question

Anthrpology takes a ____ approach that includes a wide geographic and historical range.

answer

Holistic

question

An artifact is _____ .

answer

Anything made or modified by humans

question

Culture is ____ .

answer

The customary ways of thinking and behaving in a particular group (ie society).

question

People practiced applied anthropology in all of the following areas except:

answer

The classroom.

question

A _____ is interested in language and its relation to culture.

answer

Structural or Anthropological linguist

question

Which of the following is not a stone tool tradition identified with early hominids?

answer

Laetolian

question

By AD 500 there were approximately ____ people living in Teotihuacan.

answer

100,000.

question

Which of the following is least likely to interest an archaeologist?

answer

Dinosaur bones.

question

Archaeologists rely on all of the following types of evidence to discover the past except:

answer

Books.

question

Archaeology is _____.

answer

The reconstruction of past cultures based on material.

question

The first hominids to leave Africa and spread out across Europe, Asia, Java, and Africa were _____.

answer

Homo erectus.

question

The study of how language is changed throughout time and how they may be related is ______.

answer

Historical linguistics.

question

A storage pit found at an archaeological site is a good example of a ____.

answer

Feature.

question

According to the Mardu Aboriginies book, at the time of European contact, Australian Aborigine groups ______.

answer

Spoke over 200 different languages.

question

Physical (Biological) anthropologists focus their research on all of the following except:

answer

Plants.

question

In the reading "Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief," the anthropologist studied in what country?

answer

India.

question

The two general categories of dating used in archaeology are absolute and ______.

answer

Relative.

question

State level societies in Africa include all but the following:

answer

Chavin.

question

In order to use radio carbon C14 dating, you must _______ .

answer

Have organic remains like shell or charcoal.

question

Which of the following is not a distinctive hominid behavioral trait?

answer

Practicing deception.

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of an archaeological feature?

answer

Stone axe.

question

Early homo sapiens in Europe painted portraits of _____ in caves.

answer

Animals.

question

The skeleton of humans differs from that of Great Apes in all of the following ways except:

answer

Humans have perfectly straight legs, while apes have angled legs.

question

About how long ago did the evolutionary split occur between hominids and apes?

answer

6 million years ago.

question

Most archaeologist believe that the _____ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.

answer

Fertile crescent.

question

A group of people who depend on each other for survival or well being is known to anthropologists as a ________.

answer

Society.

question

The idea that a societies customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that societies problems and opportunities is called:

answer

Cultural relativism.

question

Which of the following is NOT usually considered one of the four main subfields of anthropology?

answer

Paleontology.

question

Archaeologists define the neolithic period as the time when ______.

answer

People began to produce food rather than just collecting it.

question

In the reading "Shakespeare in the Bush," the Tiv elders _________.

answer

constantly interrupted the anthropologist in order to correct her telling of Hamlet.

question

According to your readings, the Mardu Aborigines ________.

answer

Arrived in Australia between 30-50,000 years ago.

question

The famous footprints of an australopithecus were found at:

answer

Laetoli

question

Bronislaw Malinowski studied the _____ trading system of the Trobriand Islanders.

answer

Kula Ring.

question

The comparative study of cultures defined general principles or laws that govern culture is called:

answer

ethnology.

question

The unilineal system of social evolution put forth by Tylor and Morgan included all of the following stages except:

answer

Huns.

question

The term _____ describes when people settle down and live in one place for a long period of time.

answer

Sedentary.

question

If you focused on analyzing skeletal remains as part of criminal investigation, you would be

answer

Forensic anthropologists.

question

According to your readings, today most Australian Aborigines like the Mardu live _____.

answer

In Australia's western desert.

question

Anthropology is literally the study of ______.

answer

Humans.

question

The most complete skeleton of an australopithecus is nicknamed _____.

answer

Lucy.

question

An economic system ______.

answer

Includes the norms governing production, distribution, and consumption in a society.

question

When we say that communication is _____, we mean at least two things. First, communication has meaning even when the referent is not there, and second, the meaning is arbitrary.

answer

Symbolic.

question

The textiles made by the Cuna indians of Panama are a good example of:

answer

Diffusion.

question

The Inuit subsist mostly on _____ because _____ do not exist in large numbers at their northerly latitude.

answer

Meat; Plants.

question

All of the following are examples are examples of balanced reciprocity except:

answer

Deceiving a trading partner because he or she is an outsider.

question

The smallest unit of language has a meaning that is called _______.

answer

Morph.

question

Anthropologists as well as other social scientists feel that culture is ______.

answer

Learned and Shared.

question

Of the following, which is not a feature of groups practicing intensive agriculture?

answer

Smaller populations.

question

Some grammar theoreticians like Noam Chomsky have suggested that there may be a _____ in the brain as innate to humans as call systems are to other animals.

answer

Language and acquisition device.

question

The major source for meat for Samoan Islanders is:

answer

Fish.

question

Because a word or phrase can represent what it stands for, whether or not that thing is present, we say that language is:

answer

Symbolic.

question

A Potlatch and Moka are perfect examples of _______.

answer

Redistribution.

question

Capitalism is characterized by which of the following fundamental attributes?

answer

All of the above: - a small portion of the population owns and produces resources - workers always contribute more to production than they receive in wages. - most peoples' primary resource is their labor.

question

Which of the following is a form of a leveling mechanism?

answer

Sponsoring feasts as part of a cargo system.

question

A _______ language is one that develops from a pidgin language.

answer

Creole.

question

The term food collection refers to the subsistence practice of obtaining:

answer

Wild plants and wild animals.

question

______ is or are variant forms of language.

answer

Dialects.

question

The following is true about the sexual division of labor among the Mardu Aborigines:

answer

Men hunt larger game, and women primarily gather plant resources.

question

Standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior are referred to by social scientists as:

answer

Norms.

question

Words that are similar in sound and meaning are:

answer

Cognates.

question

Children learn spoken language:

answer

at about the same age in all cultures.

question

Of the following, which is not a feature of horticultural societies?

answer

Abandonment of property rights.

question

To say that culture is mostly integrated, means that:

answer

Customs and traits making up culture are interrelated.

question

Trade among the Mardu Aborigines is important ______.

answer

For reaffirming social ties between bands.

question

The subsistence strategy that characterized most of human history until about 8000 years ago was ______.

answer

Food Collection.

question

A pidgin language:

answer

is a simplified language based on the language of a dominant group.

question

Cash crops are _____.

answer

Crops that are grown for trade rather than for subsistence.

question

Cultural ecology is a concentration within anthropology that focuses on:

answer

Human adaptation.

question

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that:

answer

Language influences culture by affecting how individuals in a society perceive reality.

question

In anthropology "C"ulture refers to:

answer

All the learned behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values, and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or population.

question

When people grow foods using simple tools and without using fertilizer, we call this:

answer

Horticulture.

question

Which of the following is true about communication?

answer

Both B and C. - it includes symbols that are agreed upon like colors and sensations - language is a form of communication that transmits culture.

question

Group size among the Mardu Aborigines:

answer

is largest during wet months when water is most abundant.

question

The study of communication by non verbal or non vocal means is called:

answer

kinesics.

question

The Baseri pastoralists of Iran are characterized by all of the following except:

answer

Individual ownership of land.

question

The rules that determine how phrases and sentences are formed make up a language's

answer

Syntax.

question

Before Europeans came to America, all the aboriginal people there depended on:

answer

food collection.

question

The term subculture refers to:

answer

The variant culture of a group of people within a larger society.

question

When studying language, linguists call each sound a:

answer

phone.

question

In the movie, Ongka's big Moka, the main source of wealth used in giving gifts were:

answer

Pigs.

question

When descent is reckoned both the mother's and the father's line, this is called ______.

answer

Bilateral descent

question

Marriage is a socially approved ______ and ______ union.

answer

Sexual and economic.

question

With regard to kinship, the Mardu _______.

answer

do not distinguish between close blood relatives and distant kin.

question

Which of the following theories explains the differences between male and female roses based on the greater physical endurance of males?

answer

Strength theory.

question

Rituals that celebrate the movement of an individual from one social status to another are called _______.

answer

Rites of passage.

question

The fact that people who were raised together in the same commune are uninterested in each other as marriage partners supports which theory of incest taboo?

answer

The "childhood familiarity" theory.

question

Kinship is defined as ______________.

answer

a culturally defined relationship established through blood or marriage.

question

Which of the following explains why men generally are the leaders in most societies?

answer

Men are often the warriors, and this translates to political leadership.

question

Mardu kinship is based on ________ descent.

answer

Bilateral.

question

Of the following, which is the most common form if economic marriage transaction?

answer

Bride price.

question

Of the following, which is NOT a primary subsistence activity?

answer

Storing corn.

question

Among the Mardu, childbirth ___________.

answer

involves only the mother and couple of her female relatives who act as midwives.

question

Marriage is considered a ________ trait by anthropologist because it is practiced by all societies.

answer

Universal.

question

________ is the term anthropologists use to define the culturally established affiliation between a child and one or both parents.

answer

Descent.

question

Death rites among the Mardu _________.

answer

involve the secondary burial after the body has been left to decay for some time.

question

Bride _______ is a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin.

answer

price.

question

In some Native American cultures, there is a third gender called ________.

answer

"Two-Spirits."

question

In matrilineal societies all of the following are true except:

answer

Men tend to have more power in society.

question

Gender is _________.

answer

a cultural classification.

question

In which group were incestuous marriages permitted?

answer

royal Egyptian families.

question

Mardu marriage rules encourage _________.

answer

cross-cousin marriage.

question

According to the __________ theory, men may produce instruments from wood because men are the ones who collect the wood in the first place and probably understand its physical properties better.

answer

economy of effort.

question

When a young male moves in with and works for his future bride's family for a trial period, we call this:

answer

Bride service.

question

Mardu boys and girls ___________.

answer

typically play together from birth until about the age of seven.

question

The theory that inbreeding can be genetically harmful to animals that produce few offspring

answer

is probably true.

question

Sex is _________.

answer

Both A and B. - a scientific classification based on biological differences. - strictly male or female.

question

Male initiation rites among the Mardu include ________.

answer

all of the above: - tooth evulsion - circumcision - nose piercing

question

In a cross-cultural study, men were found to be leaders in _______ of the surveyed societies.

answer

Most.

question

Marriage rules stating that one must marry outside one's kin groups or community are called rules of ___________.

answer

exogamy.

question

The smallest social unit among the Mardu is the ___________.

answer

Family.

question

Which theory hypothesizes that the taboo for incest forced families to out marry, which promoted cooperation between families?

answer

Forming wider alliances theory.

question

The __________ theory explains why men typically engage in the dangerous tasks.

answer

Expendability theory.

question

All of the following are characteristics of corporate descent groups EXCEPT:

answer

They include a number of people who do not share a common ancestor.

question

In many societies across the world, wedding ceremonies can be characterized by the following statement(s).

answer

All of the above: - They can include large numbers of guests. - The details can be painstakingly negotiated. - They can include mock battles.

question

__________ is practiced when a newlywed couple goes to live with the bride's uncle's family.

answer

Avunclocal residence.

question

If we count all work performed in a society, then usually ____________.

answer

Women work more hours a day than men.

question

Marriage rules stating that one must marry inside some social group or community are called rules of __________.

answer

endogamy.

question

The initiation of a Masai warrior ___________.

answer

centers around circumcision.

question

Which of the following is NOT true of gender roles?

answer

Females rarely care for infants.

question

When one man is married to multiple women, this type of marriage is called:

answer

polygyny.

question

A society with equal access to wealth and power, but unequal access to prestige, is called ________.

answer

a rank society.

question

Members of cargo cults-- the religious revitalization movement among Solomon Islanders-- believe that ___________.

answer

a tidal wave will someday wipe out Europeans and a magic ship will later bring them European goods.

question

In the 1800s and early 1900s, average Americans thought that the ancient earthen mounds were built by _________.

answer

and extinct "race" like the Lost Tribe or Israel.

question

Anthropologists define religion as _____________.

answer

any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power.

question

_________ are person who do not own their labor, and as such they represent a class.

answer

Slaves.

question

In the movie "People Like Us," the people of Burlington, VT fought over _____________.

answer

the type of grocery that would be built in their community.

question

Anthropologists measure social inequality by looking at differences in access to all the following types of advantages except:

answer

none of the above.

question

The main difference between sorcery and witchcraft is that _____________.

answer

sorcery uses objects and materials while witchcraft works through thought alone.

question

In egalitarian societies, ________________.

answer

there are status differences among people that are based on age, sex, and ability.

question

Archaeologists have identified the supernatural "hero" named _____________ in modern Siouan myths with figures portrayed in 1000 year old Native American artifacts.

answer

Redhorn.

question

In some Polynesian cultures it is forbidden to be near a menstruating woman for fear or harm. This prohibition is called a _________.

answer

taboo.

question

If you were to divide the world's population into two groups according to the presence or absence of an epicanthic fold, (i.e. almond-shaped eyes vs. round eyes), _________.

answer

the almond-shaped-eye group would include both Asian and African people.

question

Powers believed to be not human or not subject to the laws of nature are called _________.

answer

Supernatural.

question

A ___________ is defined as a group of persons who all have about the same opportunities to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige.

answer

class.

question

__________ are full time, high status, male specialists that officiate public events. They are often seen as having a superior knowledge of the supernatural.

answer

Priests.

question

In the movie "People Like Us," one interviewee talks about a social group called WASPs, which stands for __________.

answer

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

question

The act of granting freedom to slaves is commonly referred to as ________.

answer

Manumission.

question

All of the following traits can be attributed to the position of chief except:

answer

Chiefs have incredible amounts of power and large stores of economic wealth.

question

Australian aborigine is known as _________ - a religion centered on animals and plants that are seen as ancestors or intimately related to particular groups.

answer

Totemism.

question

According to the movie "People Like Us," most Americans consider themselves _________.

answer

Middle Class.

question

When members of a population can be divided into separate groups based on clear differences in a given trait (we used pencil height in class), we call this _____________.

answer

discrete variation.

question

________ is a belief in impersonal supernatural forces like luck or evil.

answer

Animatism.

question

With regard to social inequality, studies over the last 90 years have shown that the gap between the rich and the poor in the United States _____________.

answer

is growing.

question

When it comes to race, Anthropologists generally argue that ____________.

answer

There is more variation within any given human population than between any two populations.

question

Which of the following is not a typical trait that describes a shaman?

answer

full-time specialist.

question

When members of a species display clear differences in certain physical traits, biologists divide them into ____________.

answer

races.

question

Modern industrial societies are noted for having unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige. These are ______ societies.

answer

class.

question

Which of the following ways of interacting with the supernatura involves going into a trance by using drugs, deprivation, or dancing?

answer

Physiological experience.

question

Among the Azande, the Benge Oracle is also known as the _____________.

answer

The poison oracle.

question

The Mardu practice ___________ that ensure that resources will be plentiful in the future.

answer

Increase rites.

question

To the Azande, witchcraft _______________.

answer

is used to explain events that western science would typically call coincidences.

question

When one trait (eg. hair color) cannot be used to predict another trait, (eg. eye color), we call this ________.

answer

asynchronous variation.

question

A ___________ is a ranked group, historically associated with one's profession, in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own group.

answer

Caste.

question

In the movie "People Like Us," they depict _______ - a social club that caters to upper class African Americans.

answer

Jack and Jill.

question

If all people in a society have equal access to wealth, prestige, and power, then anthropologists call that society ___________.

answer

Egalitarian.

question

In Mardu religion, stories about creation and the landscape ______________.

answer

often include important information about the location of food resources.

question

In class, Dr. Marcoux talked about how his movement between social classes was aided by ______________.

answer

His parents' investment in his education.

question

In the movie "People Like Us," Tammy and her son live in a trailer in rural Ohio and have very little money. Tammy's son _____________.

answer

is ashamed of their class and tries to dress and act as someone of a higher class.

question

Anthropologists define __________ as non-human beings that are less powerful than gods.

answer

spirits.

question

Skin color is a perfect example of _________ in human populations.

answer

Continuous variation.

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