chemistry – EOC study guide – Flashcards
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describe the molecular structure and properties of two solid forms of carbon diamond, and grapite?
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different molecular structures and different properties
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what are the groups of the periodic table?
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• alkali metals • transition metals • non-metals • noble gases
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compared to the atoms of nonmetals in period 3, the atoms of metals in period 3 have
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fewer valence electrons
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why is neon a group 18 element?
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neon atoms have a full valence she'll of electrons
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which states of matter will take the shape of any container they are placed into?
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liquids and gases
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chemical properties
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a property of a substance that is observed during a reaction in which the chemical make-up of the substance changes
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example of chemical properties
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tendency of metal to rust in salt water
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physical properties
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a property of a substance that is observed during a reaction in which the substance physically changes
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example of physical properties
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color or smell
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what model introduced the nucleus as a very small central charge but contained the majority of the atoms mass?
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Rutherford model Gold Foil
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what model first included electrons as subatomic particles?
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Thomas model Plum Pudding
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what model deduced that all elements are composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms?
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dalton model
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what model proposed that electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus, much like planets of a solar system?
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Bohr model
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how to find the amount of protons
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proton = atomic number
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how to find the amount of electrons
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electrons = atomic number
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how to find the amount of neutrons
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atomic mass - atomic number
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describe the molecular structure and properties of two solid forms of carbon diamond, and grapite?
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different molecular structures and different properties
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compared to the atoms of nonmetals in period 3, the atoms of metals in period 3 have
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fewer valence electrons
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why is neon a group 18 element?
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neon atoms have a full valence she'll of electrons
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which states of matter will take the shape of any container they are placed into?
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liquids and gases
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chemical properties
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properties of a reaction where the substance undergoes a change that effects the chemical make up of the substance
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example of chemical properties
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tendency of metal to rust in salt water
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physical properties
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properties of a reaction where the substance undergoes a change that effects that physically effects the substance
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example of physical properties
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burning wood
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compared to the charge of a proton, the charge of an electron has
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the same magnitude and opposite sign
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what is the charge of the nucleus of an oxygen atom?
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+8
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the nucleus of an atom is
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positively charged
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which atom in the ground state requires the least amount of energy to remove its valence electrons?
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rubidium atom
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when an atom of lithium loses an electron, the atom becomes a
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positive ion with a radius smaller than the radius of the atom
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what characteristics both generally decrease when the elements in period 3 are considered in order from left to right?
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metallic properties and atomic radius
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describe the relative energy of the electrons in the shells of a calcium atom?
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an electron in the third shell has more energy than an electron from in the second shell
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atoms of which element have the greatest tendency to gain electrons?
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Francium
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atoms of which element have the weakest tendency to gain electrons?
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Helium
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compared to a phosphorus atom, a P3- ion has
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more electrons and a larger radius
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as the elements in period 3 increase in atomic number, there is also s general decrease in
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atomic radius
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what atom has the largest atomic radius?
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Fr
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what atom has the smallest atomic radius?
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F-
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in the alkaline earth metals group, atoms with the smallest radii
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have the highest ionization energies
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what is the electron configuration for a Sodium atom?
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1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
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dipole-dipole forces
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attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
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London dispersion forces
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attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles
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the London dispersion forces in a polar substance are
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usually much weaker than the dipole-dipole forces
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why is the boiling point of water higher than that of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)?
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hydrogen bonding
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a covalent bond is most likely to have been formed by combining what elements?
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oxygen and oxygen
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compared to the charge of a proton, the charge of an electron has
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the same magnitude and opposite sign
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what is the charge of the nucleus of an oxygen atom?
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+8
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the nucleus of an atom is
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positively charged
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which elements in the ground state require the least amount of energy to remove their valence electrons?
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alkali metals
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which elements in the ground state require the most amount of energy to remove their valence electrons?
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noble gases
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when an atom of lithium loses an electron, the atom becomes a
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positive ion with a radius smaller than the radius of the atom
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what characteristics both generally decrease when the elements in period 3 are considered in order from left to right?
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metallic properties and atomic radius
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describe the relative energy of the electrons in the shells of a calcium atom?
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an electron in the third shell has more energy than an electron from in the second shell
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what is the correct name for the compound FeSO4
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iron (II) sulfate
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what is the formula for nitrogen dioxide?
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NO2
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how manga electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?
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4
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the most characteristic component of an acid is that the formula of the compound must contain what element
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hydrogen
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what is the molecular formula for the empirical formula C4H16O8
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CH4O2
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in what type of chemical reaction are electrons transferred?
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oxidation and reduction
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double displacement (replacement) reaction
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the ions of two compound in aqueous solutions form two new compounds
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in a double displacement reaction between hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide, one product is sodium chloride and the other is
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water
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why type of reaction has occurred when solid magnesium is burned in oxygen gas and magnesium oxide is produced
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synthesis reaction
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decomposition reaction
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reaction in which a single reactant is heated and results in the production of multiple products
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how many aluminum and oxygen atoms are there in 4 Al2O3, the product of a chemical reaction
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8 atoms of aluminum and 12 atoms of oxygen
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describe the particles of an ideal gas, based on kinetic molecular theory
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the gas particles have no attractive forces between them
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describe the particles of an ideal gasp according to the kinetic molecular theory
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the had particles are in random, constant, straight-line motion
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cylinder with a moveable piston contains a sample of gas having a volume of 6.0 liters at 293K. What is the volume of the sample after the gas is heated at 324K, while the pressure is held constant?
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6.6L
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equal volumes of 1 molar hydrochloric acid and 1 Miley sodium hydroxide are mixed. after mixing, the solution will be
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nearly neutral
