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Piaget

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Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980)

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Piaget stage One

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sensorimotor- From birth to age 2 children experience the world through movement and senses

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Piaget stage two

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Preoperational- from age 2 to 7 magical thinking is acquired, Egocentrism begins

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Piaget stage three

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Concrete Operational- from 7 to 11children begin to think logically but are very concrete in their thinking

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Piaget stage four

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Formal operational- from 11 on.Children develop abstract thought and can easily conserve and think logically in their mind.

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Erik Erikson

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Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

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Erikson stage 1

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0-1yr, trust vs. mistrust; sense of security

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Erikson stage 2

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1-2yr, autonomy vs. shame/doubt; sense of independence

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Erikson stage 3

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3-5yr, initiative vs. guilt, balance between spontaneity and restraint

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Erikson stage 4

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6yr-puberty, industry vs. inferiority, sense of self-confidence

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Erikson stage 5

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adolescence, identity vs. role confusion, unified sense of self

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Erikson stage 6

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Intimacy v. Isolation (young adulthood). Resolution = Love

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Erikson stage 7

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middle adulthood, generativity vs. stagnation, promote well-being of others

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Erikson stage 8

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late adulthood, integrity vs. despair, sense of satisfaction with life well-lived

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Lawerence Kohlberg

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the 3 levels with 2 stages in each of moral reasoning

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Kohlberg level 1- Pre Conventional

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a) Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation -Moral thinking is often tired to avoiding punishment.b) Stage 2: Reward orientation -Rules are followed for one's own benefit.

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Kohlberg Level 2- Conventional

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Focus on others. Right and wrong determined by other's expectations, social norms, or the law. Stage 3 - Good boy/good girl Stage 4 - Law and order

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Kohlberg Level 3- Post Conventional

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Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights (kind of like the US Constitution) Stage 6: Universal Principles (individual conscience and abstract concepts of justice, human dignity, and equality)

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Mahler

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Theory of development Psychological birth of the individual- 3 phases

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Normal Autistic phase

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(Mahler's Theory of Development). 0-2 months. State of half-asleep, half-awake. Major task of phase is to achieve homeostatic equilibrium with the environment.

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Normal Symbiotic phase

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(Mahler's Theory of Development). 2-5 months. Dim awareness of caretaker, but infant still functions as if he and caretaker are in state of undifferentiation or fusion. Social smile characteristic (two to four months).

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Separation-Individuation Phase

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development of limits, differentiation from mother, hatching, practicing, rapproachement

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developmental delay

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Delay in communication, self-help, social-emotional, motor skills, sensory development, or cognition in comparison to skills typically observed in other individuals within the same age range

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fragile x syndrome

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side from intellectual disability, prominent characteristics of the syndrome include an elongated face, large or protruding ears, flat feet, larger testes (macroorchidism), and low muscle tone.is the most common known single-gene cause of autism and the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability

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Down syndrome

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a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome

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cerebral palsy

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a condition caused by brain damage around the time of birth and marked by lack of muscle control and paralysis especially in the limbs

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Non- verbal learning disability

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Children are very verbal. do not understand reading have poor social skills

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Asperger syndrome

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a childhood disorder at the high-functioning end of the autistic spectrum; characterized by impaired social interest and skills and restricted interests

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IFSP

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Individual Family Service Plan. A process in which family members and service providers work as a team to plan, implement, and evaluate services tailored to the family's unique concerns, priorities, and resources.

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IEP

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The Individual Education Plan developed for each child eligible for special education, based on the child's unique needs, with parent participation, containing a statement of the child's present level of performance, educational needs, goals and measurable objectives. Is reviewed at least annually.

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Fairy Tale

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fanciful, imaginary story about a hero or heroine overcoming a problem, often involving mystical creatures, supernatural power, or magic; often a type of folktale.

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Folk Tale

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traditional stories and legends, transmitted orally from generation to generation.

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Fable

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a brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

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Bibliotherapy

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Teachers who use bibliotherapy in their classroom also learn much about the children they teach [12]. Teachers as practitioners of bibliotherapy select appropriate reading materials and match them to the needs of individual students to assist them in the development of self-awareness, problem-solving skills, perspective-taking, and understanding of problems[

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Identification

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Identification is when a reader associates themselves with the character or situation in the literary work

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Catharsis

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is when the reader shares many of the same thoughts and feelings of the characters in the literary work

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Insight

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is when the reader realizes that they relate to the character or situation and learn to deal more effectively with their own personal issues

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analogy

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a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

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metaphor

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comparison not using like or as

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Stages of spelling

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pre-phonetic, phonetic, transitional and conventional

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pre-phonetic

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understand that launguage can be represented on paper but not understanding that letters correspond to sound

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phonetic spelling

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words are spelled like they sound, all the phonemes are represented in a word, although the spelling may be unconventional

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transitional spelling

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spelling characterized by words that have conventional features such as consonant- vowel patterns but are not spelled conventionally.

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Fetal alcohol Syndrome

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Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

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Parent Child Home Program

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program developed for children who have little or no education prior to school.. usually low ses

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Cross-Modal

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Using more than one sensory modality to perform a discrimination or some other form of judgment

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McGurk Effect

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refers to the influence of visual info on speech perception when individuals must integrate both visual and auditory info.

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Depersonalization

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feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body

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cognitive dissonance

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an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs

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corresponding angles

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On parallel lines these two angles are on the SAME side of the transverse and the same side of the parallel lines. They are EQUAL. What are they called?

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equal protection of laws

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part of the fourteenth amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people.

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due process of law

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principle in the 5th Amendment stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals

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popular sovereignty

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The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

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Bronfenbrenner

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Ecological Systems Theory - views child as developing within a complex system of relationships from microsystem to macrosystem

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Maturationist theory

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A theory that holds that most of what humans become is predetermined by genetics that traits inherited from ancestors simply unfold as children mature.-gessell

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Environmentalist theory

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stress environmental factors in language acquisitions, includes language the child hears, the structure of social interactions and the physical environment, Skinner

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