question

As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?

answer

sociological imagination

question

Feeling discomfort about rural Chinese society, where many generations of a family sleep in the same bed is known as;

answer

xenophobia

question

How does the textbook author use dialogue from Pulp Fiction, in which the characters discuss how in Holland people put mayonnaise on their french fries?

answer

to explain the sociological imagination

question

A female manager is attempting to climb her way to the top of the corporate ladder. She works as hard, if not harder, than her male colleagues, but nothing she seems to do helps her advance. She begins to notice that males are being promoted, but females tend to be overlooked for advancements. The realization that many women in her circumstance are experiencing the same discrimination is an example of:

answer

sociological imagination

question

Sociologists and economists have shown that the benefits of higher education include higher median incomes for college graduates. This is known as:

answer

the returns to schooling

question

After doing some sociological math, what is the net difference between the annual earnings of the average high school versus college graduate?

answer

about $15,000 per year

question

According to Randall Collins's (1979) research, the expansion of higher education is:

answer

a result of credentialism and expenditures on formal education.

question

According to research used to question credentialism, what might it cost to buy a college diploma online?

answer

$29.95

question

In today's society, Randall Collins might suggest that getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the priority placed on formal education:

answer

credentialism

question

All of the following are examples of social institutions used to prevent websites from undermining colleges' degree-conferring abilities EXCEPT:

answer

families

question

Which of the following is defined as a set of stories embedded within a social network about the standard ways a society meets its needs?

answer

a social institution

question

The author of your text states that the most age-segregated social institution in our society is:

answer

a four-year college.

question

A family, as a group of people living together sharing individual stories makes up a(n);

answer

social institution

question

The Phillip Morris Company changed its name to Altira in an attempt to start a new:

answer

social identity

question

The "grand narrative" that constitutes a social identity:

answer

is nothing more than a sum of individual stories told between pairs of individuals.

question

As a formal field, sociology is a relatively ____________ discipline, as discussed in Chapter 1.

answer

young

question

Who was the author of the first methods book in the discipline of sociology?

answer

Harriet Martineau

question

In the book How to Observe Morals and Manners, the institution of marriage is criticized as:

answer

based on an assumption of the inferiority of women.

question

Which of the following sociologists developed the theory of positivism?

answer

Auguste Comte

question

Positivism is best defined as:

answer

the idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them.

question

According to Comte, positivism arose out of a need to make ____________ sense of the social order in a time of declining religious authority.

answer

moral

question

The person that is often considered to be the founding father of positivism is:

answer

Émile Durkheim.

question

All of the following are known as the three epistemological stages of human society, as explained by Comte, EXCEPT:

answer

the post-scientific stage.

question

Which of the three historical epistemological stages of human society did Comte explain was highlighted by Enlightenment thinking such as Rousseau's, Mill's, and Hobbes's beliefs in biological causes for human behavior?

answer

the metaphysical stage

question

Which of the three historical epistemological stages of human society did Comte claim was characterized by the development of social physics to explain human behavior?

answer

the scientific stage

question

Which of the three historical epistemological stages did Comte argue would explain human society by consulting the Bible or other religious texts?

answer

the theological stage

question

Which of the following are known as "the founding fathers of the sociological discipline"?

answer

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber

question

Which of the following founders of sociology is known, in part, for having his writings become the basis of Communism?

answer

Karl Marx

question

To Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number of workers would divide society. He referred to this large number of workers as:

answer

proletariat

question

Karl Marx would argue that the types of social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber, however, argued that:

answer

there are multiple influences (e.g., religion) on how social institutions are created.

question

Who criticized Marx for focusing exclusively on economics and social class as explanations for human behavior, and advocated sociological analyses that allowed for multiple influences?

answer

Max Weber

question

Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?

answer

Max Weber

question

The author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism argued that sociologists should study social behavior from the perspective of the people engaging in it. This is known as:

answer

Verstehen.

question

Max Weber would say we need to understand, from their perspective, not from our own, why many generations of Chinese sleep together in rural China. He called this:

answer

Verstehen

question

Which of the following is the study of social meanings that emphasizes subjectivity in understanding human behavior?

answer

interpretive sociology

question

The Division of Labor in Society was the first of many sociological contributions from:

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

According to the theory of social solidarity, the division of labor in a society helps to determine:

answer

the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained.

question

Which of the following sociologists wrote Suicide in 1897?

answer

Emile Durkeim

question

According to Suicide, one of the main social forces leading to suicide is a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in society. This normlessness was called

answer

anomie

question

American sociology in the United States began at which of the following universities?

answer

University of Chicago

question

The basic premise of the Chicago School was that human behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This is known as:

answer

Social Ecology

question

Which early U.S. sociologist told other sociologists in the Chicago School to "go out and get the seats of [their] pants dirty in real research"?

answer

Louis Wirth

question

The Chicago School's main laboratory for sociological research was:

answer

a city of Chicago itself

question

Chicago School researcher Louis Wirth's essay, "Urbanism as a Way of Life," might be classified as which of the following today?

answer

Cultural sociology

question

"If men define situations as real they are real in their consequences" is the theory of which of the following Chicago School theorists?

answer

W. I. Thomas

question

The Chicago School was a good place to study community-based social ecology. Why?

answer

The population was rapidly growing due to foreign immigration and the influx of African Americans from the rural South.

question

Charles H. Cooley argued that the "self" emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He calls this:

answer

The looking-glass self

question

George H. Mead described how the "self" internalizes the views of society as a whole, transcending the individual and particular situations. He calls this larger society:

answer

The generalized other

question

The Chicago School's Jane Addams founded the first American settlement house, an institution to help the poor by offering aid, educational services, and more. This house is known as:

answer

the Hull House.

question

Which of the following was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University?

answer

W.E.B. Du Bois

question

Which of the following applied Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain crime rates among African Americans after the abolition of slavery in the United States?

answer

W. E. B. Du Bois

question

A white person goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. (S)he is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American goes into the store and is excited about the sale, but hesitates to take many clothes into the dressing room, afraid that staff will think he or she might shoplift. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American has:

answer

double consciousness

question

Which of the following modern sociological theories states that the best way to analyze society is to identify the purpose that different aspects or phenomena play in the overall structure of society?

answer

functionalism

question

he intended purpose of desegregation of schools in the 1950s was to make education equal for everyone. What was not intended was that many racial minority teachers and principals lost their jobs. This unintended purpose was called a(n) ____________ function by functionalist theorist Talcott Parsons.

answer

Latent

question

In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx's belief that competition, not consensus, is the essential cause of social change?

answer

conflict theory

question

The two words that might describe the difference between conflict theory and functionalism are:

answer

competition versus consensus.

question

The functionalist paradigm went largely unchallenged in the United States until around the 1950s. C. Wright Mills criticized Talcott Parsons for:

answer

supporting the dominant class structure and the inequalities associated with it.

question

Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as:

answer

dramaturgical theory

question

Which feminist sociologist wrote Sex, Gender, and Society (1972), in which she or he argued that much of what we attribute to biological sex differences can actually be traced to learned behaviors and socialization?

answer

Ann Oakley

question

What do symbolic interactionists study?

answer

shared meaning

question

Which modern sociological theory examines how power relationships are defined, shaped, and reproduced on the basis of gender differences?

answer

feminism

question

Which modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to individuals?

answer

symbolic interactionism

question

Which of the following modern sociological theories argues that there are no shared, objective meanings?

answer

postmodernism

question

Postmodern sociologists argue that all so-called objective phenomena are open to debate because all meaning is subjective. Thus, to postmodernists, all "facts" are really:

answer

social constructs

question

Explaining unique cases is the focus of most historians, whereas the comparative method is the staple of the sociologist. This comparative method is also known as:

answer

the nomothetic approach.

question

Some postmodern sociologists work to show us how all social phenomena are created arbitrarily by people with varying degrees of power. This is known as:

answer

deconstructing

question

Robert Merton's modern sociological theory focused on attempting to predict how certain social institutions function between microsociology and macrosociology. This is known as:

answer

midrange theory

question

In the discipline of history, focusing on historical figures such as Adolf Hitler is known as:

answer

"great man" theories.

question

Native Americans may see the history of the United States differently than white Europeans. Which theory is concerned with the fact that history may be interpreted differently by these dissimilar groups?

answer

postmodernism

question

Which area within the discipline of anthropology is most similar to sociology?

answer

cultural anthropology

question

In sociology's "cousin," psychology, the focus is on the individual. In sociology, the focus is above or beyond the individual, on group-level dynamics and social structures. This is known as:

answer

supra-individual

question

Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels?

answer

macrosociology

question

Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions?

answer

microsociology

question

Economists tend to see humans as ____________, but sociologists would tend to include ____________:

answer

rational actors; emotional motivations.

question

While historians are more likely to focus on the unique case, sociologists would more likely focus on:

answer

commonalities

question

Sociology is the study of:

answer

group-level dynamics and social structures.

question

The examination of human behavior within a rational actor model is the focus of which of the following "cousins" of sociology?

answer

economics

question

Perhaps the largest division within the discipline of sociology exists between which of the following?

answer

interpretive and positivist sociology

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