Psychology: Study Guide 5 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Kira is jogging down the street listening to her portable music player. Abruptly, her batteries die and the music stops. Which of the following accounts for her ability to still "hear" the last part of the song that was playing?
answer
echoic memory
question
The hormones adrenaline and ________ are released in the face of stress and stimulate protein receptors on nerve cells, which help explain why emotional memories may persist over time.
answer
norepinephrine
question
Researchers exploring the relative influence of decay and interference on memory found that whether a list of digits was read at a slow or fast pace, items that came later in the list were more difficult to remember. This provided evidence that interference, and not decay, is the major factor in forgetting. For those who had subscribed to the decay theory of forgetting, this research points out the importance of
answer
ruling out rival hypotheses
question
Albert realizes that he has to study differently for essay tests in history than the multiple-choice test in his psychology class. In which aspect of memory is he demonstrating growth?
answer
meta-memory
question
The Magic Number of short-term memory is
answer
seven plus or minus two
question
Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate
answer
source monitoring
question
A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that
answer
we actively reconstruct our memories using the cues and information available to us
question
The most important factor in the majority of the cases where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was
answer
faulty eyewitness identification
question
Lizzie is staring at the diagram of an eye that will appear on the exam she will take in the next few minutes. She thinks that by staring at the diagram for a very long time she can "burn" the image into her brain. Although this strategy won't work, she is hoping to take advantage of her __________ memory.
answer
iconic
question
As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting
answer
immediately after learning new words
question
The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage system is
answer
long-term memory
question
What concept best explains why students often do worse on standardized tests like the ACT that are often taken in cafeterias and gymnasiums, as opposed to their regular classroom?
answer
retrieval cues
question
Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when
answer
the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions
question
A group of 3- to 6-year-old children was told about a man named "Sam Stone." For several weeks "Sam" was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. How did this impact the children's memory?
answer
Over half the children, regardless of age, responded to these suggestions while lower percentages also reported that Sam soiled a bear and tore a book.
question
Steve just joined a fraternity. He was introduced to 55 new "brothers." If asked to recall all of their names, which ones would he be most likely to struggle with?
answer
the names of brothers in the middle of the group
question
Which of the following words would present the most difficulty using phonetic decomposition?
answer
pleasure
question
What is wrong in the following sentence? "Eggs the ham and green delicious are."
answer
syntax
question
Our co-worker says, "It's awful in here." To understand what she means, we must
answer
take into account extralinguistic information, such as location and facial expresssions
question
If you wanted to teach a nonhuman animal to communicate using language, which of the following animals does research suggest would be the best choice?
answer
bonobos
question
If I am given 10 math problems, and I can and do solve the first nine in the same way, I may struggle with the tenth problem if it requires a different method to solve it. This best illustrates the concept of
answer
mental sets
question
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ______. This barrier to problem-solving can inhibit one's ability to generate alternative solutions.
answer
mental set
question
According to research, which of the following aspects of language is the least susceptible to the effects of age?
answer
vocabulary
question
What is missing when a student who skips class copies notes from another student?
answer
extralinguistic information
question
The textbook authors note that the word for mother in most languages begins with an "m" or "n" sound. They speculate that this may be because
answer
these phonemes tend to be the first that children acquire
question
Honeybees communicate through
answer
the waggle dance
question
Even those who are well-skilled at reading lips can pick up only about _____ percent of what is being said because most of our verbal expression is done inside of the mouth.
answer
30-35
question
Babies can hear inside the womb
answer
by the fifth month
question
You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?
answer
phonemes
question
If you didn't already know sign language and you observed two deaf persons using signs, you would probably
answer
understand little to nothing about what was being communicated
question
According to ________ theory, children can deduce meaning of words they do not understand by inferring meaning from the context
answer
social pragmatics
question
This person devised a simple formula for calculating an index of intelligence, or intelligence quotient (IQ).
answer
Wilhelm Stern
question
What is a dominant characteristic of culture-fair IQ tests?
answer
minimal verbal skills required
question
The correlation between IQ scores and college grades is .5. What does this correlation suggest?
answer
the higher one's IQ score, the higher one's college grades tend to be
question
The WAIS produces scores in ______ different areas of intelligence.
answer
5
question
According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life.
answer
practical intelligence
question
A question asking why people need birth certificates would fall under which subscale area of the WAIS?
answer
comprehension
question
Brandon can name all 50 states and capitals. Which type of intelligence is he relying most on?
answer
crystallized
question
General findings are that there is a moderate positive correlation - about .3 to .4 - between brain size and measured intelligence. We must remember, however, that this relationship does not mean that having a bigger brain is directly responsible for higher intelligence. Some third variable, such as better nutrition, might explain this relationship. This reminds us of the critical thinking concept of
answer
correlation versus causation
question
A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ___________.
answer
valid
question
Which statement would best reflect Arthur Jensen's views concerning IQ and preschool enrichment programs?
answer
preschool enrichment programs cannot appreciably boost children's IQ scores
question
To which personality trait has the concept of crystallized intelligence been most strongly associated?
answer
openness to experience
question
Shalissa is described as being tactful and able to analyze situations to her advantage. She is probably high in ______________.
answer
practical intelligence
question
Regarding the stability of IQ test scores throughout the lifespan, which is generally assumed to be true?
answer
IQ scores in infancy are not strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood
question
Which of the following is true concerning IQ correlations?
answer
there is a positive correlation between IQ scores and social class
question
Kenneth is especially skilled when it comes to chart reading, map reading, and graph reading tasks. According to Gardner, Kenneth's skills reflect ________ intelligence.
answer
spatial
question
In the 1980s political scientist James Flynn observed that the IQs of Americans were rising at a rate of about ________ point(s) per decade.
answer
3
question
If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores?
answer
identical twins
question
Which researcher studied the effects of sensory abilities on intelligence?
answer
Sir Francis Galton
question
Although those with high IQs are found across professional fields, which professional group tends to obtain the highest average IQs?
answer
college professors
question
Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ______.
answer
the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised
