question

Acetylcholine(Ach), alzheimers

answer

this neurotransmitter enables muscle action, learning, and memory, if you do not have enough of this, you get....

question

dopamine, schizophrenia, parkinson's

answer

this neurotransmitter influence movement, learning, attention and emotion, if you have too much of this you will get....if you have too little you will get....

question

serotonin, depression

answer

this neurotransmitter affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal, if you do not have enough of this, you will get...

question

norepinephrine

answer

this neurotransmitter is a hormone that helps control alertness and arousal

question

GABA, seizures, tremors, insomnia

answer

this neurotransmitter is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, if you have too little of this you get...

question

glutamate, migraines and seizures

answer

this neurotransmitter is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory, if you have too much of this, you will get...

question

because we think, feel, and act with our body. Biology Underlies our behavior and mental processes. By studying the links between psychology and biological activity, we discover many things.

answer

explain why psychologists are concerned with human biology

question

biological

answer

in the most basic sense, every idea, mood, memory, and behavior that an individual has ever experienced is a _________ phenomenon.

question

phrenology

answer

the theory that linked our mental abilities to bumps on the skull was______

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biological psychologists

answer

researchers who study the links between biology and behavior are called____ _________

question

tiny cells organize to form organs in our body. These organs form from larger systems for digestion, circulation, and information processing. These systems are part of us, who are a part of our family, community, and culture.

answer

explain why, at every level, our existence is both part of a larger system and a combination of smaller systems.

question

a neuron consists of a cell body and and its branching fibers. It has dendrite fibers that receive information and it has axon fibers that pass the information along to other neurons or to muscles or to glands. The myelin sheath is a layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axons of some neurons and helps speed their impulses. An action potential is triggered when the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed the threshold(the minimum intensity) then these signals trigger the action potential. Also an action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of the channels in the axon's membrane after it receives those signals.

answer

describe the structure of a neuron and the process by which an action potential is triggered.

question

Nerve cells communicate by firing to other neurons. Neurotransmitter are important for human behavior because they influence whether a neuron will generate a neural impulse after crossing the synapse and binding to receptor sites. They influence our motions and emotions.

answer

describe how nerve cells communicate, and discuss the importance of neurotransmitters for human behavior.

question

endorphins are released in response to pain or vigorous exercise. drugs influence neurotransmitters because some drugs like an agonist excite, they mimic the neurotransmitter when it binds to receptor sites or blocks a neurotransmitters reuptake, it mimics it because it is so similar to the neurotransmitter molecule, and it mimics its effects on the receiving neuron. antagonists inhibit, it can can inhibit a neurotransmitters release or it can block a neurotransmitter.

answer

discuss the significance of endorphins and explain how drugs influence neurotransmitters.

question

system, subsystems, subsystems, neurons

answer

we are each a ______,composed of______ that are parts of larger______. Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or _____

question

dendrites

answer

the extensions of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons are the ________

question

axon, myelin sheath

answer

the extensions of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons are the _____; some of these extensions are insulated by a layer of fatty cells called the _____ _____, which helps speed the neuron's impulses.

question

action potential, axon

answer

the neural impulse, or ____ _______, is a brie electrical charge that travels down an _____.

question

negatively, positively, resting potential

answer

the fluid interior of a resting axon carries mostly_______(positively/negatively) charged ions, while the fluid outside has mostly______(positively/negatively) charged ions. This polarization called the ______ _______, occurs because the cell membrane is selectively permeable

question

positively, depolarized

answer

an action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens its gates and _____(positively/negatively) charged ions rush in, causing that part of the neuron to become________

question

refractory period, positively

answer

during the resting pause followed by an action potential called the_______ ______, the neuron pumps ________ charged ions outside the cell

question

excitatory, inhibitory, threshold, will not, all or none

answer

in order to trigger a neural impulse, ________ signals minus______signals must exceed a certain intensity called the ________. increasing a stimulus above this leave ________(will/will not) increase the neural impulse's intensity. This phenomenon is called an ____-______-_______response

question

a neuron fires and impulse when it receives signals from sense receptors or when it is stimulated by chemical messages from neighboring neurons. Once the neural impulse is transmitted, an electrical signal travels down the axon. This passes messages away from the cell body and to other neurons, muscles , or glands.

answer

outline the sequence of reactions that occur when a neural impulse is generated and transmitted from one neuron to another.

question

does not

answer

the strength of a stimulus__________(does/does not) affect the speed of a neural impulse

question

synapse, synaptic cleft

answer

the junction between two neurons is called a _______, and the gap is called the ________ _____

question

neurotransmitters, atoms

answer

the chemical messengers that convey information across the gaps between neurons are called____________. These chemicals unlock tiny channnels on receptor sites, allowing electrically charged ______(ions) to enter the neuron.

question

exciting, inhibiting, reuptake

answer

Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by______or ______ their readiness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a process called________.

question

dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate

answer

among the neurotransmitters that researchers have pinpointed are_________, which influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion; _____, which affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal' ________, which helps control alertness and arousal; _____, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter whose undersupply is linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia, and _______, which is involved in memory.

question

ach, botullin

answer

a neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is_________. The poison______produces paralysis by blocking the activity of this neurotransmitter.

question

endorphins,heroin, morphine

answer

naturally occurring opiatelike neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called______. When the brain is flooded with drugs such as ______ or _____, it may stop producing these neurotransmitters.

question

agonists, receptor sites, antagonists

answer

drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called_____. Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their ________ ______are called ____________.

question

blood brain barrier

answer

the molecular shape of some drugs prevents them from passing through the ______-______ ______by which the brain fences unwanted chemicals.

question

parkinson's, dopamine,l-dopa

answer

the tremors of _________disease are due to the death of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter_______. People with this condition can be helped to regain control over their muscles by taking________

question

1.) Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord, allows communication with the peripheral nervous system 2.) Peripheral nervous system- sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body - sensory: carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system -interneurons: CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor inputs -motor neurons: carry outgoing information from the CNS to the muscles and glands

answer

identify the major divisions of the nervous system and their primary functions, and describe the neurons that carry information throughout the system.

question

-operation of reflexes in spinal cord: sensory neurons interacts to interneurons in the spinal cord. The interneurons respond by activating motor neurons that cause the muscles to react/move -neural networks in the brain: interconnected neural cells, neurons network with nearby neurons, with which they can have short, fast connections. Cells in each layer of this network connects with various cells in the next layer. Learning occurs as feedback strengthens connections that produce certain results

answer

Describe the operation of reflexes in the spinal cord and neural networks in the brain.

question

nervous system

answer

taken all together the neurons of the body form the _______ _________.

question

central, peripheral

answer

the brain and spinal cord comprise the ______nervous system. The neurons that link the brain and spinal cord to the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands form the ______ nervous system.

question

nerves

answer

sensory and motor axons are bundled into electrical cables called_______.

question

sensory, interneurons

answer

information arriving in the central nervous system from the body travels in ________neurons. The neurons that enable internal communication within the central nervous system are called_________.

question

motor

answer

the central nervous system sends instructions to the body's tissues by means of_______neurons.

question

somatic

answer

the division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input to the central nervous system and directs the movements of the skeletal muscles is the _________ nervous system.

question

autonomic

answer

involuntary, self-refulating response-those of the glands and muscles of internal organs-are controlled by the ______nervous system.

question

sympathetic

answer

the body is made ready for action by the _________division of the autonomic nervous system.

question

parasympathetic

answer

the _______division of the autonomic nervous system produces relaxation.

question

your sympathetic nervous system prepares you for defensive action. Afterwards, your parasympathetic nervous system calms you down.

answer

describe and explain the sequence of physical reactions that occur in the body as an emergency is confronted and then passes.

question

reflexes, spinal cord, knee jerk, pain

answer

automatic responses to stimuli, called ______,illustrate the work of the _____ ______. Simple pathways such as these are involved in the ______-_____ response and in the _____ reflex.

question

when your fingers touch a hot burner on a stove, neural activity excited by the heat travels via sensory neurons to interneurons in your spinal cord. The interneurons respond by activating motor neurons to the muscles in your arm.

answer

beginning with the sensory receptors in the skin, trace the course of a spinal reflex as a person reflexively jerks his or her hand away from an unexpectedly hot burner on a stove.

question

neural networks

answer

to perform complex computations, neurons in the brain cluster into work groups called__________ ________

question

-clinical observation: observes the effects of brain diseases and injuries -manipulation: can electrically, chemically, or magnetically stimulate various parts of the brain -EEG: records the waves of electrical activity that sweep cross the brain's surface -CT: can reveal brain damage by taking x-rays of the brain -PET: measures the brain's consumption of glucose, measures how active parts of the brain are during various tasks -MRI: shows detailed pictures of brain tissues using magnetic fields

answer

identify and explain the methods used in studying the brain.

question

medulla-controls heart rate and breathing reticular formation-controls arousal thalamus-receives info. from senses and coordinates brain electrical oscillations cerebellum-helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

answer

describe the functions of structures within the brainstem, as well as those of the thalamus and the cerebellum.

question

amygdala-influences agression and fear hypothalamus-both monitors blood chemistry and takes orders from other parts of the brain

answer

describe the functions of the structures in the limbic system.

question

glial cells-support, nourish, protect neurons frontal lobes-lying behind the forehead, involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements parietal lobes-top of the head and toward the rear, includes sensory cortex occipital-back of head, visual areas temporal-above ears, auditory areas

answer

describe the structures and functions of the cerebral cortex

question

language functioning is impaired by altering the cortexes because of aphasia, meaning you can read but not write, sing but not speak, etc. When you read aloud, the words register in the visual area, are relayed to the angular gyrus that transforms the words into an auditory code that is received and understood in the nearby wernicke's area and sent to Broca's area which controls the motor cortex, creating the pronounced word.

answer

discuss how damage to one of several different cortical areas can impair language functioning, and outline the process by which the brain directs reading aloud.

question

the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.

answer

discuss the brain's plasticity and what it reveals about brain reorganization.

question

when the 2 hemispheres were connected, Vogel and Bogen found that by separating the 2 sections, seizures were not stopped, it reveals that 2 hemispheres can function without being able to rely on one another through the corpus callosum. For undivided brains, the 2 hemisphere rely on each other through the corpus callosum to transfer information.

answer

describe research on divided and undivided brains, and discuss what is reveals regarding normal brain functioning.

question

more than half of left-handers process speech in the left hemisphere, about a quarter process language in the right, the other quarter use them equally. Left-handers tend to have more health issues and die sooner because of those reasons.

answer

discuss the brain organization of left-handed people and why left-handedness seems to diminish with age.

question

lesions, clinical observation

answer

researchers sometimes study brain function by producing_____or by selectively destroying brain cells. the oldest technique for studying the brain involves______ _________

question

EEG

answer

the ________ is a recording of the electrical activity of the whole brain.

question

CT Scan

answer

a computer-generated image of a slice of the brain based on a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles is called a ___ ______

question

PET Scan

answer

the technique depicting the level of activity of brain areas by measuring the brain's consumption of glucose is called the _____ _____

question

depicts level of activity of brain areas by measuring the brain's consumption of glucose. This allows researchers to see which brain areas are most active as the person performs various tasks.

answer

briefly explain the purpose of the PET scan.

question

MRI, Functional MRI

answer

a technique that produces clearer images of the brain by using magnetic fields and radio waves is known as_______. By taking pictures less than a second apart, the _______ _____ detects blood rushing to the part of the cortex thought to control the bodily activity being studied.

question

brainstem

answer

the oldest and innermost region of the brain is the_______

question

medulla, breathing, heartbeat

answer

at the base of the brainstem, where the spinal cord enters the skull, lies the _______, which controls ________ and _______.

question

brainstem

answer

nerves from each side of the brain cross over to connect with the body's opposite side in the _______

question

reticular formation, arousal, alert(awake), coma

answer

the ________ _________ is contained inside the brainstem and helps control _______. Electrically stimulating this area will produce an _______ animal. Lesioning this area will cause an animal to lapse into a ________.

question

thalamus , electrical oscillations, sleep

answer

at the top of the brainstem sits the _______, which serves as the brain's sensory switchboard and coordinates the brain's _______ _________, which slow during_____ and speed up to produce waking consciousness.

question

thalamus, nonverbal learning, balance

answer

at the rear of the brainstem lies the _______. It influences one type of ______ ________ and memory, but its major function is coordination of voluntary movement and ________control.

question

conscious , outside

answer

the lower brain functions occur without________effort, indicating that our brains process most information______(outside/inside) of our awareness.

question

limbic, hippocampus

answer

between the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres is the ______system. One component of this system that processes memory is the ___________.

question

amygdala

answer

rage or fear will result form stimulation of different regions of the _______

question

psychosurgery, seldom

answer

amygdala lesions, produced by _____________techniques, have been used to treat violent humans. This treatment is controversial and _______(widely/seldom) used today.

question

hypothalamus, hunger, thirst, body temperature, pituitary, reward/pleasure

answer

below the thalamus is the _________which regulates bodily maintenance behaviors such as_______, ______, and _______ __________. The hypothalamus also regulates behavior chemically through its influence on the ________ gland. Olds and Milner discovered that this region also contains___________ centers, which animals will work hard to have stimulated.

question

addictive, reward deficiency syndrome

answer

some researchers believe that alcoholism, drug abuse, binge eating and other________ disorders may stem from a genetic________ _________ __________ in the natural systems for pleasure.

question

cerebral cortex

answer

the most complex functions of human behavior are linked to the most developed part of the brain, the ________ ________.

question

glial cells

answer

the non-neural cells that support, protect, and nourish cortical neurons are called ______ _______

question

more wrinkled, increases

answer

compared to the cortexes of lower mammals, the human cortex has a ______________(smoother/more wrinkled) surface. This_______ (increases/decreases) the overall surface area of our brains.

question

1. frontal 2. occipital 3. parietal 4. temporal

answer

list the four lobes of the brain

question

motor, frontal, paralyzed, thoughts

answer

electrical stimulation of one side of the ______ cortex, and arch shaped region at the back of the_____ lobe, will produce movement on the opposite side of the body. Research findings from studies in which recording electrodes are implanted in this area of animals' brains raise hopes that people who are _______ may one day be able to control machines directly with their _______.

question

sensory, touch

answer

at the front of the parietal lobes lies the _____ cortex, which, when stimulated, elicits a sensation of _______.

question

sensory cortex

answer

the more sensitive a body region, the greater the area of______ ________ devoted to it.

question

occipital, temporal

answer

visual information is received in the ________lobes, whereas auditory information is received in the _______ lobes

question

association areas, 3/4, frontal

answer

areas of the brain that don't receive sensory information or direct movement but, rather, integrate and interpret information received by other regions are know as _______ _______. Approximately _______of the human cortex is of this type. Such areas in the _____ lobe are involved in recognizing faces, making judgements and carrying out plans, and in some aspects of personality

question

aphasia, broca's area, wernicke's area, angular gyrus

answer

brain injuries may produce an impairment in language use called ______. Studies of people with such impairments have shown that ________ _______ is involved in producing speech, ______ _______ is involved in understanding speech, and the _______ ________ is involved in recoding printed words into auditory form

question

unified whole

answer

although the mind's subsystems are localized in particular brain regions, the brain acts as a _______ ______.

question

plasticity

answer

the quality of the brain that makes it possible for undamaged brain areas to take over the functions of damaged regions is known as_________

question

will not, reorganize, can, stem

answer

although most severed neurons _______(will/will not) regenerate, neural tissue can _______in response to damage. New evidence suggests that adult mice and humans____(can/cannot) generate new brain cells; research also reveals the existence of master______cells in the developing fetal brain that can develop into any type of brain cell.

question

left, dominant(major)

answer

because damage to it will impair language and understanding, the______hemisphere came to be known as the _______ hemisphere.

question

corpus callosum, split brain

answer

in treating several patients with severe epilepsy, voagel and bogen separated the 2 hemispheres of the brain by cutting the _______ _______. When this structure is severed, the result is referred to as a ______ _______.

question

right, name, right

answer

in a split-brain patient, only the_______ hemisphere will be aware of an unseen object held in the left hand. In this case, the person would not be able to ______the object. When different words are shown in the left and right visual fields, if the patient fixates on a point on the center line between the fields, the patient will be able to say only the word shown on the______.

question

if pencil were to be flashed to a patient's right field, the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, The word would be flashed at the right side, but processed in the left hemisphere of the brain. The left side controls language, so the patient would be able to recognize the word. If touched with the left hand, it would be processed in the right, since the hemispheres are split, they cannot share information.

answer

explain why a split-brain patient would be able to read aloud the word pencil flashed to his or her right visual field, but would be unable to identify a pencil by touch using only the left hand.

question

alien hand syndrome, unconscious, can

answer

the neurological disorder in which people experience one hand as having a mind of its own is called "________ _________ ________." This phenomenon demonstrates that the ________ mind _____(can/cannot) control our behavior

question

have, right, left, demonstrate, favor a side of their mouth when smiling

answer

researchers studying undivided brains____(have/have not) found evidence of hemispheric specialization. For example, pictures are recognized more rapidly when they are flashed to the _____(right/left) hemisphere, whereas words are recognized faster and more accurately when flashed to the ______(left/right) hemisphere. Babies_______(demonstrate/do not demonstrate) cerebral specialization, as revealed by their tendency to_______________________________.

question

right, play, decreases, left

answer

in all cultures of the world, most of the human population is ____(right/left)-handed. Genetic factors____(play/do not play) a role in handedness. With age, the percentage of left-handers _____(increases/decreases). One controversial explanation of this difference is that _____(right/left)-handers die at a younger age than their counterparts.

question

some health risks are that they experienced premature or stressful births. They have more headaches and accidents, use more tobacco and alcohol, and suffer more immune system problems.

answer

identify several health risks that left-handers are more likely to have experienced.

question

the endocrine system is the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

answer

discuss the functioning of the endocrine system.

question

adrenal:secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine which help to arouse the body in times of stress pituitary: regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

answer

identify two important endocrine glands, and specify their functions.

question

endocrine system, hormones, slower

answer

the body's chemical communication network is called the ________ _______. This system transmits information through chemical messengers called _______ at a much _______(faster/slower) rate than the nervous system.

question

adrenal, epinephrine, norepinephrine

answer

in a moment of danger, the ______ glands release ________ and _________

question

pituitary, hypothalamus, growth

answer

the most influential gland is the________, which, under the control of the brain area called the _____________ helps regulate _______and a release of hormones by other endocrine glands

question

The hypothalamus in the brain influences secretions by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland regulates all of the other endocrine glands, which release hormones that influence behavior. The hypothalamus monitors these changes in blood chemistry and therefore adjusts its inputs to the pituitary gland.

answer

write a paragraph describing the feedback system that links the nervous and endocrine systems.

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