sociology test 1 Answers – Flashcards
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sociology
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the systematic study of social interaction at various levels
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social interactions
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the process by which we act toward and react to people around us
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sociological imagination
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awareness of the relationship between an individual and society
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microsociology
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focuses on small scale patterns of an individual's social interaction in specific settings
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macrosociology
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focuses on large scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole
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theory
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a set of statements that explain why a phenomena has occurred
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comte
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coined the term sociology and is the "father of sociology"
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empirical
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information based on observation experiments or experience
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social statistics and social dynamics
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comte saw sociology as the scientific study of _____ _____ and _______ ________
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harriet martineau
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female sociologists who advocated the rights of women, slaves, and children ``
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social facts
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aspects of social life external to the individual
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social solidarity
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social cohesiveness and harmony achieved by the division of labor
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altruistic suicide
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too tied to the community
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egoistic suicide
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you have no community
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direct observational understanding
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observation of a person's facial expressions and body language
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explanatory understanding
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why a person does what he does
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value free
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separation of personal views and ideology from the society which is being studied
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functionalism
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sociological perspective which believes everything serves a purpose
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manifest functions
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intended purposes
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latent functions
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unintended consequences
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conflict theory
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see society as a system of widespread inequality
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feminist theories
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try to explain the social economic and political position of women in society with a view to free women from traditionally oppressive expectations constraints roles and behavior
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liberal feminism
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emphasizes social and legal reform
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radical feminism
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see male dominance as the source of all inequality
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global feminism
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focuses on how the intersection of gender with race class and colonization has exploited women in the developing world
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symbolic interactionism
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a micro level perspective that looks at the individual's everyday behavior through the communication of knowledge ideas beliefs and attitudes
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social research
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examines human behavior
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validity
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degree to which a measure is accurate
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deductive reasoning
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begins with a theory that is then tested
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inductive reasoning
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begins with a specific observation followed by an experiment which leads to a theory
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population
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well defined group of people or things about whom researchers want to know something
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sample
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group of people that represent the populations
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probability sample
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one of which each person has an equal chance of being selected bc the process is random
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nonprobablilty sample
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little of no attempt is made to get a representative cross section of the population
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survey
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ask person a question and the result is recorded
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secondary analysis
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examine data which has already been collected
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hawthorne effect
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people alter their behavior when they realize someone is watching
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content analysis
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data collection method that systematically examines some form of communication
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evaluation research
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asses the effectiveness of social programs in both public and private sectors
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institutional review board
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if a study involves contact with people you have to go through this
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privacy, informed consent, confidentiality
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three things the IRB will tell you you need
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milgram shock experiment
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yale- would people follow orders bc you told them to
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humphrey tearoom trade
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study of gay men
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alder's drug study
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man and his wife fit into a drug community by taking drugs
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zombardo's prison experiment
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prisoner v warden- resulted in mental breakdowns
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culture
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the totality of learned and shared behaviors beliefs attitudes values and material objects that characterize a society
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society
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people sharing a similar culture living in a similar area
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material culture
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tangible objects that members of a society make use and share
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nonmaterial culture
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shared set of meaning that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world
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symbol
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anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for a people who share a culture
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language
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a system of shared symbols that enables people to comunicate with one another
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ethnocentrism
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what YOU do in YOUR culture is the BEST and RIGHT way
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cultural relativism
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one culture is no better than the other and that ones behavior must be viewed through the eyes of their culture
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subculture
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groups who reject main stream culture- distinctive way of thinking feeling and acting differ somewhat from those of a larger society
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values
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standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad
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argot
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language within a sub culture that others dont understand
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anderson's code of the streets
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looks at inner city blacks- poverty unemployment drugs and racism lead to other culture
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code of the streets
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set of informal rule setting down proper attitudes and ways to respond if challenged RESPECT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING
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zero sum game-
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in order to gain something (respect) you must take it from someone else
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counterculture
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deliberately opposes main culture
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multiculturalism
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coexistence of several cultures int he same geographic area without one culture dominating another
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norms
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society's specific rules about what is right and wrong
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folkways
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simple every day norms based on custom tradition of etiquette
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mores
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norms based on broad societal norms- threaten social order
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laws
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formal rules about behavior thar are defined by a political authority that has the power to punish violators
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sanctions
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rewards for good and bad behavior
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ideal culture
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society comprises the beliefs values and norms they say they follow
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cultural universals
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customs and practices common to all societies
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culture shock
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a sense of confusion uncertainty disorientation or anxiety that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life
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cultural integration
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consistency of various aspects of society promoting order and stability
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cultural imperialism
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when one culture dominates another
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cultural lag
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gap when nonmaterial cultural changes more slowly than material culture
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socialization
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process by which people learn attitudes values and behaviors appropriate for members od society
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primary secondary adult
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3 stages of socialization
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behaviorist
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believe that nurturing can overcome anything- behavior can be modified
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harlowe's monkey
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monkey takes milk from the wire then sleeps with the fur covered one
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looking glass theory
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see ourselves through the eyes of other people
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preparatory, play, game
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3 stages of self
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presentation of self
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daily activities involve attempts to convey impressions of who we are- control how others see you
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face work
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when you feel embarrassed or rejected you come up with an excuse to make you feel better- save face
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pre conventional development
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act out of desire for reward and to avoid punishment
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conventional development
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whats right and whats wrong as seen through the eyes of society
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post conventional
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sense of relativity- distinguish btw social laws and moral relativity
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right of passage
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some event that recognizes a change in the persons status in society
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sociobiology
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theoretical approach that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of animals
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social learning theories
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people learn new attitudes beliefs and practices through social interaction
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self
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social identity
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anticipatory socialization
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process by learning how to perform a role you do not yet occupy
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parenting and work
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two roles done in adult socialization
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resocialization
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unlearning old ways of doing things and learning new attitudes values norms and behaviors `
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total institutions
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process by which resocialization is achieved
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looking glass theory
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when we alter our behavior to gain acceptance- cooley calls this the _________ ________ ________
