question

Causes of American Revolution

answer

Debt from the French and Indian War, Stamp Act, Townsend Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Thomas Paine's Common Sense

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Effects of American Revolution

answer

Declaration of Independence, Treaty of Paris, Articles of Confederation, US Constitution, Bill of Rights

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Liberal vs. Conservative

answer

Theme present in this time period especially in Latin America

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enlightenment

answer

movement during the 1700's that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society

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philosophers

answer

thinkers or philosophers of the Enlightenment

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salons

answer

informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and other exchanged enlightenment ideas

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encyclopedia

answer

the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was ebentually banned because it dealt with controversial issues

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Hobbes

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Government is necessary to protect the people. You must give up rights to be protected. Wrote the Leviathan. Social contract.

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Leviathan

answer

Book written by Thomas Hobbes insisting on the need for absolute rule

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Locke

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Believed in life, liberty, and property - people make a deal with the government in return for protection

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Montesquieu

answer

the Enlighenment writer who believed in seperation of powers

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Voltaire

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French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

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Rousseau

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believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society

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Copernicus

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Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe

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Galileo

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Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.

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Kepler

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This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical

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baroque

answer

elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century

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neoclassical

answer

Light and elegant art and architecture inspired by Ancient Greece and Rome. This style reflected Enlightenment ideas

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geocentric theory

answer

Arrangment of the solar system that places the Earth at the center with the sun and planets orbiting the Earth

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heliocentric theory

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the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun

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Diderot

answer

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically

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Inquisition

answer

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

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enlightened despot

answer

System of government in which an absolute ruler rules according to the principles of Enlightenment

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social contract

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the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others

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Tyrant

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A cruel ruler

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Monarchy

answer

a country ruled by a king

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democracy

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government in which the people elect the people they want to represent them

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Taxation without Representation

answer

forcing people to pay taxes when they have no say in the making of the laws

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Liberty

answer

freedom of choice

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Republic

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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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Boston Massacre

answer

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

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Boston Tea Party

answer

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

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natural rights

answer

Life, Liberty, Property (changed in Dec.of I)

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consent of the governed

answer

the idea that government derives its authority by the sanction of the people

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What were the causes of the American Revolution?

answer

Proclamation of 1763, Intolerable Acts, Stamp Act, Mercantilism, Lack of Representation in Parliament, and British economic polocies following the French & Indian War.

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Proclamation of 1763

answer

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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Stamp Act

answer

A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies.

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Intolerable Acts

answer

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses.

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Mercantilism

answer

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

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What was the role of John Adams in the American Revolution?

answer

A Massachusetts attorney & politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the second President of the United States.

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What was the role of Samuel Adams in the American Revolution?

answer

Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party.. Represents radicalism

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What was the role of Benjamin Franklin in the American Revolution?

answer

American patriot, writer, printer, and inventor. During the Revolutionary War he persuaded the French to help the colonists. Liberal

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What was the role of King George III in the American Revolution?

answer

He was the king of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a TYRANT. conservative

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What was the role of Thomas Jefferson in the American Revolution?

answer

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. Republican

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What was the role of Thomas Paine in the American Revolution?

answer

Patriot and writer whose pamphlet Common Sense, published in 1776, convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain. He also wrote The American Crisis to urge colonists to join the fight against the British.

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Battle of Saratoga

answer

The battle which was the turning point of the Revolution because after the colonists won this major victory, the French decided to support us with money, troops, ships, etc.

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Treaty of Paris of 1783

answer

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

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Unalienable Rights

answer

These rights are fundamental or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law. They include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness., rights that cannot be given up, taken away or transferred.

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John Locke

answer

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

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First Continental Congress

answer

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

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Second Continental Congress

answer

They organized the Continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence.

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Olive Branch Petition

answer

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

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Committees of Correspondence

answer

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

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Boston Tea Party

answer

Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor. Protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor.

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Common Sense

answer

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.

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Boston Massacre

answer

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

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Declaration of Independence

answer

The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.

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Spain and France

answer

supported the colonist's war for independence; were allies of the colonists

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American Revolution

answer

helped to ignite or spark the French Revolution

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American Advantages

answer

Knowledge of the land Allies (France) Desire to defend their own land Cause to fight for (Independence)

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Second Continental Congress

answer

Revolutionary government Representatives from all 13 colonies Declared independence from Britain

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Arguments from Common Sense

answer

Monarchy is a bad form of government Britain is too far away to govern us. An island cannot govern a continent. People came to America because Britain treated them poorly.

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British Advantages

answer

Well trained army Excellent Navy wealth Strong government

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Articles of Confederation

answer

Loose confederation where most power was held by the states. Created weak government

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1st Estate

answer

the clergy of the church; 1% of population; owned 10% of the land; paid no taxes

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2nd Estate

answer

nobility; 2% of the population; paid little taxes; collected dues; land ownership when to the eldest son

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3rd Estate

answer

everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property

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Louis XVI

answer

king of France that was beheaded during the revolution, weak, $$ spender, attempts to fix things were too late

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Tennis Court Oath

answer

never separate and to meet whenever possible to create a fair constitution

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July 14, 1789

answer

Beginning of the French Revolution (date)

question

Declaration of the Rights of Man

answer

document that gave the French men their basic rights, not women, resistance to oppression, "Liberty, equality, fraternity"

question

What was the slogan of the French Revolution?

answer

liberty, prosperity, and fraternity

question

March on Versailles

answer

the event where a group of women demanded bread and kidnaped King Louis XIV

question

Committee of Public Safety

answer

12 man committee that was said that the only way liberty could be achieved was for men to lose their heads; led by Maximilien Robespierre

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Robespierre

answer

leader of Committee of Public safety; executed in 1794; end of reign of terror, Republic of Virtue

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Reign of Terror

answer

period of time when many people died; supposed to be about liberty, but it's just bloodshed; ended with Maximilian's execution

question

1793-1794

answer

When was the Reign of Terror?

question

40,000

answer

How many died in the Reign of Terror?

question

Napoleonic Code

answer

Napoleon's comprehensive laws that was his systems of laws that created fairness in France

question

Why was Great Britain able to resist France?

answer

through their navy and the fact that they are an island; (Britain won the battle of Trafalgar, which was the most important battle. The British commander split the French fleet and captured and destroyed them. This had two major results. First, it ensured the supremacy of England navy and it forced Napoleon give up his plans of invading Britain.)

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Blockade

answer

the action of blocking the allowance of goods from a certain place to come into your country; France said no one could trade with England

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Continental System

answer

the rule that said you are not allowed to trade with people on the same continent as you; France said that no one could trade with England

question

Explain how Russia was able to defeat Napoleon.

answer

Nearly all of the Napoleon's 400,000 troops sent on a campaign in Russia died, most from hunger and the cold of the Russian winter; Left with 100,000 troops

question

scorched earth policy

answer

set everything on fire, then Russian would retreat

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Congress of Vienna

answer

the meeting between the countries that defeated Napoleon; they wanted to restore the balance that existed before Revolution

question

Austria, Russia, Prussia, UK, France

answer

What countries were present at Vienna?

question

Castlereagh

answer

UK leader at Vienna

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Alexander I

answer

Russian leader at Vienna

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Frederick William II

answer

Prussian leader at Vienna

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Metterinch

answer

Austrian leader at Vienna

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Talleyrand

answer

French leader at Vienna

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Goals of Congress of Vienna

answer

to make sure France never got as powerful as it was with Napoleon as its leader and to restore all monarchies and the balance of power

question

legitimacy

answer

ruling families prior to the revolution are returned to throne

question

Old Regime

answer

3 estates, feudalism (Nobles get land in exchange for military service, serfs work the land)

question

French Revolution Causes

answer

Third estate abuse, starvation, Weak leader, Enlightenment ideas, debt, inspiration of American Rev.,

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Estates-General

answer

Meeting of 3 estates for tax reform (1st meeting in 175 years)

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Bourgeoise

answer

3rd estate reps(merchants, artisans, the "rich lower class") filled w/ enlightenment ideas, were rejected by king and nobles -------> tennis court oath

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Bastille

answer

Bastille fell to revolutionaries, symbolic, start of revolution (July 14, 1789)

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National Assembly

answer

After estates general, 3rd estate decided to hold meeting and make their own laws

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Jacobin

answer

club for political debates-----Robspierre, radicals

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radical

answer

1) also known as revolutionary 2) desire to create a policy that never before existed- immediately. 3) change NOW! violence is okay. 4) Russian Revolution, IRA, PLO, Black Panthers

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liberal

answer

1) support for progress and reforms, new ideas, new plans 2) open to new ideas or not strict in the observance of old ideas 3) favors an active role for government in business and in peoples' lives 4) protection of civil and political liberties 5) taxes are okay for programs 6) DEMOCRATIC PARTY 7) F.D. Roosevelt, Kennedy, Clinton, Obama

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moderate

answer

1) 'middle of the road' 2) combination of both liberal and conservative views 3) majority of Americans 4) Eisenhower, Ford

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conservative

answer

1) general opposition to change 2) maintain 'status quo' 3) prefers gradual development to abrupt change 4) favors little government involvement in business and peoples' lives 5) taxes are bad 6) REPUBLICAN PARTY 7) Reagan, Nixon, Bush, Mccain

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reactionary

answer

1) desire to return to the policies of the past 2) change NOW! violence is okay. 3) KKK, Neo-Nazis, Taliban

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Abbe Seiyes

answer

spokesperson of 3rd estate @ estates general

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Great Fear

answer

Wave of senseless, spreading, panic and fear that the nobles were going to terrorize the peasants. overtook peasants and revolution happened

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Emigres

answer

nobles who fled during peasant uprisings, extreme conservatives

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Austria and Prussia

answer

Wanted monarchy in France, France declared war. Losing battle.

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1st Estate

answer

the clergy of the church; 1% of population; owned 10% of the land; paid no taxes

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2nd Estate

answer

nobility; 2% of the population; paid little taxes; collected dues; land ownership when to the eldest son

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3rd Estate

answer

everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property

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Louis XVI

answer

king of France that was beheaded during the revolution

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Tennis Court Oath

answer

3rd estate promised to keep meeting until a constitution was made

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Storming of the Bastille

answer

800 protesters; demand guns and ammunition; troops open fire; prison is stormed.

question

July 14, 1789

answer

Beginning of the French Revolution (date)

question

Declaration of the Rights of Man

answer

document that gave the French men their basic rights.

question

What was the slogan of the French Revolution?

answer

Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

question

March on Versailles

answer

the event where a group of women demanded bread and kidnaped King Louis XIV

question

Committee of Public Safety

answer

12 man committee that was said that the only way liberty could be achieved was for men to lose their heads; led by Maximilien Robespierre

question

Robespierre

answer

leader of Committee of Public safety; executed in 1794; end of reign of terror

question

Reign of Terror

answer

period of time when many people died; supposed to be about liberty, but it's just bloodshed; ended with Maximilian's execution

question

Estates General

answer

Meeting of all three estates; called by Louis XVI to try to solve problems of France

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National Assembly

answer

Formed by the 3rd Estate because unhappy with the Old Regime

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Legistlative Assembly

answer

Between National Assembly and National Convention; made up of two groups Bourgeoise and more radical Jacobins.

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National Convention

answer

Contained Legislative and Executive functions; Created Committe of Public Safety with Robespierre leading-dominated by radical leadership

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Great Fear

answer

fearful peasants armed themselves in self-defense and attacked manor houses of Nobles

question

Sans-cullottes (Jacobin)

answer

radical group of National Convention- wanting to make change in France using terror/violence-led by Robespierre

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Giorondins

answer

less radical group of National Convention wanting to end Monarchy , eventually killed by Jacobins

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The Guillotine

answer

"The Blade" created by Dr.Guillotine, severed head from body, "more human death" killed thousands including King and Queen

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Napoleon downfall

answer

Continental system, peninsular war, russian invasion

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Napoleon Bonaparte

answer

The military general who rose to power to become Emperor of the French Empire; he restored order to France following the French Revolution

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Corsica

answer

The island in the Mediterranean Sea where Napoleon was born in 1769

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Savior of the French Republic

answer

This was one of the many titles Napoleon received during his rise to power and his reign of power

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Coup d'etat

answer

A sudden seizure of power; Napoleon used this to gain power in France

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Plebiscite

answer

A yes or no vote on an issue; Napoleon used this to gain power in France

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Lycée

answer

A government run public school established by Napoleon

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Concordat

answer

An agreement signed by Napoleon and the Pope to restore the Catholic Church

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Napoleonic Code

answer

A comprehensive set of laws that created a uniform set of laws for the people of France; it promoted order and authority over individual rights

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December 2, 1804

answer

Napoleon was crowned the Emperor of France in an elaborate ceremony in the Notre Dame Catherdral in Paris

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Battle of Trafalgar

answer

This was a naval battle fought between Britain and France; because France lost, Napoleon was forced to give up his plans to invade Britain

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Battle of Austerlitz

answer

This was an enormous victory for Napoleon against the Russian and Austrian armies; this demonstrated his dominance of Europe

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Coalition

answer

A temporary alliance

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Continental System

answer

A blockade set up between continental Europe and Britain in an attempt to make Europe self-sufficient; Napoleon's ulterior motive was to destroy Britain's commercial and industrial economy

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Peninsular War

answer

Napoleon invaded Spain, desposed the king and tried to put his brother Joseph on the throne; the Spanish resisted and defeated Napoleon's army

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Nationalism

answer

A feeling of loyalty to one's land or people; this was used by the Spanish to unite and defeat Napoleon

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Guerilla Warfare

answer

When ordinary peasants hid and ambushed the French army; they attacked then fled; they had the support of the British

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Invasion of Russia

answer

Czar Alexander I refused to stop selling grain to Britain; as a result, Napoleon attacked his country with the Grand Army

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Grand Army

answer

The group of men drafted by Napoleon from the countries he had "liberated"; they had no loyalty to Napoleon or France

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Scorched-Earth Policy

answer

The systematic burning of grain fields, the killing of livestock and the destruction of other item to keep them from the enemy

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Grand Coalition

answer

An alliance between Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and Sweden who capitalized on Napoleon's weakness and defeated him

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Exile

answer

To banish

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Elba

answer

The island off the coast of Italy where Napoleon was banished to after his first loss to the Grand Coalition

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Battle of Waterloo

answer

This was Napoleon's final defeat; this loss brought an end to the French Empire and Napoleon's military career

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St. Helena

answer

The island off the coast of Africa where Napoleon was banished to after his final loss to the Grand Coalition

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Congress of Vienna

answer

A gathering of royalty called to order by four of the Great Powers to celebrate and confirm the defeat of Napoleon

question

Great Power

answer

A country strong enough to shape or influence international events

question

Congress of Vienna (goal)

answer

To restore Europe to pre-Napoleon days

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Diplomacy

answer

The making of agreements by officials to establish the peace; used by the Congress of Vienna

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Klemens von Metternich

answer

The most influential member of the Congress of Vienna; he worked for Austria but called himself a "Citizen of Europe"

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Encirclement of France

answer

An attempt to strengthen the countries around France to prevent future French aggression

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Balance of Power

answer

An attempt to ensure that no country was a threat to another; as a result, France remained a Great Power (kept borders, kept army)

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Legitimacy

answer

An attempt to restore the royal families Napoleon had removed from power by putting the rightful heirs back on their thrones

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Containment of France

answer

An attempt to strengthen the countries around France to prevent future French aggression

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Toussiant L'Ouverture

answer

was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

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Haitian rev

answer

Saint Domingue(Haiti) was under Napoleon's control. influenced by Am and French revolutions. Napoleon gave up them

question

Inspiration-

answer

- The Haitian, Mexican, and South American revolutions were inspired by the Enlightment, The American Revolution, the spread of nationalism, and revolutions in Europe. - The ideas of liberty and equality inspiried independence movements. - society was driven by social structure

question

Social Classes in Latin America

answer

- Similar to the French Revolution social classes struggles played a large role in Latin America independecne. - Peinsulars- were wealthy, Spanish born citizens, smallest percentage of population and held the highest political positons in society - Creoles- were Spainards born in Latin America, could not hold political office but could be military officers. - Together the peninsulares and the creoles possessed all of the wealth, power, and land in Latin America. - The bottom classes were the metizos ( a mixture of European and native ancestory) - mulattos ( a mixture of European and African ancestry), and the slave class.

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Haiti

answer

- Revolution inspiried by the American Revolution. - French colony of Saint- Dominge had a large slave population. - Led by Toussaint L' Overture the slaves revolted in 1791. - By 1801 L' Overture had gained control of the island and freed the slaves.

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French Response

answer

- In 1802, France sent troops to remove L' Overture from power. - L' Overture was sent to France where he died in a french prison. - The French were unsucessful in ending the revolt.

question

Hatian Independence

answer

- In 1804 Haiti declared its independence. - This was the only sucessful slave revolt in history. - The creoles led a majority of the independence movements in the rest of Latin America. - Many mestizos and other lower classes were inspired by the ideas of equality and freedom as well.

question

Napoleon's Legacy

answer

- Napoleon Bonaparte's attempts to conqur nations in Europe caused many of the creoles to worry about an absloute ruler. - Nationalistic feelings intensified and many desiried their rights and equality not allowed by their class systems. - Used Locke's ideas, specifically the idea of consent of thr governed along with nationalistic ideas to justify rebellion against Spain.

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Mexico

answer

- Independence movement initially led by the mestizos. - Father Miguel Hidalgo, inspiried by the Enlightment ideas, called for a rebellion. - Led a crowd to march towards Mexico City. - Deafeated in 1811 by the upper classes - Another attempt four years later also resulted in defeat. - Mexican independence was gained in 1821 by Mexican creoles.

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Mexican Independence

answer

- Mexican creoles declared independence from Spain. - Feared they were losing power. - Named Agustin de Iturbide as their emperor. - In 1823 the nations of Nicargua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica called Central America declared independence from Mexico.

question

Sources of discontent

answer

• Late 1700s • Latin America wanted a revolution • There was discontent in Spanish rule • Wanted to change social, radical and political system

question

Hierarchy

answer

• Spanish and Peninsulares- Spanish born, who dominated Latin America; and they held the top jobs. • Creoles-People born in Lain America who were of European decent; they were the second class and could only hold jobs accordingly. • Mestizoes-People od Latin America and European decent • Mulattoes-People of Africa and European decent Naives • African slaves Natives suffered economic misery under spanish rule

question

Enlightenment ideas

answer

• Educated Creoles -read about enlightenment • They knew about revolutions • Ideas were exchanged even in women • Simon Bolivar- a Creoles who knew about all of the revolution stuff around them and the injustice they were faced with

question

Napoleon Bonaparte

answer

• He invited Spain • Placed his brother on Spanish thrown • Latin America took advantage of Spanish weakness • Opportunity to reject foreign domination and get independence from colonial rule

question

Haiti's Struggles of Independence

answer

• Slaves worked on sugar plantations • Harsh condition, overworked, and underfeed

question

Slave Revolte

answer

• Boukman Rebellion - Led by Dutty Boukman, meating in northern mountains, • Promise to kill salve owners and burn plantations • He was captured and beheaded • Toussaint L'Ouverture- an educated (read and wright) freed slave, became there leader, and an untrained but great general • A vary bloody batter with many deaths • Result- freed slaves, still French colony but Toussaint L'Ouverture controlled much of it

question

Independence

answer

• Napoleon regained power • Sent a large army to Haiti They came to a truce • Toussaint was imprisoned, died in prison • Jean Jacques Dessalines took over next, enslave, he was more angry • Lead a bloody war • They won full independence - Guerrilla warfare was used against French - French caught diseases - yellow fever - Napoleon gave up- they came to a truce • They got the republic they wanted

question

truce

answer

temporary peace

question

Mexico and Central America

answer

• Creoles in Spanish America were scared of slave revolt • They were fine with differences and did not want change • Father Miguel Hidalgo, priest in Mexico, started the cry for freedom that spread

question

El Grito de Delores

answer

• Father Miguel Hidalgo, in Dolores, in September of 1810 summoned people to gather for prayer • Made a speech to people called "el Grito de Dolores" telling people to get back the freedom taken from them by the Spanish • Mexicans would fight for Independence and Liberty • Mestizos and Natives helped but creoles did not want to lose any more power • More obstacles go in the way • A year later he was captured, killed and followers scattered

question

Jose Morelos

answer

• A mestizo who wanted a lot of reforms • He pick the revolution back up • 1815 he has also captured

question

Independence Achieved

answer

• 1820, liberals forced to king to issue a constitution • Agustian de Iturbide, against revolutionaries • 1821, turned around helped over through the Spanish victory • Mexico was Independent, and he became Emperor • He was toppled in order to form a The Republic of Mexico • Independent but life barley changed

question

New Republics in Central America

answer

• Iturbide wanted to add other independent lands, from Spanish, to the Mexican Empire • He was over through so • The United Provinces of Central America was set up, but did not stay for long • Split up into many nations which then had many social and economic problems

question

Independence in South America

answer

• NA's rebel against Spanish • 1800's creoles discontent sparked widespread wan for independence

question

A Native American revolt

answer

• Tupac Amaru, lead the strongest challenge to Spanish by NA's,NA's revolt against the spanish • To end forced labor of Indians, demand rejected but Spanish • 1780, organizes NA revolt, crushed by large army, killed Tupac • they did abolish forced labor

question

Bolivar

answer

• Creole new about an admired the French and American Revolutions • Wanted independence from Spain • Napoleon Bonaparte had occupied Spain, chance to act • 1810, established republic in his native Venezuele, but toppled by conservative forces • In the end he was forced into exile in Haiti • March army through Andes to attack Spanish at Bogata • alliance with Venezuela cowboys • 1819, surprised Spanish • 1821, freed Venezuela • Named "the Liberator" • Freed more places • Joied San Martin

question

San Martin

answer

• Creole in Argentina • Got military training when 7 • Helped Argentina get free from Spain • Also defeated Spanish is Peru and Chili • Against colonial rule • Tried to work with Bolivar but had different views so he went into exile and let Bolivar win final victories

question

Dreams and disappointment

answer

• Revolutions ended • Bolivar tried to unite lands- Gran Colombia • Rivalry spilt it up into 3-nations, Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador

question

Brazil

answer

• Napoleon concord Portugal, Royal family fled to Brazil • They told brazil of many reforms • When they left they put Dom Pedro, kings son, on the throne of Brazil • New leaders in Portugal, abolished reforms made in Brazil, and demanded for Pedro to come home • He refused to leave so he made himself emperor • Put reforms back in • 1889, became republic

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