Chapters 1-4 Questions, Intro to Criminal Justice – Flashcards
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The enforcement of laws by the police, the courts, and correctional institutions comprise the ............................
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criminal justice system
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A social system designed to maintain order and regulate interaction is known as a(n)
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system of social control
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Who has the authority to decide what charges will be filed at the time of arraignment?
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the prosecutor
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In the 1960s President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice concluded that ...................................................
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people feared crime and had lost confidence in the police
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Which panel of citizens hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine whether a defendant should be brought to trial?
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grand jury
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What was the landmark case that abolished capital punishment for juveniles?
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Roper v. Simmons
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The guilt of the defendant is determined through trial. Plea bargaining, or dismissal of charges, is done at which stage of the criminal process?
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adjudication
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Which of the following are roles of the police?
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all of the above
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A decision issued by a grand jury authorizing the prosecutor to arraign the defendant is called the .....................
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true bill
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Ensuring that citizens are protected from abusive power by government is known as ..........................
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due process
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Sociology is the study of human _________ behavior.
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social
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At what point in the criminal justice process is the defendant asked to enter a formal plea of either guilty or not guilty to the charges?
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arraignment
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Following the events of September 11, 2001, then President Bush declared a ..........................
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War on Terrorism
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What was viewed as the most serious problem in the United States according to a Gallup Poll in 1965?
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crime
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Which model would view a criminal justice system as one that fights crime and protects potential victims?
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crime control model
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Which event is evidence that the American colonists believed in evil spirits, supernatural explanations, and used the judicial process to rid the colonies of so-called satanic influences?
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the Salem witch trials
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Bentham's philosophy is called ...............
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utilitarianism
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Which of the following is not a sociological theory explaining criminal behavior?
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psychoanalytic theory
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The central tenet of the positivist school of criminology is that
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a criminal's decision to commit crime is influenced by external factors.
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The differential association theory that criminal behavior is learned through association with a peer group that engages in criminal behavior was created by
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Edwin Sutherland
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Which perspective emphasized that a person's criminal nature was an inherited characteristic?
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early biological theories
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Which variables do criminologists think influence criminal behavior?
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all of the above
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Freudian theory argues that
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crime is committed to alleviate feelings of guilt, so that one will be punished.
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When lower-class youth reject middle-class values that they cannot achieve and create their own counterculture it is termed
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reaction formation
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Chicago experienced unemployment problems, poor schools, and substandard housing during the early part of the twentieth century; hence, criminal behavior could be expected in these zones according to
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Shaw and McKay
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Criminal offender John Doe grew up surrounded by poverty and other disruptive social forces. Which theory would argue that his criminal behavior was independent of individual characteristics?
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social disorganization
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Whose theory of the "criminal man" was the first important positivist theory to emerge?
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Cesare Lombroso's theory
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Which of the following men is credited with the formation of the neoclassical school of criminology?
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Jeremy Bentham
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The concept of protecting the identity of juveniles charged with delinquency is rooted from which theory of criminology?
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labeling theory
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An attempt to define and explain factors that predict behavior under certain conditions is termed
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theories
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According to the 2010 crime clock statistics, a property crime occurred every
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3.5 seconds
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The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) was established in which year?
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1972
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Which theory explains personal victimization as an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk behavior patterns and associations?
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lifestyle theory
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The study of victims and their patterns of victimization is known as
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victimology
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Which age group has the highest rate of victimization?
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12-24
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Acts "involving direct physical contact between at least one offender and at least one person or object which that offender attempts to take or damage" are defined by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson as what type of crime?
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predatory crime
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Which method of gathering data promotes itself as "the United States' primary source for criminal justice statistics"?
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Bureau of Justice Statistics
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Which president convened the President's Task Force on Victims of Crime?
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Ronald Reagan
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Which agency is responsible for compiling the data for the UCR?
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FBI
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Which movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffered?
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victim's rights movement
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The dark figure of crime statistics refers to
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unreported crime
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The National Crime Victimization Survey was first originated in what decade?
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1970s
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The routine activities theory depends on the interaction of how many variables?
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3
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What is the percentage of violent crimes that are not reported?
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51%
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Which federal agency is responsible for collecting crime data?
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FBI
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The principle that a person has commonsense understanding that the results of his or her behavior might cause harm is termed
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general intent
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Which of the following statements is accurate in regard to the consent defense?
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It could be a defense in certain sporting events that might result in an opponent's death
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Which of the following is not a crime against persons?
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larceny
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Which of the following charges would most likely surround a vehicular homicide as a result of drunk driving?
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manslaughter
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The offense of burglary combines two lesser crimes: trespass and
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intent to commit a crime
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A legal claim that a defendant did not understand the difference between right and wrong because he or she was suffering from a disease or mental defect is known as
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insanity
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Which of the following defenses is a justification defense?
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all of the above
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Actions that do not require criminal intent to be considered a criminal act are called
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strict liability crimes
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Which of the following does not provide for federal criminal laws?
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state statutes
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Parking violation or underage drinking are examples of what type of behavior?
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mala prohibita
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Which limit of the law requires the publication of a law before it can be enforced?
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principle of legality
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Mr. Smith claims that an undercover police officer supplied him with a gun and drove him to a bank, encouraging him to rob it. What defense would Mr. Smith claim?
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entrapment
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Mrs. Johnson shot and killed a man who was trying to break into her house. What is the legal basis for her defending herself from a home invasion?
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self - defense
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Which of the following is not a category of inchoate offenses?
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scheme
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Which limit of the law protects a person from being punished for an action committed before such a law existed?
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ex post facto laws
