question

According to the text, culture consists of

answer

sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society, together with the material artifacts and structures that human beings create and use

question

A contemporary cultural anthropologist is likely to study

answer

any of the above

question

Biological anthropologists are interested in

answer

human beings as biological organisms

question

An extended period of close involvement by anthropologists with the people whose life is of interest to them is called

answer

fieldwork

question

Holism in anthropology is defined in the text as

answer

integrating what is known about human beings and their activities at an inclusive level

question

Organisms that seems to have developed similar adaptations at a similar level of complexity in similar environments are classified as being in the same evolutionary

answer

grade

question

Tarsiers are included with anthropoids in the primate suborder Haplorhini because

answer

both b and c

question

During the Miocene epoch, evolution of ________ took off

answer

hominoids

question

Stresirrhini include

answer

lemurs and lorises

question

Which of the following primate groups apparently uses sexual behavior to manipulate relationships rather than to increase reproductive rates?

answer

bonobos

question

Primates that are active at night are called

answer

nocturnal

question

Based on current ethnoprimatological research, which of the following statements is correct?

answer

all of the above

question

The form of vision is binocular animals which produces depth perception is know as

answer

stereoscopic vision

question

Which of the following is NOT an anthropoid?

answer

non of the above; all are anthropoids

question

The sizes, shapes, and number of an animal's teeth and referred to as the animal's

answer

dentition

question

Primates that walk on two feet are no called

answer

hominins

question

The famous "Lucy" fossil was found in

answer

Ethiopia

question

Genetic information from ancient DNA indicates that

answer

all of the above

question

Taphonomists would probably conclude that hominids had scavenged meat from an animal carcass they did not kill if fossil animal bones

answer

showed stone-tool cut marks on top of animal tooth marks

question

According to the text, endurance running may have been advantageous for hominids because it made

answer

persistence hunting of medium- to large-sized mammals more successful

question

Some anthropologists have claimed that meat eating was the crucial behavioral change leading to the appearance of early Homo. This story of human origins is called

answer

man the hunter scenario

question

Australopths with rugged jaws, flat races, and enormous molars are known as

answer

robust australopithecines

question

Anatomically modern human beings are about how many years old?

answer

200,000 years

question

Organisms that eat a wide range of plant and anima floods are called

answer

omnivorous

question

Recent advances in the sequencing of ancient DNA seems to indicate that

answer

about 1% to 4% of modern non-Africans contain Neanderthal DNA sequences

question

The Laetoli footprints

answer

were probably made by Homo habilis (incorrect)

question

Some anthropologists have claimed that meat eating was the crucial behavioral change leading to the appearance of early Homo. This story of human origins is called the

answer

woman the gatherer scenario (incorrect)

question

The bones of the head, excluding the jaw, are referred to as the

answer

cranium

question

The first hominoids appeared in

answer

Africa

question

The sizes, shapes, and number of an animal's teeth are referred to as the animal's

answer

dentition

question

Organisms that seem to have developed similar adaptions at a similar level of complexity in similar environments re classified as being in the same evolutionary

answer

grade

question

Paleoanthropologist's suspect that perhaps more than one species belonging to the genus Homo may have coexisted in eastern Africa in the early Pleistocene because

answer

the fossils assigned to Homo habilis show too much internal variation to all belong to the same species

question

The bones of an animal's body, not including its head, are called its

answer

post cranial skeleton

question

A person who is homozygous for the X chromosome is

answer

female

question

Darwin's theory that the "fitter" survive and reproduce more offspring, which then inherit the traits that made their parents "fitter", is called

answer

survival of the fittest

question

Which of the following is NOT an ancestral characteristic of primates?

answer

stereoscopic vision

question

Primates that walk on two feet are now called

answer

apes (incorrect)

question

A cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment is called

answer

archaeology

question

Random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next due to a sudden reduction in population size and resulting in the loss of particular alleles is know as

answer

genetic drift

question

Natural selection acts on

answer

the needs of a species (incorrect)

question

For modern biologists, a species is defined as

answer

the organism that live in a specific niche (incorrect)

question

Organisms that eat a wide range of plant and animal foods are called

answer

omnivorous

question

When variations in skin color of indigenous populations of the world are plotted on a map

answer

both a and b

question

Hominids dating from 500,000 to 200,000 years ago possessing morphological features found in both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens are considered which kind of Homo sapiens?

answer

archaic

question

The concept that defines a specifies as a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature is the

answer

biological species concept

question

The slow, gradual transformation of a single species over time is called

answer

anagenesis

question

The form of vision in binocular animals which produces depth perception is known as

answer

stereoscopic vision

question

Denial of the existence of biological race

answer

all of the above

question

According to Ian Tattersall, which of the following statements about Homo heidelbergensis is correct?

answer

all of the above

question

Recent work by taphonomists on sites and remains associated with Homo erectus has led them to question

answer

all of the above

question

The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

answer

homoplasy

question

A person who is heterozygous for the X and Y chromosomes is

answer

male

question

The first hominin species to leave Africa was

answer

Homo erectus

question

In modern terms, Mendel's principle of segregation holds that

answer

an individual receives one chromosome of each pair of chromosomes from each parent

question

According to the text, if humanity cannot be divided into a series of genetically distinct units, then

answer

the concept of race is biologically meaningless

question

The bones of the fingers and toes of Australopithecus afarensis are slightly curved, and the toes are much longer than the toes of modern human beings.

answer

both b and c

question

Recent advances in the sequencing of ancient DNA seem to indicate that

answer

about 1% to 4% of the genomes of modern non-Africans contain Neanderthal DNA sequences

question

A contemporary biological anthropologists is likely to study

answer

any of the above

question

It is now generally accepted that the earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans comes from

answer

Ethiopia

question

The observable, measurable outward characteristics of an organism are called the

answer

phenotype

question

Much recent research has demonstrated that IQ scores are

answer

shaped by a range of environmental factors

question

Wings on birds and bats are an example of

answer

homology (incorrect)

question

According to Linda Fedigan, the contributors to the volume Man the Hunter

answer

worked with a model of human origins that was based on traditional role expectations for Western men and women

question

Many leading taxonomists have grouped chimpanzees and humans into the same family, Hominidae, because

answer

both a and b (incorrect)

question

In Mendelian genetics, those genetics characteristics that are expressed in an organism are said to be

answer

genetic (incorrect)

question

The view that biological organisms are distinct and unchanging over time is:

answer

Essentialism

question

Which of the following is NOT an element of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

answer

crossing over

question

Mendelian inheritance, in which an individual gets one gene for each trait from each parent is the principle of

answer

genetics

question

Contemporary taxonomists classify African apes and humans together as

answer

hominids

question

Which of the following is an example of genetic drift?

answer

both a and b

question

As cited in the text, Zeder and Smith argue that people

answer

both a and c

question

Archaeologists are coming to agree that domestication was everywhere invented by

answer

complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources

question

A modern multiple-strand theory of domestication will included the local effects of

answer

all of the above

question

According to Bruce Smith, the ancestors of domesticated seed plants were

answer

weedy generalists that thrived in disturbed environments

question

Which of the following is a consequence of domestication?

answer

all of the above

question

According to the text, how do sedentism and domestication represent a change in worldview?

answer

land is transformed into owned territories

question

Sociocultural features that have been suggested as leading to the rise of social complexity include

answer

ineffective patterns of conflict resolution within the original social organization

question

David Rindos argued that plant domestication came about because

answer

there were natural selection effects on the plants based on the unconscious activities of people in eating and propagating them

question

The term "transegalitarian society" is

answer

all of the above

question

A conflict among scholars concerning domestication centers on

answer

whether people were aware of what they were doing in intervening in the gene pool of wild plants

question

When anthropologists distinguished between "culture" and "cultures" they were distinguishing between _______ and ________

answer

a defining attribute of human beings/ways of life of specific groups of people

question

Genocide is

answer

the attempt to exterminate an entire people

question

Sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society, together with the material artifacts and structures humans create and use, is an anthropological definition of

answer

culture

question

Cultural Relativism

answer

requires us to take many things into account before we form opinions about other cultural practices

question

The opinion that one's own way of life is natural of correct and the only true way of being fully human is called

answer

ethnocentrism

question

The process by which human beings living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling considered appropriate in their respective cultures is

answer

enculturation

question

African women who are trying to eliminate email genital cutting from their own societies are often not happy when American outsiders like Mary Daly and Alice Walker denounce the practice as a human rights abuse. Why?

answer

all of the above

question

The anthropological definition of cultural relativism requires that we make an effort to _______ the practices of other cultures

answer

understand

question

Something that stands for something else is a

answer

symbol

question

Culture is

answer

all of the above

question

Members of a speech community

answer

do not all posses identical knowledge about the language they share

question

The transfer of information from one person to another is human

answer

communication

question

David is a college student who knows the different linguistic habits appropriate to his mother and stepfather's home, his father's home, his university residence hall, his anthropology class, his job at an elegant restaurant, and his religious tradition. The term used in the text to describe his complex linguistic knowledge is

answer

heteroglossia

question

As reported in the text, Robbins Burling argues that primate call system

answer

are organized in a way so different from human symbolic language that it is difficult to imagine a sequence that could convert a call system to language

question

The scientific study of language is known as

answer

linguistics

question

Linguistic determinism holds that

answer

the grammars of people's native languages determine how they think about the world

question

The ability of native speakers of a language to distinguish correctly between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences is called

answer

communicated competence (incorrect)

question

In order to understand the meaning of the sentence "Who's standing by that building," we need to know the

answer

linguistic context (incorrect)

question

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf believed that

answer

language determines thought

question

Linguistic messages can be false, and they can be meaningless in the logician's sense. This highlights the linguistic design feature of

answer

prevarication

question

"Art by intention" includes

answer

objects that are made to be art

question

Aristis in non-Western societies

answer

produce work that is more interesting to Western collectors than it is to the people in their own societies (incorrect)

question

For many anthropologists, using the term "supernatural" in a definition of religion is

answer

necessary in order to capture the distinction between the world human beings can see and the one they cannot (incorrect)

question

The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person(s) undergoing the ritual is outside his or her ordinary social positions is called

answer

liminality

question

The synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside is called

answer

syncretism

question

Compared with wild wheat, domesticated wheat

answer

all of the above

question

A repetitive social practice compose of a sequence of cultural recognizable symbolic activities in the form of a dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects, set off from the routines of everyday life and closely connected with a specific set of ideas, is know as

answer

ritual

question

A society in which one person and his or her relatives have privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige is called a

answer

chiefdom

question

Clifford Geert, as quotes in the text, observes that human beings raised in isolation would be

answer

mental basket cases

question

In a rank society, a chief is given greater

answer

prestige than other people but not greater power or wealth

question

In doing the "waggle dance", bees can communicate the distance, direction, and nature of a food source, as well as tell stories about their experience to other bees

answer

true (incorrect)

question

The belief that there is supernatural power embedded in material objects, places, people, or animals is knows as:

answer

Animism

question

There is nothing inherent in the nature of large quadruped well suited for long-distance running that requires us to call this creature a "horse." This illustrates the linguistic design feature of

answer

semanticity

question

The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is self-aware is called

answer

witchcraft

question

When archaeologists excavate a site, they always

answer

excavate as much as they can of a site to try to record as much of the context of the artifacts as possible (incorrect)

question

Artists in non-Western societies

answer

work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies

question

Language, like culture, is

answer

all of the above

question

A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible of invisible world or specific purposes is called

answer

magic

question

A ritual that serves the movement and transformation of an individual from on social position to another is called

answer

a rite of passage

question

According to William Labov's work in the 1960s, African American children living in urban areas did not perform well linguistically in the classroom because they

answer

felt threatened in the classroom context

question

Human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them, is called

answer

domestication

question

In 2001, the Taliban in Afghanistan destroyed

answer

giant statues of the Buddha

question

A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd but depend on wild food resources is called a

answer

band

question

The archaeological approach that takes as its objective studying the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures to illuminate remains they have found is called

answer

ethnoarchaeology

question

Which of the following statements about language endangerment do linguistic anthropologists considers correct?

answer

all of the above

question

Diseases such as influenza, measles, and tuberculosis that transfer from animals to humans are referred to as:

answer

zoonotic diseases

question

Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity are called

answer

artifacts

question

A movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lot golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony is called

answer

nativism

question

Lewis Winford declared that archaeology should be science or it should be nothing at all

answer

False (Incorrect)

question

Objects buried with a corpse are known as

answer

grave goods

question

David is a college student who knows the different linguistic habits appropriate to his mother and stepfather's home, his father's home, his university residence hall, his anthropology class, his job at an elegant restaurant and his religious tradition. The term used in the text to describe his complex linguistic knowledge is

answer

heteroglossia

question

To the Azande, witches are

answer

all of the above

question

Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige dived members from one another are called

answer

egalitarian social relations

question

The anthropological definition of cultural relativism requires that we make an effort to ______ the practices of other cultures.

answer

understand

question

A supporter of unlined evolutionary theory who had widespread influence was

answer

Lewis Henry Morgan

question

The design feature of language called "openness" or "productive" refers to the

answer

ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily

question

For the Bakweri, who were zombies?

answer

banana farmers (incorrect)

question

A leading thinker on Old World History who has heavily influenced by Marxist ideals, V. Gordon Childe moved beyond simply describing cultural sequences by seeking to understand

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following does NOT reflect the anthropological understanding of ritual?

answer

rituals are exclusively religious in nature

question

The characteristic form of social organization among foragers is the

answer

band

question

A form of social organization in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige is called

answer

social stratification

question

In some religious systems, certain objects or people may not be touched or else the cosmic power, such as Polynesian Mana, in them may drain away. This feature is captured in the minimal category of religion called

answer

taboo

question

Who said "human behavior is symbolic behavior, if it is not symbolic, it is not human"?

answer

Leslie White

question

The concept that the same natural processes that affect the world today worked the same way in the past is known as:

answer

uniformitarianism

question

The term "transegalitatian society" is

answer

a substitute for "political correctness" (incorrect)

question

According to anthropologist Richard Lee, Dobe Ju/'huansi foragers devote about _________ hours per week obtaining food

answer

14

question

Which of the following is an example of redistribution?

answer

potlatch (incorrect)

question

The using up of material goods necessary for human physical survival is called

answer

consumption

question

The mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to allocate them in such a way as to provide for every member of the group is called

answer

redistribution

question

An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the "market" is

answer

capitalism

question

Anthropologists consider a reciprocal situation in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing to be

answer

negative reciprocity

question

Carole Counihan, cited in the text, notes that her younger female interviewees were

answer

expected to work for wages but also maintain the household, including doing the cooking

question

Among the Trobriand Islanders, women's wealth

answer

is exchanged for yams

question

A ____________ is a historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is organized to extract energy from the environment by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

answer

mode of production

question

A reciprocal situation in which a return of equal value is expected within a specific time limit demonstrates what anthropologists consider

answer

balanced reciprocity

question

The exchange of goods and services of equal value is called

answer

reciprocity

question

According to Gramsci, power based on physical force is called

answer

domination

question

During the last half of the twentieth century, the countries of ________ were the target of large waves of immigration from all over the world

answer

Europe

question

According to Gramsci, rulers who provide some genuine benefits to their subjects, spread an ideology that justifies their rule, and nevertheless succeed in protecting their privileges are exercising

answer

hegemony

question

The German approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

answer

work and legal protection but not citizenship

question

According to John Bowen, as discussed in the text, how are French legal scholars working to craft solutions to the challenges Muslim marriage practices present to French law?

answer

they are making "practical exceptions" to the concept of public order

question

In traditional Western thought, the prototype of power in human social relations is based on

answer

physical coercion

question

According to the text, a central theme in multicultural debates within Europe is

answer

coming to terms with increasing numbers of Muslims living in countries where Christianity has historically been dominant

question

The French approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

answer

all the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt French culture and language

question

The actions taken by many contemporary nation-states to identify the level of terrorist threats, take action to stop them, and institute policies to minimize damage and disruption in the event of a terrorist attack would be considered examples of

answer

governmentality

question

According to James Scott, foot-dragging, desertion, pilfering, slander, arson, and sabotage are examples of

answer

everyday forms of peasant resistance

question

Which of the following terms do anthropologists use to refer to the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a particular society?

answer

gender

question

Marriage within the boundaries of a defined social group is called

answer

endogamy

question

For woman marriage to be possible, a society must recognize a distinction between

answer

pater and genitor

question

Marriage outside the boundaries of a defined social group is called

answer

exogamy

question

A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families, is

answer

a blended family

question

A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses is called

answer

polygamy

question

A husband, a wife, and their children form a

answer

conjugal family

question

Which of the following people belong to the same matrilineage?

answer

a woman, her mother, her son

question

For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of

answer

a married couple and their children

question

A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor is a

answer

clan

question

Roger Lancaster points out that in Nicaragua the system of color terms

answer

presupposes white superiority and black inferiority

question

A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state is generally referred to as

answer

nationality

question

A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum between white and black is called

answer

colorism

question

An ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide is known as a

answer

nation-state

question

In the Hindu ranking of jatis, in terms of purity and pollution, which of the following activities is the least polluting?

answer

a vegetarian diet

question

Hierarchically arranged social groups defined on economic grounds are called

answer

classes

question

The social category of race is

answer

a relatively recent invention

question

Deliberate representations of particular identities as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, thus making them appear eternal and unchanging, are known as

answer

naturalizing discourses

question

A key element recognized by all anthropologists who use the concept of caste is that caste groups are

answer

endogamous

question

A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance constitute a

answer

nation

question

As anthropologists have begun to study "the culture of human rights" they have come to see the central role played by

answer

law

question

To argue that all peoples have a human right to maintain their own distinct culture is to assume that

answer

both a and b

question

The reshaping of local conditions by powerful worldwide forces on an ever-intensifying scale is the concept of

answer

globalization

question

If people are believed to have no choice but to follow the rules of the culture into which they were born, then

answer

both a and b

question

In order to fit the way human rights laws are written, indigenous people often have to

answer

portray their cultures in ways that are different from their own everyday understandings

question

A characteristic of Western modernity has been

answer

massive global displacements of people

question

A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship, make up a

answer

transborder citizenry

question

_______ is being at ease in more than one cultural setting.

answer

cosmopolitanism

question

A nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside is a

answer

transnational nation-state

question

For some people, blue jeans, McDonald's hamburgers, rock and roll, and Coca-Cola are seen as destroying local practices. They call this process

answer

cultural imperialism

question

The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

answer

homoplasy

question

A person who is heterozygous for the X and Y chromosomes is

answer

male

question

The first hominin species to leave Africa was

answer

Homo erectus

question

In modern terms, Mendel's principle of segregation holds that

answer

an individual receives one chromosome of each pair of chromosomes from each parent

question

The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

answer

homoplasy

question

A person who is heterozygous for the X and Y chromosomes is

answer

male

question

The first hominin species to leave Africa was

answer

Homo erectus

question

In modern terms, Mendel's principle of segregation holds that

answer

an individual receives one chromosome of each pair of chromosomes from each parent

question

The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

answer

homoplasy

question

A person who is heterozygous for the X and Y chromosomes is

answer

male

question

The first hominin species to leave Africa was

answer

Homo erectus

question

In modern terms, Mendel's principle of segregation holds that

answer

an individual receives one chromosome of each pair of chromosomes from each parent

question

The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

answer

homoplasy

question

A person who is heterozygous for the X and Y chromosomes is

answer

male

question

The first hominin species to leave Africa was

answer

Homo erectus

question

In modern terms, Mendel's principle of segregation holds that

answer

an individual receives one chromosome of each pair of chromosomes from each parent

question

The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

answer

homoplasy

question

A person who is heterozygous for the X and Y chromosomes is

answer

male

question

The first hominin species to leave Africa was

answer

Homo erectus

question

The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

answer

homoplasy

question

A person who is heterozygous for the X and Y chromosomes is

answer

male

question

The circumstance in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as

answer

homoplasy

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