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Rosenhan (1973)

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aimed to test the reliability of diagnosis in mental institutions, \"On being sane in insane places\", shows that diagnosis isn't always reliable or valid

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Caspi (2003)

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study on the role of mutated 5-HTT gene in the likelihood of developing depression after exposure to trauma

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Jahoda (1958)

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concepts of normality: absence of mental illness, realistic self perception, strong sense of identity, independence, ability to maintain healthy interpersonal relationships, ability to cope in stressful situations, capacity for growth

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Mental Health Model

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deviation from the norm would result in abnormality

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Statistical deviance from the norm

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abnormal behavior defined by everything outside of statistically \"normal\" behavior, this can vary across cultures, what is statistically normal is not necessarily healthy or desired

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Deviance from social norms

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abnormal behavior defined by deviance from social norms or \"anti-social behavior\", not objective or stable criterion, social, cultural, and historical factors all play a role in determining whats normal

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Zhang et al (1988)

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study on depression in China, found that less than 0.05% of the population reported suffering from depression, majority suffered from \"neurasthenia\" or a disruption in energy flow which results in somatic symptoms

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Kleinmen (1982)

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found that 87% of Chinese patients diagnosed with neurasthenia could be diagnosed with depression based on physical symptoms

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Diathesis-stress model (Beck)

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explains depressed behavior as a result of a predispositioned vulnerability in combination with stressful life events

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Brown and Harris (1978)

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social factors in depression, found that women from lower working social classes with more children were more inclined to suffer from depression

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Surbey (1987)

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evolutionary explanation for anorexia nervosa in the termination of periods due to lack of food resources

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Fairburne et al (1999)

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argued that those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa had a deep seeded need for self control which manifested in controlling food intake and obsessing over weight

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Strahan et al (2007)

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found that media messages and images affect the way women view themselves and in turn affect their eating habits

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Marsella (2005)

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urbanization effect on prevalence of depression due to the lack of social support and decreased living conditions

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Nolen-Hoeksema (2001)

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found that women are twice as likely to suffer from depression than men

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Becker et al (2002)

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impact of westernized television on Fijian women's eating habits, found an increase of disordered eating habits from 0% to 11%, strongly suggests that sociocultural factors like media messages are responsible for women's views of themselves

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Simmons et al (1977)

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likelihood of kidney donors, found that 86% of parents would be willing to donate a kidney and 42% of siblings. This supports kin selection theory

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Batson et al (1981)

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experiment aimed to test the empathy-altruism model, results found that those in high empathy condition were more likely to take Elaine's place whereas low empathy condition were more likely to take the escape option, this supports the empathy altruism model

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Whiting and Whiting (1975)

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comparison of prosocial behavior in children cross culturally, found that children in Mexico, Philippines, and Kenya showed more prosocial helping behavior than those from USA, Japan, and India

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Latane and Darley (1968)

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experiment aimed to investigate whether the number of bystanders present would impact helping behavior. Results found that diffusion responsibility factor was present as only 33% of participants reported seizure to researcher when they thought other bystanders were present in comparison to the 86% of reported incidents from participants left alone

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Piliavin et al (1969)

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subway samartian, results found that people were more inclined to help the blind man, supports the fact that situational factors as well as social, cultural will influence helping behavior

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Fisher et al

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\"neurobiology of love\", found that couples in love had increased activity in dopamine rich areas in the brain, the same areas associated with addiction

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Wedekind (1995)

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genetic influence on attraction, results found that women were more attracted to the smells of men who had a genetic makeup (MHC gene) that would increase the immune system of their offspring

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Newcomb (1961)

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field study on similarity and liking, found that students were more likely to become friends with those who had similar attitudes or beliefs to them

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Markey and Markey (2007)

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similarity-attraction model, self report questionnaires found that people were more attracted to people who were perceived to be similar to themselves, people seek someone who is similar to themselves

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Festinger et al

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proximity of relationships, found that the proximity factor is important in formation and maintenance of relationships

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Buss et al (1990)

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aimed to investigate cultural factors which influence attraction (chastity, attractiveness, youth, finances, mutual love) found that there are many cultural and gender variances in attraction

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Fletcher et al (1987)

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attributions in dating couples, found that happy couples attribute positive qualities in the relationship to dispositional factors and negative qualities to situational factors

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Bradbury and Fincham (1990)

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meta-analysis of research on attributions in married couples

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Nisbett and Cohen (1996)

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\"culture of honor\", aimed to investigate the role of cultural influence in violence, found that men from the south (honor culture) had increased levels of cortisol and testosterone which affected aggression levels after being insulted

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Olweus (1993)

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longitudinal study in Norway on the effectiveness of OBPP in schools, found that after 2 years of the program reported instances of bullying decreased by 50%

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Black (2007)

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longitudinal study in USA on effectiveness of OBPP in schools, found that there was a decrease in bullying instances by 25% but an increase in self reported instances by 4%. This could be attributed to additional supervision put in place by schools

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Macs Research Group (2002)

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results found that after an 8 year period there was no increase of decrease in aggressive behavior

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Shalev (1995)

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stress response to a terror attack on a bus in Israel, found that participants had intrusive thoughts and were extremely upset about the incident directly after, 10 months after intrusive thoughts had decreased but avoidance coping increased (PTSD)

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Schuster et al (2001)

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stress responses to direct and indirect involvement with 9/11 attacks, found that even indirect exposure could induce stress responses but the closer a person was to the event the more stressed they were

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Carney and Hazler (2007)

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cortisol levels in bullying, found that short term exposure to bullying lead to increased feelings of anxiety whereas long term exposure to violence resulted in decreased cortisol levels (associated with PTSD and chronic fatigue syndrome)

IB Psychology Paper 2 Studies

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