Nutrients That Assist In Growth And Development – Flashcards
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nutrients that plants absorb through their roots that assist in growth and development
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mineral
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a mixture of substances containing minerals that are added to soil to help keep plants healthy
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fertilizer
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The three minerals in fertilizers found in the largest amounts are known as
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macronutrients
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The three minerals in fertilizers found in the largest amounts are known as
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macronutrients
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The ten minerals in fertilizers in small amounts (also called trace elements) are called
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micronutrients
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The genus of plants in the mustard family that the Wisconsin Fast Plants belong to
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Brassica
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The process of breeding plants and animals for specific traits
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selective breeding
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What are the three macronutrients?
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nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium
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The process by which a seed becomes a plant
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germination
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Inactive, as in a seed
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dormant
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protective covering on a seed
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seed coat
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tiny beginnings in a seed of root, stem and leaves
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embryo
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food storing tissue in a seed
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endosperm
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seed leaves, which in dicots also contains the food storing tissue
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cotyledon
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plants whose seeds have one seed leaf (also parallel veins, fibrous root systems and flower parts in multiples of 3)
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monocot
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plants whose seeds have two seed leaves (also branching veins, taproot systems and flower parts in multiples of fours and fives)
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dicot
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the first root that emerges from a seed
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primary root
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microscopic, fingerlike extensions of the outer root cells that increase surface area for the absorption of water and minerals
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root hairs
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roots that branch off of the primary root
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secondary roots
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process by which true leaves use energy from the sun to manufacture glucose
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photosynthesis
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What can cause some seeds to NOT germinate?
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not enough oxygen, too cold, not enough water, fungus
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Who helped develop the Wisconsin Fast Plant?
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Dr. Williams
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what are some special qualities of the Fast Plant?
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quick (6-week)life cycle, grows best in constant light, produces a lot of seeds, been to outer space
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How was the Fast Plant developed?
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Selective breeding, by cross-pollinating only the plants that grew the fastest
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What are the four stages of the cabbage white life cycle?
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egg, larva, pupa and adult
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Which stage is sexually mature?
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Only the adult
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What is the main function of the larval stage?
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to eat
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What occurs in the pupal stage?
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Metamorphosis
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Why do larva molt?
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The exoskeleton cannot grow, so it is shed and a baggier skin will be underneath.
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What is Lepidoptera?
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The order of insects that butterflies belong to; it means "scale wing"
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What is larval waste called?
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Frass
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Shedding of the exoskeleton (outer skin)
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molting
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What is frass made of?
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Parts of undigested plant tissue.
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Which leaf did most of the larva prefer in the experiment?
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Fast plant or cabbage
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What was the IV in the larva experiment?
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The types of leaves
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What was the DV in the larva experiment?
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Which leaf the larva preferred
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What are some constants in the larva experiment?
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The size of the leaves, their distance from the larva and amount of time the larva had to choose each leaf
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How do insects choose what to eat?
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odor and taste, caused by chemicals in plants
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what are some members of the Brassicacaea (mustard) family?
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radishes, turnips, mustard greens, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and brussel sprouts
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What are the chemicals in plants of the mustard family that cause the strong odors?
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glucosides
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What is an entemologist?
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a scientist that studies insects
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What is the main job of glucosides?
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to make the plants unappetizing - and it works (for most insects)
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What does an adult cabbage white butterfly eat?
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nectar
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the mouth part of an adult butterfly is called
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proboscis
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Do butterflies see color?
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Yes, they preferred blue over the other colors.
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What was the IV in the nectar color experiment?
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The colors of the nectar.
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What was the DV in the nectar color experiment?
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The amount of each that was eaten (by counting the number of drops of waste of each color)
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What were some controlled variables (constants) in the nectar color experiment?
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The nectar recipe, the time that the butterflies had access to the colors.
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female reproductive part of a flower
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pistil
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male reproductive part of a flower
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stamen
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stem-like structure of a stamen
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filament
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top portion of a stamen
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anther
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sticky top of a pistil
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stigma
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the stem-like part of a pistil
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style
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the bottom of a pistil
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ovary
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What is the function of the ovary?
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produce eggs (ovules)
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what is a perfect flower?
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one with both male and female parts
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What is an imperfect flower?
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one without both male and female parts
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process of pollen from an anther contacting the stigma of a pistil
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pollination
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if the pollen is transferred to a stigma of the same plant
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self-pollination
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if the pollen is transferred to a stigma of a different plant
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cross-pollination
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union of a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus
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fertilization
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What must happen after pollination before fertilization can occur?
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Sperm nuclei must travel down the pollen tubes and into the ovary
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a structure that developed from the ovary of a flower; it protects seeds and can assist in dispersal
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fruit
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How do flowers promote their own pollination?
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bright petal colors, unique aromas
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What will a fertilized egg (ovule) develop into?
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a seed
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reproduction with one parent, in which the offspring are identical to the parent
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asexual reproduction
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reproduction with a male and female parent in which the offspring are different from (a genetic recombinaton of) the two parents
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sexual reproduction
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examples of asexual reproduction
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budding, runners, cuttings, bulbs, binary fission
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when amoeba or other simple organisms reproduce asexaully by splitting in two (cell division) it is known as
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binary fission
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type of asexual reproduction in which outgrowths on an organism eventually break off and become self-sufficient
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budding
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an advantage of asexual reproduction
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convenient - only one parent
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a disadvantage of asexual reproduction
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cannot improve the quality of the species
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an advantage of sexual reproduction
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increases diversity through genetic recombination
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a disadvantage of sexual reproduction
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requires union of male and female (is less convenient- have to wait for pollination or other actions)
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the broad, flat part of a leaf
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blade
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the narrow, stem-like part of a leaf
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petiole
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small, tube-like structures that carry water and other substances throughout a plant
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vein
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a thin, tough layer of cells on the outer surface of a leafs blade
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epidermis
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a waxy covering on the upper surface of most leaves that protects from injury and water loss
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cuticle
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the middle cells of a leaf that have roles in photosynthesis
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mesophyll
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an opening between two guard cells
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stoma
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multiple openings (the plural for stoma)
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stomata
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a pair of sausage/oval shaped cells on lower surface of most leaves that control formation of stomata
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guard cells
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the process by which water passes out of the stomata of a leaf and into the environment
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transpiration
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process by which chlorophyll containing cells (chloroplasts) trap and use energy from the sun to combine carbon dioxide and water into glucose for food, releasing oxygen as a waste product
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photosynthesis
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food produced through photosynthesis, stored in the plant cells until needed
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glucose
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tightly packed cells of mesophyll that contains lots of chloroplasts for photosyhnthesis
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palisade cells
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loose area of mesophyll providing room for water, oxygen and carbon dioxide to travel within the leaf
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spongy layer
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a pair of guard cells and the stoma they form
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stomatal unit
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What are the ingredients for photosynthesis?
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energy from sunlight, water from roots, carbon dioxide from air
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What is formed from photosynthesis?
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glucose and oxygen
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What comes in stomata?
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carbon dioxide
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What goes out stomata?
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water and oxygen
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How does a stoma open?
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If the leaf has too much water, water will enter the guard cells causing the to swell and buckle. The opening formed is the stoma.
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How does a stoma close?
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As excess water is released out the stoma, the guard cells start to lose water and unswell. The gradually closes the stoma.
