SS ch 9 – Flashcard
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Industrial revolution
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Refers to the greatly increased output of machine made goods
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Enclosure
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Wealthy landowners enclosed their land with fences/hedges. They tried experimental farming methods there
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Crop rotation
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Process of planting specific crops to return nutrients to the soil after a previous year took it
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Industrialization
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Process of developing machine production of goods
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Factors of production
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Resources needed to produce goods and services
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Entrepreneur
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A person who organizes, manages and takes on the risks of a business
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Where did the industrial revolution begin?
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England
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Why did the industrial revolution begin in England?
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has a large population of willing and eager workers Has extensive natural resources Expanding economy encourages investment Has all the needed factors of production
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Which industry industrialized first during the industrial revolution
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Textile industry
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Who invented the seed drill
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Jethro Tull
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Importance of seed drill
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Allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths Which Boosted crop production
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Importance of crop rotation
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Invented by scientific farmers, this replenished nutrients in soil and boosted crop yeilds
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Inventor of flying shuttle
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John Kay
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Importance of flying shuttle
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Moved back and forth quickly to weave, thus doubling the work a weaver could do in a day
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Inventor of spinning Jenny
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James Hargreaves
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Importance of spinning Jenny
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Allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time which increased weaving production and efficiency
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Inventor of cotton gin
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Eli Whitney
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Importance of cotton gin
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Sped up picking seeds from cotton
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Inventor of steam engine
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James Watt
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Importance of steam engine
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Made steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel
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Inventor of locomotive
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Richard Trevithick
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Importance of locomotive
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Moved heavy objects over large distances quickly
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Inventor of light bulb
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Thomas Edison
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Importance of light bulb
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Revolutionized every day life Basically replaced candles
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Inventor of radio
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Guglielmo Marconi
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Importance of radio
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Could send messages without wires Love no distance communication
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Inventor of assembly line
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Henry Ford
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Importance of assembly line
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Increased production Sped up process
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Inventor of phonograph
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Thomas Edison
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Importance of phonograph
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Sound could never be recorded before the phonograph came along
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Inventor of model T
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Henry Ford
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Importance of model T
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Revolutionized transportation
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Inventor of interchangeable parts
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Henry Ford
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Importance of interchangeable parts
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Made automobiles more affordable and convenient
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Inventor of telephone
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Importance of telephone
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Revolutionized communication
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Improvements in transportation
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Locomotives could carry many passengers long distances Riverboats could transport goods long distances Automobiles replaced carriages for everyday transportation
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How did railroads revolutionize life in Great Britain
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Allowed goods and people to travel long distance Improved both communication and transportation Revolutionized all industries
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Urbanization
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City building and the movement of people to cities
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Middle class
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Upper middle class: managers, merchants, government employees, doctors, lawyers Lower middle class: factory overseers, skilled workers Middle class grew into these two groups because people gained unexpected wealth from the industrial revolution
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Luddites
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Caused riots, attacked factories, destroyed machinery
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How did living conditions change
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Rapid growth of cities made little time for building codes Living conditions were cramped, unsanitary and sometimes unsafe. Disease spread quickly Whereas the wealthy bought big houses in the suburbs
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How did cities change
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The jobless flocked to cities to find work in the factories, making cities multiply
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How did working conditions change
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Workers were worked as long and hard as possible to make more goods for more profit Few breaks, 14 hours/day 6 days/week, dangerous machines, poor air quality, etc
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How did social classes change
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Working class got poorer, middle class got richer and snooty aristocrats stayed the same
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Positive/long term effects of industrial revolution
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People could.... Earn higher wages in factories than on farms Afford to heat their homes and eat better meals Wear better clothing Cities and economy grew
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Stock
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Rights of ownership in a company
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Corporation
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A business owned by stockholders who share in its profit but are not personally responsible for its debt
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Explain how industrialization began in the US
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War of 1812: Britain has cut off US from international trade Forces US to turn to their own natural resources to make things they can no longer get from trade
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Samuel Slater
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Emigrated to the US and built a spinning machine from partial design/memory
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Moses Brown
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Opened first factory in US to house Slater's machines
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Francis Cabot Lowell
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Mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth (revolutionized American textile industry)
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John Rockefellar
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Founded large corporation : Standard Oil
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Andrew Carnegie
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Founded large corporation: Carnegie Steel Company
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How did the railroad industry change how businesses in the US conduct business
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Railroads help cities like Chicago and Minneapolis grow because trains can carry lots of materials and goods long distances (to and from factories) Improved production and trade
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Why was Continental Europe slower to industrialize than GB
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French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars interrupted trade, communication and caused inflation Also had a lack of resources and location made it hard to industrialize
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How Belgium industrialized
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Had iron ore, coal, water transportation resources British workers smuggle in machine parts and start companies
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How Germany Industrialized
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Besides Political and economic barriers, industry still occurs Railroads boom
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Bohemia Industry
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Develops spinning
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Northern Italy industry
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Mechanizes silk textiles
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France Industry
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Agriculture remains strong even though industrialization remains measured
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Impact of industrialization on world
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Wealth gap widens Non industrialized countries fall behind Industrialized nations exploit colonies for resources (imperialism)
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Impact of industrialization on society
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Us and gb gain economic power Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, call for social reform
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Liassez faire
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-Economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference from the government -Argued that free trade would allow the flow of commerce (wealth) AKA no tariff on goods
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Capitalism
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Economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
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Socialism
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-Factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all -government should plan the economy. They should control factories, mines, rail roads, and other key industries. Government would make sure all goods were distributed equally
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Communism
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Form of complete socialism in which means of production would be owned by the people private property cease to exist All goods and services shared equally
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Strike
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A refusal to work
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Utilitarianism
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Ideas, institutions, and actions are judged on the basis of their utility/usefulness
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Union
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The labor associations that workers joined together in voluntarily
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Adam Smith
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Supporter of laissez faire economics and capitalism Wrote the Wealth of Nations (argued for free economy with no government intervention)
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Who wrote the Wealth of Nations
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Adam Smith
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Karl Marx
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German journalist and philosopher Published pamphlet The Communist Manifesto Promoted a radical form of socialism (Marxism/Communism)
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Factory Act of 1833
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Made it illegal to hire children under the age of 9 Children 9-12 could not work more than 8 hours a day Children 13-17 could not work more than 12 hours a day
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Ten hours act of 1847
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Limited the workday to ten hours for women and children who worked in factories
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Adam Smith's 3 Laws of Economics
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1. Law of self-interest: people will do what benefits them most 2. Law of Competition: competition lowers prices and provides better products 3. Law of Supply and Demand: consumers will tell producers how much of a product (supply) they are willingly to buy (demand) *all of this is driven by the invisible hand
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Utopianism
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Form of socialism thought up of by Robert Owen Believed all work should be shared, no division between rich and poor
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Communist Manifesto
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-always been a struggle between the middle class and working class -middle class controlled means of production and benefited whereas working class did all the work in bad conditions and got nothing -predicted the workers would rise up and overthrow the middle class -final stage: government would eventually end because they wouldn't need to regulate anymore -classless society=communism=extreme form of socialism
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Difference between socialism and communism
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In socialism, the government would make sure that everyone stays equal and is taken care of (distribute everything as they see fit) whereas in communism, there would be no government, only a classless society
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Why did labor unions form
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To gain rights from their employers Factory workers would form together in unions and make demands to their overseers. If they overseers did not give in, the workers would strike
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Reforms of this time period
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-The reforms of this time period worked to gain protection for working women and children from their employers. I.e. Less hours per day, age that could be hired and where you could work (children could not work in mines) -Also, slavery ended and more people gained rights like the right to vote (women and working class) -more available education -help to former convicts reentering society
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Suffrage
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Right to vote
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Charist Movement
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Workers and other groups that could not vote pressed for more rights
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Queen Victoria
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Queen at the time of the charist movement etc
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Third Republic
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New government in France (third attempt at setting up a republic)
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Dreyfus affair
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Conflict between Third Republic and monarchists/aristocrats/clergy/army leaders who wanted a monarch or military rule
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Anti-semitism
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Prejudice against Jews
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Zionism
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Persecuted Jews movement whose goal was to reestablish their ancient homeland
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Charles Darwin
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English naturalist that introduced the idea that all forms of life evolved from earlier living forms that had existed millions of years ago
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Theory of Evolution
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Darwin's idea of change through natural selection
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Radioactivity
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Powerful form of energy released from a mineral (pitchblende) containing two newly discovered elements (radium and polonium). These element were discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie
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Mass culture
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The appeal of art, writing, music and other forms of entertainment to a larger audience
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Psychology
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The study of the human mind and behavior
