question

A lymph capillary is indicated by letter

answer

D

question

A lymph node is indicated by letter

answer

B

question

The lymph duct is indicated by letter

answer

A

question

Blood capillaries are idicated by letter

answer

E

question

The spleen is indicated by letter

answer

C

question

The tonsils are indicated by letter

answer

A

question

The thymus gland is indicated by letter

answer

B

question

The Peyer's Patches are indicated by letter

answer

D

question

The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by letter

answer

C

question

The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by letter

answer

A

question

Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the _________

answer

Blood plasma

question

Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________

answer

Edema

question

The two large ducts in the thoracic region that drain lymph are called the _________

answer

Right lymphatic duct; thoracic duct

question

The three regions of the body that contain large collections of lymph nodes are the ______

answer

inguinal, cervical, axiallary

question

The role of the _________ in the lymphatic system is to remove worn-out blood cells and return some of the products of the liver

answer

spleen

question

Peyer's Patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ___________

answer

MALT or mucous-associated lymphatic tissue

question

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called _____

answer

Pathogens

question

List of four most common indicators of acute inflammation

answer

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

question

The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediated by ________

answer

Lymphocytes

question

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called _______

answer

complement fixation

question

Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages called _______ help to increase the body's present temperature to promote a fever.

answer

pyrogens

question

Cells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune response within us (but may within others) are called ________

answer

self-antigens or autoantigens

question

Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called ______

answer

haptens or incomplete antigens

question

Most B cell clone members become _________ cells

answer

plasma

question

The major ole of ________cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments.

answer

antigen-presenting

question

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive _______

answer

vaccines

question

The five major immunoglobulin classes are ______

answer

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE

question

The region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody is called the ______ region

answer

variable or V

question

Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called _________.

answer

precipitation

question

Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called __________.

answer

cytotoxic cells

question

Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous immune responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless are called________

answer

allergens or hypersensitivities

question

Systemic (bodywide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter that blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bits, is called ________

answer

anaphylactic shock

question

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of the cells called ________

answer

helper T cells

question

A tropical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called ________

answer

elephantiasis

question

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from: a)cytosol b)cerebrospinal fluid c)saliva d)tears e)blood

answer

E)blood

question

Lymph in the right leg regions rejoins blood flow in the: a)inferior vena cava b)femoral veins c)subcalvian veins d)axillary veins e)common iliac veins

answer

C)subcalvian veins

question

Lymph from the left arm returns to the heart through the: a)inferior vena cava b)thoracic duct c)right lymphatic duct d)left subclavian artery e)aorta

answer

B)thoracic duct

question

Which one of the following is not a mechanism that aids lymph return: a)milking action of skeletal muscles b)pressure changes within the thorax c)the pumping action of the heart d)smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels e)presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels

answer

B)pressure changes within the thorax

question

What structure carries lymph into a lymph node: a)trabeculae b)afferent lymphatic vessel c)follicles d)efferent lymphatic vessel e)germinal center

answer

C)follicles

question

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver: a)tonsils b)spleen c)thymus gland d)tonsils e)Peyer's Patches

answer

B)spleen

question

Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria in the throat: a)axillary lymph nodes b)cervical lymph nodes c)tonsils d)Peyer's Patches e)thymus gland

answer

C)tonsils

question

The thymus gland is most active during: a)infancy b)adolescence c)middle age d)old age e)the entire lifetime

answer

B)adolescence

question

The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the: a)thymus b)spleen c)appendix d)tonsils e)Peyer's Patches

answer

A)thymus

question

The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called: a)tonsils b)appendix c)Peyer's Patches d)thymus tissues e)intestinal nodes

answer

C)Peyer's Patches

question

Where are the tonsils located: a)throat b)beneath sternum overlying heart c)armpits, groin, and neck d)small intestine e)left side of abdominopelvic cavity

answer

A)throat

question

Mucousa Associated lymphatic Tissue (MALT) includes: a)spleen b)thymus gland c)tonsils only d)tonsils, the appnedix, and Peyer's Patches

answer

d)tonsils, the appnedix, and Peyer's Patches

question

) The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is: A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever

answer

C) skin and mucous membranes

question

The adaptive (specific) defense system: A) is an innate defense B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances C) includes the skin and mucous membranes D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens E) provides mechanical barriers to the body

answer

B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

question

Which one of the following is not one of the nonspecific body defenses: A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells

answer

B) antibody production

question

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production

answer

C) diapedesis

question

Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response: A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) fever E) pain

answer

D) fever

question

The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed area along a chemical gradient is called: A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) immunity D) perforins E) complement fixation

answer

B) chemotaxis

question

The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT: A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors

answer

C) stimulate release of lysozyme

question

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of: A) interferon B) complement fixation C) natural killer cells D) keratin E) phagocytes

answer

B) complement fixation

question

The body's temperature-regulating "thermostat" that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the: A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pineal gland D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata

answer

A) hypothalamus

question

Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT: A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc C) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells D) stimulating complement fixation E) speeding up repair processes

answer

D) stimulating complement fixation

question

The study of immunity is called: A) histology B) anatomy C) pathology D) immunology E) microbiology

answer

D) immunology

question

Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen: A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles

answer

C) self-antigens

question

Humoral immunity is provided by: A) pyrogens B) skin and mucous membranes C) interferon D) antibodies E) complement fixation

answer

D) antibodies

question

Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be: A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented

answer

D) immunocompetent

question

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by: A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time

answer

B) individual genetic makeup

question

Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of: A) fungi B) foreign blood cells C) body's own cells D) viruses E) bacteria

answer

C) body's own cells

question

B cells develop immunocompetence in the: A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes

answer

B) bone marrow

question

The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) artificially acquired natural immunity

answer

B) naturally acquired passive immunity

question

What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) naturally acquired artificial immunity

answer

C) artificially acquired active immunity

question

Vaccines are NOT for: A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio

answer

D) snake bites

question

Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT: A) tuberculosis B) rabies C) snake bites D) botulism E) tetanus

answer

A) tuberculosis

question

Which portion of the antibody's structure determines its antibody class: A) variable region B) heavy chain C) constant region D) disulfide bonds E) light chain

answer

C) constant region

question

Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies: A) they are the same or nearly the same B) they form the "stem" of an antibody C) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed D) they form an antigen-binding site E) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role

answer

D) they form an antigen-binding site

question

Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes: A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE

answer

B) IgB

question

IgA: A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies

answer

A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva

question

Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigens: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation

answer

B) chemotaxis

question

The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE

answer

D) IgG

question

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation

answer

D) neutralization

question

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of: A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cell D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies

answer

A) T cells

question

An isograft is a tissue graft donated by: A) an unrelated person B) a parent C) a different animal species D) the same person E) an identical twin

answer

E) an identical twin

question

Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft: A) corticosteroids B) radiation C) antiproliferative drugs D) gamma globulin E) immunosuppressive drugs

answer

D) gamma globulin

question

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies: A) corticosteroids B) antihistamines C) blood transfusions D) bone marrow transplants E) immunosuppressor drugs

answer

B) antihistamines

question

Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to: A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency

answer

C) delayed hypersensitivity

question

The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called: A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves' disease C) myasthenia gravis D) glomerulonephritis E) systemic lupus erythematosis

answer

B) Graves' disease

question

Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease: A) AIDS B) multiple sclerosis C) Graves' disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis

answer

A) AIDS

question

True or False The lymphatic vessels and cardiovascular veins are similar in that they operate under low pressure and some larger ones have valves.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Lymph flows in one direction only: toward the heart.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False The lymph nodes filter bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the heart.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False Lymph nodes have more efferent vessels draining the node than afferent vessels bringing fluid into the node

answer

FALSE

question

True or False The most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells well before the immune system is activated.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False Injured cells release chemicals such as histamine and kinins that dilate vessels, attract phagocytes and activate pain receptors.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False The study of immunity and the immune system is called endocrinology.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Macrophages arise from monoctyes formed within the bone marrow.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Vaccines provide naturally acquired active immunity to diseases such as pneumonia, diphtheria, and measles.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False There are three major immunoglobulin classes: IgM, IgA, and IgD.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False The antibody a mother passes to her fetus is IgM.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person are called xenografts.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False Allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses.

answer

FALSE

question

True or False Anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty breathing.

answer

TRUE

question

True or False As people age, they become more resistant to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases.

answer

FALSE

question

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity A) Peyer's patches B) tonsils C) thymus gland D) spleen

answer

D) spleen

question

Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat A) Peyer's patches B) tonsils C) thymus gland D) spleen

answer

B) tonsils

question

Located overlying the heart A) Peyer's patches B) tonsils C) thymus gland D) spleen

answer

C) thymus gland

question

Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris A) Peyer's patches B) tonsils C) thymus gland D) spleen

answer

D) spleen

question

) Located in the wall of the small intestines A) Peyer's patches B) tonsils C) thymus gland D) spleen

answer

A) Peyer's patches

question

Located in the pharynx (throat) A) Peyer's patches B) tonsils C) thymus gland D) spleen

answer

B) tonsils

question

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response A) mucus B) phagocytes C) pyrogens D) membrane attack complex E) perforins F) histamine G) agglutinogens H) allergens I) interferon J) pathogens K) antibodies L) saliva M) antigen N) antibody

answer

M) antigen

question

Small proteins that bind with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and prevent viruses from binding A) mucus B) phagocytes C) pyrogens D) membrane attack complex E) perforins F) histamine G) agglutinogens H) allergens I) interferon J) pathogens K) antibodies L) saliva M) antigen N) antibody

answer

I) interferon

question

Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's temperature A) mucus B) phagocytes C) pyrogens D) membrane attack complex E) perforins F) histamine G) agglutinogens H) allergens I) interferon J) pathogens K) antibodies L) saliva M) antigen N) antibody

answer

C) pyrogens

question

Chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis A) mucus B) phagocytes C) pyrogens D) membrane attack complex E) perforins F) histamine G) agglutinogens H) allergens I) interferon J) pathogens K) antibodies L) saliva M) antigen N) antibody

answer

E) perforins

question

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms A) mucus B) phagocytes C) pyrogens D) membrane attack complex E) perforins F) histamine G) agglutinogens H) allergens I) interferon J) pathogens K) antibodies L) saliva M) antigen N) antibody

answer

J) pathogens

question

Proteins secreted by activated B cells in response to an antigen A) mucus B) phagocytes C) pyrogens D) membrane attack complex E) perforins F) histamine G) agglutinogens H) allergens I) interferon J) pathogens K) antibodies L) saliva M) antigen N) antibody

answer

K) antibodies

question

Sticky substance in the respiratory and digestive passageways that trap microorganisms A) mucus B) phagocytes C) pyrogens D) membrane attack complex E) perforins F) histamine G) agglutinogens H) allergens I) interferon J) pathogens K) antibodies L) saliva M) antigen N) antibody

answer

A) mucus

question

Believed to be cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell A) IgE B) IgA C) IgD D) IgM E) IgG

answer

C) IgD

question

First immunoglobulin class released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response A) IgE B) IgA C) IgD D) IgM E) IgG

answer

D) IgM

question

Main antibody of primary and secondary responses A) IgE B) IgA C) IgD D) IgM E) IgG

answer

E) IgG

question

Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens A) IgE B) IgA C) IgD D) IgM E) IgG

answer

B) IgA

question

Triggers the release of histamine A) IgE B) IgA C) IgD D) IgM E) IgG

answer

A) IgE

question

Potent agglutinating agent A) IgE B) IgA C) IgD D) IgM E) IgG

answer

D) IgM

question

Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus A) IgE B) IgA C) IgD D) IgM E) IgG

answer

E) IgG

question

Explain the origin and pathway of lymph.

answer

Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.

question

Describe how the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems are similar in structure and function.

answer

Structurally, lymphatic vessels and the veins of the cardiovascular system are both thin-walled and operate under low-pressure. Some of the larger vessels in each system have valves. Functionally, both systems return fluids back to the heart. The lymphatic system is assisted by the same techniques as the cardiovascular system to return lymph (and venous blood) back to the heart: milking action of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, and smooth muscles in the walls of the vessels.

question

How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances? Explain.

answer

The innate immune system is the system we have when we're born. This system includes the skin and mucous membranes, the inflammatory response, and proteins already present in our cells. This system is the first one to come into contact with a foreign substance and thus is always prepared to defend the body. Therefore, we think of the innate system as the nonspecific body defense and the first line of defense to protection from invaders. The adaptive immune system is the second line of defense which defends us from specific invaders. This system consists of molecules like pyrogens and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This system differs from the innate system since it must be exposed to the invader before it can form a response.

question

Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins.

answer

The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increased permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury.

question

List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense.

answer

1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathogens that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured.

question

Describe the four major types of transplant grafts.

answer

Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another within the same person. Isografts are tissue grafts harvested from a genetically identical person (identical twin). Allografts are tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person. Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from different animal species.

question

Explain two current ideas that attempt to explain why self-tolerance breaks down in autoimmune disorders.

answer

One idea is that self-proteins appear within the circulation that were not previously exposed to the immune system, thus initiating an immune response. These "hidden" antigens are found in sperm cells, the eye lens, and thyroid proteins. Another idea suggests that antibodies produced against foreign antigens cross-react with self-antigens such as when streptococcal bacteria cross-react with heart antigens causing rheumatic fever.

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