles that are used to determine appropriate and acceptable social conduct.

answer

Ethics

question

What stimulated the impetus for social science disciplines to consider ethical issues?

answer

Nuremberg trials after WWII

question

Which of the following represents the correct chronological order of events?

answer

Tuskegee, Milgram, ASA Code of Ethics, Common Rule

question

In some cases, research subjects have been deceived about the rule purpose of research they are participating in. One of the most outrageous of this was the infamous

answer

Tuskegee study

question

A committee on human subjects is more commonly known as

answer

Institutional Review Board

question

The general purpose of Institutional Review Board is to

answer

both review research protocol to guarantee that the benefits of the research outweigh the risk to the subjects and to determine whether subjects will be properly informed about the research

question

Institutional Review Boards are found

answer

at every college, university and research center.

question

First and foremost, the central ethical obligation for researchers is to

answer

protect study participants from harm

question

______________ is when subjects are informed about the general purpose of the research

answer

Informed consent

question

A written consent form is used to

answer

inform the participants about the research and any potential benefits and risks associated with their participation in the study

question

An example of a lack of voluntary participation is when

answer

an individual with power over another asks that he or she participate in a project

question

An informed consent form would include

answer

all of the above would be included on an informed consent form

question

When using minors as participants, you can obtain , a form parents sign stating they do not want their children to participate in the study

answer

passive consent

question

___________ is when it is impossible for the researcher or anyone else to connect individuals with specific data

answer

Anonymity

question

According to the text, the two most important ethical principles are _______ and ________

answer

anonymity; confidentiality

question

Researchers can best protect the identity of participants whose disclosure is likely to result in legal action (for example, drug dealers, prostitutes) by

answer

destroying all records immediately after the data is used

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding research risks?

answer

No study is completely risk-free

question

True/False: An institutional review board (IRB) is designed to make sure that the researcher will not publish false results

answer

False

question

True/False: Many federal agencies have adopted the "Common Rule" which outlines a set of regulations for human subjects research

answer

True

question

True/False: A researcher observing behavior in a public place, for example, a bus station or a public library, is under no ethical obligation to disclose to those in the setting that he or she is conducting research

answer

True

question

Research questions can be about

answer

local or global governments individuals or organizations entire society local or global governments as well as entire society (all of these)

question

Scott believes that the higher a student's GPA in the freshmen year, the more likely he or she will be to graduate from college in four years. This is an example of a

answer

hypothesis

question

Values,_____________, and personal factors are three sources of research topics

answer

changing social and political climate

question

Martha is a researcher who grew up in poverty and has struggled to be upwardly mobile in her career. Her research questions now center on the experiences and struggles of those currently in poverty. Because of her background, Martha should make sure her research is......

answer

value-free

question

Before the 1970s,

answer

few studies focused on women

question

Although researchers may be pleased to receive funding for their research, this may prove troublesome because

answer

funders may impose limitations on the topics under investigation and the release of research findings as well as only support research that interests them in pursuit of social and political ends

question

Which of the following is a researchable question?

answer

Is high academic achievement in high school related to academic success in college?

question

Which of the following is not a common source for finding academic materials for a literature review?

answer

all of these are common sources for finding materials for a literature review (internet search, books, articles, government documents)

question

In searching for literature that is relevant to your topic, it is useful to

answer

use keywords and rely on academic indexes

question

The value of a good literature search is that

answer

it provides an overview of the current state of research and narrows your inquiry

question

A researchable question must be feasible. Which of the following is not an element of feasibility?

answer

There must be a grant to support the investigation

question

Gaining access to data means

answer

the ability to obtain information to conduct the study

question

Some topics may be interesting and important, but gaining access to the population may be very difficult. Which of the following presents the greatest obstacles?

answer

individuals who are members of a secret cult

question

Some research is likely to be quite expensive while other research can be conducted with few costs. Of the following, which study design is likely to be the least costly?

answer

using available data from a library

question

Research costs include

answer

All of these (salaries, pre-testing data costs equipment costs, data collection costs)

question

The time it takes to complete all stages of a research project from the planning stages to the final report is referred to as

answer

Time expenditures

question

True/False: A hypothesis is a testable relationship between how two variables are related

answer

True

question

True/False: A researchable question is usually one that other researchers have already explored

answer

False

question

True/False: Peer-reviewed journals include articles that have been evaluated by content experts before publication

answer

True

question

True/False: An abstract is a summary of the research article that includes the major arguments and conclusions

answer

True

question

sampling is a way to learn about ______ by obtaining information from _____ of a larger population

answer

a larger population ; a subset

question

A sample is

answer

a subset of a population

question

In a probability sample, every element in the population has a(n) ________ chance of being included in the sample

answer

equal

question

Instances where all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected are known as

answer

Simple random samples

question

A biased sample means

answer

it is a sample that is not representative of the population from which it is drawn

question

A parameter refers to a ____________ characteristic while a statistic refers to characteristics from a _________________.

answer

population; sample

question

The larger the size of the samples taken from the population, the more likely that

answer

the statistic will be an accurate estimation of the population parameter.

question

Many phone numbers are not listed in telephone books. How do surveyors combat this issue?

answer

Surveyors use random digit dialing to formulate their call lists

question

As a surveyor, you call households on your call list and 10% never answered the call. What kind of error have you encountered?

answer

Nonresponse error

question

The sampling distribution of any statistic tends to hover around the population parameter, especially as the number of samples gets

answer

very large

question

You want to draw a sample of the employees at a large university ensuring that in your sample you have people represented from all personnel categories: administrators, faculty, secretarial staff, cleaning staff, mail room staff, technicians, students, etc. You want to use a probability sample. Which type of probability sample would be best for your purposes?

answer

stratified sample

question

To improve the representativeness of samples, one can use a technique where randomization is used at several points. Sampling methodologies that use this technique include

answer

Multistage

question

Which of the following is not an example of a nonprobability sample?

answer

Determinate

question

A researcher hand selects elements to be in his sample based on how much they will facilitate this study. This researcher is using sampling

answer

purposive

question

A researcher is interested in studying a small and elite population. She finds one element and then asks that respondents provide her with the names of others in the group. This researcher is using ____________ sampling.

answer

snowball

question

True/False: You don't need to sample when the number of things you want to examine is small.

answer

True

question

True/False: If you sample a population where every person has an equal chance of being selected, you have a probability sample

answer

True

question

True/False: When one is conducting a research study, it is a good idea to first consider whether one wants results that are generalizable. This issue is very critical in determining what approach is best to use in sampling

answer

True

question

True/False: A stratified sample allows us to make certain that we account for individuals who may represent small numbers in the population

answer

True

question

True/False: If we make accommodations to oversample certain members of a sample, we are taking a cluster sample

answer

True

question

The strategy of how data will be collected is referred to as the

answer

Study Design

question

Cross-sectional research

answer

is both the most widely used type of research and generally has large samples

question

Cross-sectional designs are often used to

answer

test causal hypotheses

question

The focal research, Moving On? Continuity and Change after Retirement by Adler and Clark utilized what kind of study design?

answer

both panel and longitudinal

question

If we were interested in how individuals' attitudes about smoking marijuana change from adolescence to adulthood,marriage and parenthood, the most appropriate study design would be

answer

longitudinal

question

Longitudinal research requires data collection at least______different times

answer

two

question

What is one way to combat issues of internal validity?

answer

Conduct longitudinal studies versus cross-sectional studies AND do not ask people about things that occurred in the past.

question

In conducting longitudinal research, a panel design has several advantages. These include

answer

both the ability to track individuals over the course of time and the ability to collect data that reflects immediate experience rather than relying on individual memory

question

Study A involves two samples from the same population that are surveyed at two different times. Study B involved collecting data from the same sample over two time periods. Study A is a ______study and Study B is a __________study.

answer

trend; panel

question

Panel conditioning is

answer

the effect of repeatedly measuring variables on members of a panel study.

question

The advantage of trend studies is that they

answer

all of these (avoid panel attrition, avoid panel conditioning, save the expense of finding the original participants, enable the researcher to collect data anonymously)

question

A trend design collects data at different times from

answer

different samples

question

As we administer the same survey to panel members on several occasions, there is a chance they will be affected by the questions. This is known as

answer

panel conditioning

question

Trend studies are disadvantageous because

answer

they cannot identify changes in individuals and they cannot pinpoint the cause of changes

question

A cohort is a group of people who

answer

have an event or an experience in common

question

If we are interested in learning about how social and economic elites influence decision making in one city and will rely upon census data, newspaper accounts, interviews, and surveys to do this research, we are relying on the ________study design.

answer

Case

question

If we are interested in generating new theoretical perspectives in an area where little research has been done, we would most likely use

answer

a case study

question

True/False: A study design must balance ethical, practical, and methodological issues

answer

True

question

True/False: If a researcher has a good idea about how one variable affects another, she will be interested in testing a causal hypothesis.

answer

True

question

True/False: One of the potential problems with longitudinal research is keeping in contact with respondents over time and keeping their information confidential.

answer

True

question

___________ research is designed to explain why something varies

answer

Explanatory

question

Experimental designs have the advantage of being superior to non-experimental designs because they most clearly achieve the purpose of

answer

Explanation

question

An experimental design has the advantage over non-experimental approaches in determining the order in which events occur and

answer

controlling the effects of other variables

question

In an experimental design, the independent variable is

answer

Manipulated

question

An experimental design is appropriate if it is _________ to do so

answer

Practical and ethical

question

____________ validity refers to the agreement between a study's conclusion and what is actually true

answer

Internal

question

In one type of quasi-experimental study design, in place of a control group, one uses a

answer

Comparison group

question

Experimental designs are especially helpful for determining the time order of variables and in minimizing the effects of

answer

third variables

question

Field experiments typically have better generalizability because they occur outside an official laboratory setting. On the other hand, there are disadvantages, which include which of the following?

answer

All of these (Researchers do not have complete control over the setting. It may be impossible to run the experiment so that it is methodologically sound Researchers are usually at the mercy of others in the setting and must abide by institutional constraints.)

question

To minimize the effects of an experimenter affecting the research results, we can use a(n)

answer

Double Blind Study

question

What type of experimental design is best when ethical concerns prevent the ability of the researcher to perform a true controlled experiment?

answer

A quasi-experimental design

question

A placebo

answer

must appear authentic and is a simulated treatment of the control group

question

In a classic experimental design, it is important to take measures of control and experimental groups

answer

Before and after the treatment

question

True/False: In experimental designs, the researcher is manipulating the independent variable and seeing what happens to the dependent variable.

answer

True

question

True/False: In a classic experimental design, the independent variable can be manipulated, controlled, introduced, or it can occur naturally.

answer

False

question

True/False: The classic experiment is also referred to as the pretest-posttest control group experiment.

answer

True

question

True/False: Before conducting an experiment, we can minimize the chances that the control and experimental groups are different from each other in important ways by randomly assigning the population to each group.

answer

True

question

True/False: Selecting treatment and control groups from the population by method of random sample increases the study's generalizability.

answer

True

question

True/False: Internal validity is not an issue with quasi-experiments because there are experimental and control groups.

answer

False

question

True/False: One advantage of experimental designs in laboratory settings is that you know with some confidence that only one group has been exposed to the treatment introduced by the researcher

answer

True

question

Survey research typically involves administering _____ to _____

answer

the same set of questions; a large number of individuals

question

A data collection method that involves administration by a trained interviewer of a survey instrument with closed- ended responses is a

answer

Structured interview

question

Surveys typically use large probability samples and a(n) _______ study design

answer

cross-sectional

question

The response rate is calculated by

answer

dividing the number of completed surveys by the number in the sample

question

Which type of survey tends to have the highest response rate?

answer

In person interview

question

If those who respond to a survey are different (e.g., better educated, higher income, politically involved) from those who do not respond, a researcher is faced with

answer

Non-response bias

question

Group-administered questionnaires

answer

are typically inexpensive and also raise ethical concerns about voluntary participation

question

A group administered questionnaire has the advantage that

answer

All of these (the researcher can explain the survey and answer any questions that may arise, the conditions under which the questionnaire is administered are the same for all respondents, it is less expensive to conduct than mail surveys)

question

The biggest survey administered in the United States is the

answer

U.S. Census

question

Which type of survey method has the lowest response rate?

answer

Web surveys

question

Sending a questionnaire by email

answer

All of these (is useful for geographically dispersed samples is inexpensive is good for large samples raises the question of coverage error)

question

Refers to a change in a respondent's answer based on the fact that an interviewer is present

answer

Interviewer Effect

question

Open ended questions allow for respondents to answer

answer

in their own words

question

A scenario the researcher creates to obtain information in an interview or survey

answer

Vignettes

question

Screening and contingency questions can be used in questionnaires and surveys to

answer

reduce the number of questions individuals have to respond to that may not apply to them

question

True/False: The most widely used method of data collection is the questionnaire

answer

True

question

True/False: In the focal research by Lang and Podeschi, respondents were given questionnaires which contained a cover letter ensuring respondent's anonymity

answer

True

question

True/False: Both a respondent's gender and race can affect responses to questions on a survey or questionnaire

answer

True

question

True/False: Response rates among cell phone surveys are higher than among landline surveys

answer

True

question

True/False: The anonymity of respondents of mailed questionnaires cannot be guaranteed

answer

True

question

The purpose of qualitative interviewing is to

answer

understand how individuals subjectively see the world and make sense of their lives

question

Qualitative interviews vary in terms of

answer

All of these (number of times each respondent is interviewed the length of each interview the degree of structure of each interview the number of interviewees and interviewers participating in the session)

question

In collecting data, qualitative interviewing has been used in conjunction with

answer

observational techniques

question

Semi-structured interviews

answer

are designed ahead of time but are modified as appropriate for each participant

question

A researcher has prepared a list of topics he wishes to cover and the order he plans to ask them in an interview. This plan is called a(n)

answer

interview guide

question

The advantage of an unstructured interview is that

answer

it focuses on the respondent's understanding of the social world and allows the researcher to understand their viewpoints

question

A researcher is interested in gaining in depth stories from individuals about their experiences with violence. A pilot test has shown that individuals take anywhere between 10 and 15 minutes to relate these experiences. What interview approach is most appropriate here?

answer

Unstructured interview

question

A researcher asks participants to share a photo that "best represents their childhood." This researcher is using

answer

visual methods

question

Which of the following is not a benefit to group interviewing?

answer

All of these are benefits of group interviews (Group sessions are less time consuming Group sessions are cost effective Members in group can help other respondents recall information Group sessions can be stimulating to respondents)

question

Locating respondents in qualitative research

answer

all of these are part of locating respondents in qualitative research (is not always a simple process often involves gatekeepers sometimes requires snowball sampling may entail posting notices on bulletin boards)

question

Claudia is the director of an agency. She is the only one who can give the researcher permission to interview participants. Claudia is a(n)

answer

gatekeeper

question

Consent forms

answer

All of these (provide information to the respondent on the nature of the research ensure confidentiality and anonymity provide contact information on the principle investigator are approved by the Institutional Review Board prior to the interview)

question

Analyzing the data from qualitative interviews usually involves

answer

transcribing interviews from tape recordings or notes and reading this for themes and patterns

question

Typically, the analysis of interviews is

answer

inductive

question

Conducting and transcribing interviews is

answer

both time consuming and labor intensive

question

Imagine that you have conducted qualitative interviews with a small sample of nurses about their jobs. You have done 25 interviews, each about 30 minutes long, resulting in about 20 pages of transcription. Now that you have about 500 pages of data, how would you go about analyzing the data?

answer

select topics that participants have talked about, create categories through coding, and after categorizing, look for patterns

question

Qualitative data processing is

answer

time consuming and often rewarding

question

True/False: Typically, ethical concerns are greater in qualitative interviewing because the personal identity of the respondent is known and because individually identifying data may be collected

answer

True

question

True/False: Because of their high level of engagement, qualitative interviews have a high response rate

answer

True

question

True/False: In most interviewing protocols, it is usually better to establish rapport before proceeding with difficult or sensitive topics

answer

True

question

When a researcher is participating in ________________ observation, the goal is to remain aloof.

answer

Non-participant

question

Collingham's focal research used

answer

participant observation

question

_____________ observations involve clear decisions about what kind of things are to be observed

answer

Controlled

question

A researcher describes his observation using basic language and without much detail. He is using a _______ description

answer

Thin

question

A researcher is watching a group of teens at the mall. She is watching from about 100 yards away. Her role is a(n)

answer

Complete observer

question

Sally is a researcher engaging in observational methods. She is taking part in all activities of those she is observing. What is her observer role?

answer

Complete participant role

question

What other methods also relies on observations?

answer

all of these methods rely on observation in one way or another

question

Most participant observers practice which type of sampling?

answer

Purposive

question

When new interviewees or settings slook very similar to interviewees or settings observed previously, this is referred to as

answer

theoretical saturation

question

The term for a participant in observational research who is interviewed is called a(n)

answer

informant

question

When the observed take on different attributes simply as a result of being observed, this is called

answer

demand characteristics

question

Observational research has some potential disadvantages as well as advantages over other forms of research.

answer

Frustrating and energy consuming

question

True/False: Observational research includes participant observation but does not include non participant observation

answer

False

question

True/False: "Qualitative methods" can include qualitative interviewing ad the use of available data

answer

True

question

True/False: Observation is useful if you do not know much about the subject under investigation

answer

True

question

True/False: The most important reason for doing observational studies is because of their cost effectiveness

answer

False

question

True/False: Purposive and other non-random methods of sampling are the mot common kinds of sampling approaches in observational studies

answer

True

question

True/False: Data collected from observational methods can be generalized to a larger population

answer

False

question

True/False: Observational research techniques are often a problem because they cause the researcher to intrude into the lives of the research subject

answer

True

question

True/False: Thick descriptions are based on bare bone facts versus context and motives

answer

False

question

______________ data is collected by the researcher and _____ data is collected by someone other than the researcher.

answer

Primary; secondary

question

If a researcher collects original data for her own purposes, she is relying on _________________ to study a research question

answer

Primary data

question

Secondary data is

answer

data that has been collected by someone else

question

What is the dependent variable in the focal research by Martinez and Lee?

answer

homicide

question

The unit of analysis for studies based on secondary analysis is almost always

answer

individuals

question

Emily Durkeim's classic study on suicide is based on

answer

secondary data analysis

question

________________ is/are statistics provided by large organizations

answer

Existing statistics

question

One of the most frequently employed sources of existing statistics is/are the

answer

US Census Bureau

question

In general, the _________ in studies based on existing statistics is not the individual

answer

unit of analysis

question

If we examined the extent of war and tear in carpeting in a museum to study the popularity of exhibits, we could be employing

answer

an erosion measure

question

Letters, emails, Twitter feeds, and autobiographies are included in

answer

Personal records

question

The "continuum of availability" refers to

answer

the fact that at least available data is often worth exploring

question

The fact that we cannot be certain about the _________________ the available data that has been collected is a disadvantage to using this as a source of information.

answer

Reliability of

question

Sometimes you can locate data that very nearly meet your research needs, so the issue of _______________ arises.

answer

Validity

question

What has been the dominant mode of social science research in the twentieth century?

answer

Using secondary data

question

Secondary data are frequently contrasted with

answer

primary data

question

True/False: A major disadvantage of using an unobtrusive measure is that your subjects are likely to be inconvenienced

answer

False

question

True/False: If we take group based results and infer that individuals in those groups share those characteristics, we are committing ecological fallacy

answer

True

question

True/False: Martinez and Lee compared the context of immigrant homicides, including Haitians, Jamaicans, and Mariels in Miami.

answer

True

question

True/False: In the focal research by Martinez and Lee, Martinez had to spend hours with police detectives who acted as gatekeepers for the data

answer

True

question

Content Analysis allows researchers to study

answer

available recorded data

question

Content analysis is not appropriate for

answer

evaluating Census data

question

The focal research by Arthur, Clark, Clark and Racine used_________________ as the unit of analysis

answer

anthologies

question

What was the key variable in the focal research by Arthur, Clark, Clark and Racine?

answer

the visibility of minorities in anthologies

question

What was a main finding in the focal research by Arthur, Clark, Clark, and Racine?

answer

Some minority groups experienced gatekeeper issues and were not represented in anthologies until the 1990s

question

Content analysis dates back to

answer

the late 1600s

question

Like other kinds of social research, one of the first steps in content analysis is to determine

answer

the units of analysis that the research will focus on

question

_______________ are the units about which information is collected and ___________ are the units from which information is collected

answer

units of analysis; units of observation

question

Units of analysis

answer

are the units about which information is collected

question

What type of sampling is used in content anlaysis?

answer

All of these (simple random stratified)

question

Quantitative content analysis depends on

answer

the researcher's capability to create meaningful variables

question

Generally speaking, quantitative content analyses tends to ________________ and qualitative content analysis tends to ___________

answer

be deductive; be inductive

question

Visual analysis is

answer

a set of techniques used to analyze images

question

One advantage of content analysis is that

answer

it can be conducted with a relatively small expenditure of time, money, and person power

question

True/False: Content analysis is a method of data collection in which some forms of communication are studied systematically

answer

True

question

True/False: Generally, the questions asked by content analyzers have to do with who says what to whom, why they say it, and how and with what effect it is said.

answer

True

question

True/False: Content analysis can be applied only to recorded communication

answer

False

question

True/False: There are times when the unit of analysis and the unit of observation can be the same thing

answer

True

question

True/False: Content analysis is a technique that depends on the researcher's capacity to create and record meaningful variables for classifying units of analysis

answer

True

question

True/False: Quantitative content analysis focuses on verbal communication rather than statistical

answer

False

question

Research that is focused on the interpretation of the action of, or representation of meaning created by, individual cases is known as__research

answer

qualitative

question

____is the process of clarifying what is meant by a concept

answer

conceptualizing

question

Operationalization is specifying what particular___ will be used for a variable

answer

indicators

question

A researcher who defines "elite families" as those with annual incomes larger than $250,000 has___ this concept.

answer

operationalized

question

___is an example of a composite measure

answer

An index

question

If a researcher was interested in creating a multidimensional composite measure of "adjustment to adolescence", she would create a(n)

answer

index

question

A/n is an index in which some items are given more weight than others

answer

Scale

question

A researcher assigns her observations into categories. She is her variables

answer

coding

question

When a measure yields the same results time after time, the measure is

answer

reliable

question

error occurs when the measurement we obtain is not accurate

answer

measurement

question

A researcher is checking the reliability of a measure by comparing results from one time to another. This researcher is using the method.

answer

test-retest

question

A measure has validity if it corresponds with behavior that it is supposed to be associated with

answer

perdictive

question

A researcher designs a survey question asking respondents to indicate their class standing as either: First-Year, Sophomore, Junior, Senior, or Graduate Student. What level of measurement did she use?

answer

ordinal

question

variables are those whose categories can be ranked

answer

ordinal; ratio

question

Letter grades given at the end of the term are an example of measurements; calculated GPA's are a type of _______________ measurement

answer

ordinal; ratio

question

The practical reason for paying attention to levels of measurement is related to

answer

summarizing information

question

True/False: Quantitative research is focused on variables, including their description and relationships

answer

True

question

True/False: It's easy to create indexes and scales that are both reliable and valid

answer

False

question

True/False: Content validity is a test for validity which involves utilizing the judgment of experts in the field

answer

True

question

True/False: A set of categories that defines class assignment as freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior is an ordinal level of measurement

answer

True

question

Evaluation research is distinguish from basic research by

answer

its immediate usefulness and its specific practical implications

question

Applied research

answer

is research with a practical purpose and helps to create, modify, and implement programs and activities that make a difference in people's lives

question

Ethical concerns in applied research

answer

are equally important as in basic research

question

Outcome evaluations usually begin with a question like

answer

what is the reason the program is doing what it is doing?

question

Which of the following is not a question typically asked in a cost effectiveness study?

answer

Is the program saving money?

question

Stakeholders are

answer

People or groups affected by the program

question

What was the program used for evaluation in the focal research by Harrison and Norton-Hawk?

answer

a women's prison in Ecuador

question

____________ is research that determines whether a program is being implemented as designed.

answer

Process evaluation

question

Formative analysis usually occurs

answer

in the early stages of the program development and design

question

Which type of evaluation research is best used in the early implantation stages of the program or policy?

answer

formative

question

When selecting an evaluation strategy, which of the following is not usually an important factor?

answer

the education level of program staff

question

If the independent variable affects the dependent variable, this is called a ______________ hypothesis

answer

Causal

question

Participatory action research

answer

involves researchers working with the community memers to empower a community

question

Which of the following statement is accurate?

answer

Evaluation researchers must balance issues of reliablility and validity with practicality

question

True/False: Cost-benefit analysis is used to determine if the program saves money for program participants

answer

False

question

True/False: They are basically two kinds of evaluation: outcome evaluations and costs-benefit evaluations

answer

False

question

True/False: Stakeholders are people who are affected by a program

answer

True

question

True/False: Evaluation research design includes choices about study design, measurement techniques, sample selection, and methods for analyzing data

answer

True

question

True/False: Evaluation research is a scientific method that does not need to consider who the intended audience is for its findings

answer

False

question

True/False: In participatory action research, the researcher must be intimately involved in the community

answer

True

question

Examining the relationship between a mother's occupation and her daughter's selection of an occupation is an example of

answer

bivariate analysis

question

Measures of central tendency do not include

answer

standard deviation

question

Of the following variables, the one most appropriate for analyzing central tendency by using the mean is a city of residence

answer

Height

question

In a frequency distribution, we are

answer

displaying the number of cases that fall in categories

question

As a measure of dispersion, a __________________ tells us how far the mean is from individual scores.

answer

standard deviation

question

The graph of a normal distribution looks like a(n)

answer

bell

question

Crosstabulation is a technique used to

answer

examine the association between two variables

question

A contingency table helps to display

answer

How categories within variables are related

question

If as the value of A (let's say height) increases, B (let's say weight) also increases, we can say that they

answer

are positively related

question

A researcher computes a statistic with a probability of p>.05. This means that

answer

the relationship is likely not strong enough to suggest that it exists in the population

question

The ___________ model allows a researcher to examine more than two variables at a time

answer

elaboration

question

The elaboration technique that helps a researcher determine that the original relationship was spurious is known as

answer

explanation

question

Social anthropological approaches to qualitative research aims to

answer

discover regular patterns in social interaction

question

In writing a report, it is important to complete a literature search so that

answer

you are able to present an argument that this research is important to do and you ground yourself in teh field and are well informed about the topic

question

In ____________________, a research is summarizing the data that has been collected into more manageable categories

answer

data reduction

question

In coding, the goal is to

answer

create categories that flow from the data and apply these to cases

question

Dr. Eaton adds extensive commentary to her coding so that she can better understand their meaning. She is using

answer

memoing

question

True/False: Measures of dispersion indicate how varied the population is with respect to certain values

answer

True

question

True/False: One form of data display is cross-tabulation of variables you are interested in

answer

True

question

True/False: How individuals account for the world, create meaning and interpret situations is a major focus for interpretivists

answer

True

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