JustinAnthroSet - Flashcards

Q: Why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross-dress during the civil war in the 1990s?

it distinguished them from the government\'s soldiers

question

Since anthropologist Lewin studied same-sex commitment ceremonies many states have approved same-sex marriage. If you were doing a similar study today, which of the following would be a focus of your research in same-sex weddings?

answer

all of the above

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Women who practice polyandry tend to marry

answer

two or more brothers

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Indiana University biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that

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sexuality exists on a continuum

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An anthropologist who studies unearned privilege would be most interested in which of the following?

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a situation in which an upper-class man gets accepted at an Ivy League university because his father and grandfather went there

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A number of societies have the notion that men are __________ and women are _________.

answer

created; born

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When descent is based in a single line it is referred to as

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unilineal descent

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What is the main implication of Don Kulick's story about "coming out in the field" for other anthropologists who do not necessarily study in a gay community?

answer

developing rapport sometimes relies on sharing a lot in common with your subjects

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Steven Pinker, an evolutionary biologist, argues that natural selection has selected genes that cause us to feel little sexual attraction for people we have grown up with. From an anthropological perspective on kinship, what is wrong with this view?

answer

all of the above

question

The incest taboo is the most common sexual taboo, although the degree to which it is practiced varies from one society to another.

answer

True

question

Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.

answer

True

question

The dichotomy between males and females is not two distinct categories but a continuum of sexual possibilities in the human species.

answer

True

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Individuals who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female, are called

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Intersexed

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All biological approaches to race are problematic because

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all of the above

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A surrogate mother is

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a woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

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Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between

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nature and culture

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There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other "racial" traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.

answer

False

question

In nearly all societies with any degree of social stratification, more men are in leadership roles than women, not only in political roles but also in economic and social roles involving trade, exchange, kinship relations, ritual participation, and dispute resolution.

answer

True

question

Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

answer

it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

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Why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross-dress during the civil war in the 1990s?

answer

it distinguished them from the government's soldiers

question

Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and

answer

cognatic

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The debate over male and female inequality was never adequately resolved because there was not enough evidence to prove either side.

answer

False

question

For antidiscrimination activists and educators, it is usually enough to simply demonstrate the existence of prejudice and discrimination.

answer

False

question

In many societies, some people live their lives as neither male nor female.

answer

True

question

Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms which dominate in most societies?

answer

gender variance

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Does race have biological consequences?

answer

yes, because of racism

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What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?

answer

all of the above

question

The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

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a cultural landscape

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The nineteenth-century British anthropologist who is credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective where the most evolved societies resembled the British societies in which he lived was

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C. E. B. Tylor

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Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

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eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

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Malinowski's analysis of the Kula cycle is important because it helps explain how Trobriand men get social status.

answer

True

question

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

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biological anthropology

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A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

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a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

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A symbol

answer

all of the above

question

Why is the description of conflict as "ethnic violence" misleading?

answer

all of the above

question

To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions.

answer

True

question

Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because

answer

all of the above

question

Contemporary cultural anthropologists still rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced."

answer

False

question

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

answer

intersubjective

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People living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.

answer

False

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What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

answer

meat consumption increased

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A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

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the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

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If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on

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everyday interactions

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In some societies witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control.

answer

False

question

Anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, field notes and participant observation.

answer

False

question

Anthropologists begin to understand the adaptability of the human brain by studying

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nonhuman primates

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Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?

answer

Hobbes and Locke

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Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.

answer

False

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What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?

answer

oppositional

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Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?

answer

men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from

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An anthropologist who promotes principles of agroecology would likely view horticulture as

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useful to learn new principles about sustainable farming

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A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as

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IncorrectD. an innate condition of humanity

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According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture.

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True

question

For anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices.

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False

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"Owning" culture

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CorrectA. means controlling symbols that give meaning

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Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because

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CorrectD. all of the above

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The use of money is a human universal.

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False

question

People participate in globalization by

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

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Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except

answer

CorrectB. the relationship between high birth rates and overfishing

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European colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native people's use of natural resources

answer

CorrectA. to eliminate native competition against the European businesses exploiting raw materials in the colonies

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What do environmental anthropologists study?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

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If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?

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CorrectA. record how younger people, middle-aged people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words

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The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

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CorrectB. cultural anthropology

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"Going native" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist

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CorrectB. loses the ability to be an engaged observer

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Exchange is a human universal.

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Correct True

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An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in

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CorrectD. a study of a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located

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Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

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CorrectB. it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings

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A biological determinist would

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CorrectB. explain human behavior, cognition, and perception as a result of evolutionary processes

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Nature and nurture are not opposed but intertwined.

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True

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Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

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CorrectC. because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

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A key component of nutritional anthropology as defined by Audrey Richards was attention to

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CorrectB. the interrelationship between biology, health, ecology, political-economic, and cultural concerns

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If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize

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the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the people who live in the neighborhood

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Which of the following is the defining methodology to the discipline of anthropology?

answer

fieldwork

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You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of

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mediation

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Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society?

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CorrectD. all of the above

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The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that

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CorrectD. women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household

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All humans are born with some culture.

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False

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In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places.

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False

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Eating practices mark

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CorrectD. all of the above

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Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

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True

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Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

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CorrectD. anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

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Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

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CorrectA. scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

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Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries.

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False

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The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

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functionalism

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Which of the following would be least likely as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?

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CorrectB. it's related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves

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When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

answer

1800s

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Anthropologists study food holistically, which means that they focus on

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CorrectE. all of the above

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A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

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CorrectC. allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

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The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

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CorrectC. enculturation

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This anthropologist rejected the idea that there are groups of people belonging to stable and unchanging races

answer

Franz Boas

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Foodways are dynamic because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

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Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?

answer

CorrectD. E. B. Tylor

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The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of an

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CorrectC. artifactual landscape

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Big men can transfer their power and status through inheritance when they die.

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False

question

Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.

answer

False

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Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

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CorrectD. all of the above

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The comparative method

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CorrectE. all of the above

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Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?

answer

CorrectE. all of the above

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"Foodways" describes a perspective that approaches food as

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CorrectD. all of the above

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There has been a reduction of maize varieties in Mexico. What is the primary reason for it?

answer

CorrectB. Mexican agricultural policies favored cheap imports from the United States

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Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except

answer

CorrectC. the relationship between high birth rates and overfishing

question

Intensification, a process that increases yields, includes

answer

CorrectF. all of the above

question

European colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native people's use of natural resources

answer

CorrectA. to eliminate native competition against the European businesses exploiting raw materials in the colonies

question

Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

answer

CorrectB. because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

question

A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

answer

Correct True

question

Why do environmental anthropologists study formal nature protection?

answer

CorrectA. it often generates social conflicts

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Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

answer

CorrectC. eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

question

Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of

answer

intensification

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Many non-Western societies have conservation traditions that are based on distinct principles of human-nature relationship.

answer

True

question

The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.

answer

True

question

Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

answer

False

question

The human diet is

answer

CorrectA. omnivorous

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What is "fortress conservation"?

answer

CorrectD. an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

question

The enclosure movement is important to understanding Western conservation approaches because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

answer

CorrectC. meat consumption increased

question

Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?

answer

CorrectC. men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from

question

Which of the following research projects would an ecological anthropologist be most likely to join?

answer

CorrectA. a study of how soil quality and landscape features affect farming practices

question

Financial globalization has led to

answer

corporations moving their factories from one country to another

question

For anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Kenya's green belt movement is a good example of

answer

CorrectC. environmental justice

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The principles of agroecology are at the heart of industrial agriculture.

answer

Correct False

question

Sustainable development for indigenous people involves which of the following elements?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Food security refers to

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CorrectB. access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

question

A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize

answer

A. that they, the Tzotzil, are dominated by globalization

question

This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

answer

CorrectD. participant observation

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Diversity defined anthropologically

answer

focuses on multiplicity and variety

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If Benjamin Whorf were trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would not be a focus of his research?

answer

CorrectB. the density of the population in the several communities

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The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

answer

CorrectD. cultural anthropology

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The flexibility of the brain is called

answer

CorrectC. neural plasticity

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When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders

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CorrectA. challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist

question

A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

answer

CorrectC. allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

question

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?

answer

CorrectD. E. B. Tylor

question

What is the type of information written in field notes?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Ethnopsychology is largely concerned with

answer

CorrectB. understanding how other societies make sense of selves, persons, and emotions

question

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

answer

CorrectA. anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

question

The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?

answer

CorrectC. language ideology

question

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called

answer

CorrectA. morphology

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The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

answer

CorrectA. traditions

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A paradigm that emphasizes that humans are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is

answer

biocultural

question

Anthropologists believe that our behavior is influenced by

answer

both

question

If a single female immigrant brings a trait to a small, sparsely populated island and within many generations it is present in 50% of the population, it would be an example of

answer

CorrectA. genetic drift

question

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.

answer

False

question

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called

answer

archaeology

question

America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices.

answer

True

question

Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provides an accurate description of the way the people actually lived.

answer

False

question

A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Field notes are usually written on the spot, not after the fact.

answer

False

question

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

answer

CorrectD. the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

question

If you studied sex workers in your city as Philippe Bourgois studied crack dealers in New York City, you might find that

answer

CorrectD. maintaining confidentiality is an ongoing challenge

question

Although cultural differences produce different behaviors and practices, humans feel emotions in the same way worldwide.

answer

False

question

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

answer

True

question

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

answer

CorrectB. building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

question

Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.

answer

Correct True

question

An anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

means you think your culture is superior to others

question

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

answer

Franz Boas

question

A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except

answer

CorrectA. the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community

question

_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds

answer

Phonology

question

A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.

answer

True

question

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

answer

CorrectC. linguistic anthropology

question

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

answer

functionalism

question

An important element required for successful "rapid appraisal" data collection is

answer

CorrectC. good general knowledge of the area/topic being studied

question

Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science.

answer

True

question

The thinker who developed the theory of evolution by means of natural selection in the nineteenth century was

answer

Charles Darwin

question

Which of the following features are characteristic of language?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"

answer

CorrectA. marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

question

According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture.

answer

Correct True

question

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

answer

holistic

question

Culture is

answer

CorrectC. learned and shared

question

Intelligence is

answer

CorrectB. not marked by a single fixed gene

question

The study of how people classify things in the world is called

answer

CorrectB. ethnoscience

question

Which of the following is a feature of language?

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

answer

CorrectC. a pidgin language

question

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

A biocultural analysis of carpal tunnel syndrome would emphasize the complex intersection of environmental, biological, and social causes of it.

answer

True

question

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

answer

CorrectA. a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

question

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.

answer

Correct False

question

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is

answer

ethnocentrism

question

Anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law.

answer

True

question

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

answer

CorrectA. industrialization

question

The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

answer

CorrectC. language death

question

In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because

answer

CorrectC. we can speak using a larynx

question

The comparative method

answer

CorrectC. uses data from many different societies

question

Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

answer

Correct True

question

Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.

answer

False

question

Animal call systems

answer

CorrectB. can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

question

This evolutionary mechanism is only important when population sizes are small and possibly geographically isolated

answer

CorrectA. genetic drift

question

When it comes to mother-infant bonding cross-culturally, anthropologists find that

answer

CorrectA. there are many ways to raise a child that do not involve close physical "bonding"

question

The movement of genes through interbreeding or intermarriage among humans from distinct populations is

answer

CorrectB. gene flow

question

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?

answer

CorrectA. people make sense of the world through binary oppositions (i.e., raw/cooked)

question

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is

answer

CorrectC. cultural relativism

question

A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

answer

True

question

A biocultural perspective on the evolution of our species would emphasize that

answer

CorrectA. culture is an emergent and dynamic element of our species' biological evolution

question

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?

answer

CorrectC. Bronislaw Malinowski

question

People rarely hold conflicting values.

answer

Correct False

question

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is

answer

CorrectA. Renato Rosaldo

question

The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent

answer

CorrectA. post-structuralism

question

Increasingly, professional anthropologists are

answer

CorrectD. all of the above

question

During fieldwork cultural anthropologists

answer

all of the above

question

Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.

answer

True

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