question

sensation is to perception as ___________ is to ____________

answer

stimulation; interpretation

question

the minimal stimulus necessary for detection is called the _____________, while the smallest noticeable change in a stimulus is referred to as _______________

answer

absolute threshold; difference threshold

question

when Ann went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. during the test, the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder. The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound. The doctor was testing Ann's ____________

answer

absolute threshold

question

some people believe that ________ are messages that can be sent to consumers, prompting them to buy a product without their being aware of receiving such messages

answer

subliminal stimuli

question

when you first put your hat on, you can feel it quite easily, but after a while, you forget that you are wearing a hat at all-the sensation is gone. what happened?

answer

habituation

question

our eyes don't adapt completely to a repeated visual stimulus because _________

answer

eye movements called micro saccades cause the stimulus image to vibrate slightly on the retina

question

microsaccades are ________

answer

tiny vibrations of the eye that prevent images from fading

question

which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil?

answer

iris

question

when we describe someone's eyes as green, technically we are referring to his or her green ________

answer

irises

question

which of the following is true about cones? a. they are responsible for black and white vision b. they are found mainly in the center of the eye c. they operate mainly at night d. they respond only to black and white

answer

b. they are found mainly in the center of the eye

question

it is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because _________

answer

we are seeing primarily with the rods

question

if an artist were to blend red, green, and blue paints together, the result would look _________

answer

black

question

a person with red-green color blindness will see the world in _______

answer

blues, yellows, and grays

question

all fo the following are true about color blindness EXCEPT: a. people are either unable to distinguish two or more hues from each other or unable to see hue at all b. most color blindness is a result of sex-linked inheritance c. it seems to be more common in women than men d. most people who are color blind cannot distinguish red from green

answer

c. it seems to be more common in women than men

question

why do researchers believe color deficiencies often have genetic cause?

answer

more males than females suffer from color deficiencies

question

one of your mother's siblings is always known for putting together awful-looking colors while getting dressed. who is this person more likely to be?

answer

your uncle, because men have more problems with color vision

question

what is the basic function of the outer ear?

answer

to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum

question

what are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup?

answer

tiny bones located in the middle ear

question

conduction hearing impairment refers to hearing problems that originate in the ________

answer

eardrum and middle ear

question

where are the taste receptors located?

answer

on the taste buds

question

what are the five primary tastes?

answer

bitter, salty, sour, sweet, unmami

question

the kinesthetic sense are concentrated with _________

answer

the location of body parts in relation to each other

question

which is the best description of the vestibular senses?

answer

they have to do with movement and body position

question

similarity is the tendency to perceive ___________

answer

things that look similar as being part of the same group

question

________ is the retention of memory for some period of time

answer

storage

question

the three parts of the information-processing model of memory are ________

answer

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

question

which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

answer

sensory memory

question

you are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. the rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in ________

answer

iconic memory

question

which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

answer

echoic memory

question

information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of ________

answer

selective attention

question

Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against __________

answer

George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2

question

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. she memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. this tactic is called _________

answer

chunking

question

maintenance rehearsal is defined as _________

answer

repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

question

the portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called _______

answer

long-term memory

question

which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?

answer

procedural memories

question

recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of _________

answer

semantic memory

question

in the game show Jeopardy contestants are tested on general information. the type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is __________

answer

semantic

question

Jesse still has very vivid memories of his first romantic kiss. this example illustrates a specific form of _______ memory known as an ________ memory

answer

episodic; autobiographical

question

when asked to recall the date of John Kennedy's assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. this example most clearly demonstrates the value of _________

answer

retrieval cues

question

the best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in _______

answer

the biology classroom

question

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. on the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. she knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it starts with a "T." Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of the sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but its too late. Janie was suffering from

answer

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

question

Meryl is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand. she had gone through a list of them when her phone rang. after she gets off the phone, she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the _________

answer

primary effect

question

a witness of the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

answer

no, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification

question

T/F memory trace decay theory can explain forgetting from sensory memory and short-term memory but does not adequately explain forgetting from long-term memory.

answer

true

question

T/F the hippocampus appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. if it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost.

answer

true

question

what part of H.M's brain was damaged and what memory problem did this cause him?

answer

had hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala-->he couldn't remember

question

discuss different ways that sleep can affect one's memory

answer

Memories rehearsed during sleep are more likely to be consolidated. One can't learn something new while sleeping, but information can be better consolidated while sleeping. Sleep deprivation severely interferes with hippocampal function and memory.

question

which type of research design would provide evidence of casualty, rather than purely descriptive data?

answer

survey

question

experiment

answer

determine cause and effect relationships

question

naturalistic observation

answer

watch subjects in their normal environment

question

case study

answer

study one individual in great detail

question

would you rather find a weak positive or a strong negative correlation

answer

weak positive

question

"control" as in psychology fourth goal

answer

how it can be changed

question

"control" as in control grop

answer

subjet in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment

question

what are Maslow's hierarchy of needs

answer

self-actualization, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological

question

placebo effect

answer

phenomenon in which the expectations of participants in a study can influence their behavior

question

curare, a poison, works by

answer

blocking receptor sites and acting as an antagonist for acetylcholine

question

pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called

answer

endorphins

question

which of the following are the three basic types of neurons?

answer

interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons

question

LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object. which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in Lakeisha's foot, resulting in her pulling he foot away from the piece of glass?

answer

sensory neurons

question

the peripheral nervous system consists of

answer

all of the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord

question

Vladimir is typing on the computer keyboard. the motion of his fingers on the keys is probably being controlled by the

answer

motor pathway neurons

question

involuntary muscles are controlled by the ______ nervous system

answer

autonomic

question

the part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the _______ nervous system

answer

sympathetic

question

as Molly is walking across campus, a car swerves toward her. her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm's way. this mobilization of energy is due to the action of Molly's ________

answer

sympathetic nervous system

question

endocrine glands _________

answer

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

question

if Mindy's doctor has taken a series of images of her brain using x-rays, then she has likely had a

answer

CT

question

Libby's physician refers her to a medical center in order to have the biochemical activity in her brain analyzed. she is given an injection of a radioactive glucose-like substance and then is told to lie down with her head in a scanner. the technique being used is ______

answer

positron emission tomography (PET)

question

an auto accident rendered Chris's nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe, so he is on a respirator. which brain structure was damaged in the accident?

answer

medulla

question

a college student is having difficulty staying awake during the day and sleeping through the night. her difficulties are most likely due to problems in the __________

answer

hippocampus

question

katie has grown up sleeping with a fan running in her room since she was an infant. this provides white noise to drown out the television programs being watched by other family members who were still awake. in an effort to save electricity, her mother has started coming into her room and turning her fan off after she thinks katie is asleep. however, each time katie wakes up and asks for the fan to be turned back on. katie is selectively attending to certain kinds of information in her surroundings, which has been linked to the ___________ part of the brain

answer

reticular formation

question

if your __________ was damaged, you might walk oddly and have trouble standing normally

answer

cerebellum

question

rats that have a damaged _______ will show no fear when placed next to a cat

answer

amygdala

question

Al is trying to decide whether the shower is hot enough to step in. Hal is listening to his MP3 player. Sal is looking at a beautiful painting in an art museum. which individual is using his parietal lobe

answer

Al

question

parietal lobe

answer

function includes processing information about touch

question

why is the cortex in the brain so wrinkled?

answer

allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull

question

neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing

answer

inhibitory

question

the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

answer

soma

question

endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum which secretes melatonin

answer

pineal

question

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into he bloodstream

answer

endocrine

question

long tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells

answer

axon

question

chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell

answer

neurotransmitter

question

bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body

answer

nerves

question

branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons

answer

dendrites

question

endocrine gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism

answer

thyroid

question

thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

answer

corpus callosum

question

part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

answer

central

question

part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, it acts as a relay from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex

answer

thalamus

question

endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar it the blood

answer

pancreas

question

fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

answer

myelin

question

the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system

answer

neuron

question

chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell

answer

agonists

question

part of the lower brain that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor sites of the next cell

answer

cerebellum

question

process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

answer

reuptake

question

a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

answer

limbic

question

chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands

answer

hormones

question

brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear

answer

amygdala

question

operant conditioning

answer

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

question

latent learning

answer

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

question

T/F Bandura's seminal study of observational learning involved watching children and their interactions with Bobo dolls

answer

True

question

A child is wetting his or her bed. according to our textbook, punishing the child would be the best way to permanently stop this behavior. you would recumbent that the child be given no food on the day after a bedwetting incident. this is because punishment is guaranteed to stop bad behaviors.

answer

false

question

classical conditioning was accidentally discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov while he was studying salivation in dogs

answer

false-digestion in dogs

question

in Bandura's study of observational learning, the abbreviation AMID stands for __________

answer

attention, memory, imitation, desire

question

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. according to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?

answer

her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry

question

a young boy is watching TV. in one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. the bully then enjoys eating the other child's lunch. because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids' lunches at school. according to Bandura's theory of observational learning, his hunger at lunchtime is most influenced by which factor?

answer

desire

question

a congressional hearing is taking place in Washington D.C. the representatives are discussing whether the portrayls of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. the work of what psychologists is most relevant to their discussion?

answer

Bandura

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