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In __________ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response.

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continuous

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In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation was the

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unconditioned response.

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The presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are both examples of

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punishment.

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In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

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stimulus which did not initially produce a response now elicits that response.

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In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning

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occur after the response.

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If you have a snake phobia because you once heard a loud noise while looking at a snake, for you a snake is a(n)

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CS.

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A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called

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successive approximations

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If the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without reinforcement, we can expect

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extinction to occur.

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A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat. However, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. Her response demonstrates

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discrimination

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Punishment is most effective in suppressing behavior when it is

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immediate, consistent, and intense.

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The greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

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variable interval

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In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the

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bell.

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Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

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classical conditioning.

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In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning) was the

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neutral stimulus

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Reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is

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response contingent.

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After pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. This response is then called

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conditioned response

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Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner. Jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy

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after all the dishes are put away.

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After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed. This is called

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spontaneous recovery.

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The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well. If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework. The stickers in this example could also be called

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tokens

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A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the use of

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reinforcement

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In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was the

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conditioned stimulus.

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One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

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classical conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are associated with one another

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In classical conditioning, events critical to the learning occur __________ the response.

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before

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A punisher can be

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any consequence that reduces the occurrence of a behavior

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In a study of punishment, shock is administered to a hamster through a wire grid on the bottom of the cage. To the researcher's surprise, the hamster learns to roll on its back when shocked so that its fur insulates it from the shock. The hamster's response demonstrates

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negative reinforcement

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Becoming addicted to gambling is related to the effects of

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partial reinforcement

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The technique of using desensitization involves

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gradually exposing the person to the feared stimulus only when they are fully relaxed

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A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

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fixed interval

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In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, food was the

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unconditioned stimulus

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To strengthen the connection between the CS and the CR, the CS must

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precede the US

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Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?

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Punishment teaches new responses

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Operant conditioning was studied by

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Skinner

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Using poker chips to reinforce mental patients for healthy behavior would be an example of using

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tokens

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Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by

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pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.

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A neutral stimulus is one that

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does not evoke the UR.

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Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer

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grades

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For conditioning to occur, the proper order of events is

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CS-US-UR.

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A team coach who benches a player for poor performance is using

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punishment.

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For the connection between the CS and the CR to be strengthened, the CS must

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precede the US.

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In operant conditioning, what is the relationship between events critical to learning and the response to be learned?

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They occur after the response

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The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n)

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unconditioned response

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In a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of

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stimulus generalization

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When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response

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classical conditioning has occurred

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Which of the following describes the state of affairs after conditioning

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CS-CR

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The most basic form of learning that is not heavily dependent on higher order intellectual processes is known as

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conditioning

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Which of the following best describes punishment

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addition of an aversive event

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Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding.

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increases; decreases

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Two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rates of response are

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fixed ratio and variable ratio

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__________ occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event

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Negative reinforcement

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To shape the behavior of their students, teachers employ

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secondary reinforcers

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