CT Chapter 9 Ethics & Moral Decision Making – Flashcards
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Moral Reasoning
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used when a decision is made about what we ought or ought not to do
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Moral Values
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values that benefit oneself and others and are worthwhile for their own sake
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Nonmoral (Instrumental) Values
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values that are goal oriented-- a means to an end be achieved
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Moral Tragedy
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this occurs when we make a moral decision that is later regretted
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Conscience
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a source of knowledge that provides us with knowledge about what is right and wrong
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Affective
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the emotional aspect of conscience that motivates us to act
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Moral Sentiments
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emotions that alert us to moral situations and motivate us to do what is right
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Helper's High
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the feeling that occurs when we help other people
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Compassion
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sympathy in action
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Moral Outrage
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indignation in the presense of an injustice or violation of moral decency
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Resentment
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a type of moral outrage that occurs when we ourselves are treated unjustly
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Guilt
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a moral sentiment that alerts us to and motivates us to correct a wrong
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Shame
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a feeling resulting from the violation of a social norm
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Preconventional Stages
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stage of moral development in which morality is defined egotistically
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Conventional Stages
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stage of moral development in which people look to others for moral guidelines
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Postconventional Stages
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stage in which people make moral decisions on the basis of universal moral principles
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Justice Perspective
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the emphasis on duty and principles in moral reasoning
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Care Perspective
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the emphasis in moral development and reasoning on context and relationships
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Mature Care Ethics
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the stage of moral development in which people are able to balance their needs and those of others
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Ethical Subjectivist
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one who believes that morality is nothing more than personal opinion or feelings
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Cultural Relativism
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people who look to societal norms for what is morally right and wrong
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Utilitartianism
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a moral philosophy in which actions are evaluated based on their consequences
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Principle of Utility (greatest happiness principle)
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the most moral action is that which brings about the greatest happiness or pleasure and the least amount of pain for the greatest number
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Utilitarian Calculus
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used to determine the best course of action or policy by calculating the total amount of pleasure and pain caused by that action
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Deontology
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the ethics of duty
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Categorical Imperative
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Kant's fundamental moral principle that helps to determine what our duty is
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Prima Facie Duty
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moral duty that is binding unless overridden by a more compelling moral duty
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Legitimate Interests
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interests that do not violate others' similar and equal interests
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Welfare Rights
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the right to receive certain social goods that are essential to our well-being
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Liberty Rights
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the right to be left alone to pursue our legitimate interests
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Virtue Ethics
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moral theories that emphasize character over right actions
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Moral Sensitivity
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the awareness of how our actions affect others
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Moral Dilemma
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a situation in which there is a conflict between moral values
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Steps for Resolving a Moral Dilemma
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1. Describe the FACTS 2. List the relevant MORAL PRINCIPLES & CONCERNS 3. List & evaluate POSSIBLE COURSES OF ACTION 4. Devise a PLAN OF ACTION 5. CARRY OUT the plan of action
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Universal Moral Theories
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1. Utilitarianism 2. Deontology 3. Rights-based Ethics 4. Virtue Ethics
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Seven Prima-Facie Duties
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Future-Looking Duties: 1. Beneficiance 2. Nonmaleficence Duties Based on Past Obligations: 3. Fidelity/loyalty 4. Reparation 5. Gratitude Ongoing Duties: 6. Self-Improvement 7. Justice
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Utilitarian Calculus (7 Factors to Consider)
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1. Intensity 2. Duration 3. Certainty 4. Propinquity 5. Fecundity 6. Purity 7. Extent
