Chapter 20 Answers – Flashcards

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Bacterial meningitis

Definition / Symptoms / Diagnosis
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Progressive impairment of CNS leading to coma or death (even with treatment).

Headaches, light sensitivity, sudden high fever, back complications, behavioral changes.

Culture / Gram stain from spinal fluid ID's pathogen
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Bacterial meningitis

Causative Agents
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1. Any bacteria of the normal flora
2. Most common are H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and L. monocytogenes.
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Bacterial meningitis:

Hemophilus infections are common in ________

What vaccine is given as part of childhood vaccinations?
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1. young children.

2. Hib vaccine
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Bacterial meningitis:

Meningococcal meningitis is caused by __________

It's highly contagious via _________ routes, saliva, and _______ secretions.
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Neisseria, respiratory, nasal
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Meningococcal meningitis is prevalent in _________ & ________ adult populations in crowded surroundings.
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adolescent & young
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Bacterial meningitis:

Streptococcus infections are common in _________ and the hospitalized ________.
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infants

elderly
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Bacterial meningitis:

Listeriosis is most dangerous to _________women, fetuses, and _________.
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pregnant

newborns
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Bacterial meningitis transmission:

Neisseria - droplets, _________, ________ secretions in ________ spaces.
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saliva, nasal, overcrowded
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Bacterial meningitis transmission:

Listeria - __________ milk, cheese, _________ meats, ________ meats, and aged soft ___________.
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unapasteurized, undercooked, processed, cheeses.
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Bacterial meningitis transmission:

Streptococcus bacteria are __________ resident flora that overgrow when __________is impaired in the host.
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opportunistic, immunity
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Bacterial meningitis transmission:

Hemophilus are opportunistic pathogens common to adults but most __________ in children.
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virulent
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Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:

Prompt treatment is crucial in bacterial meningitis since the rates of mortality can be high:

S. pneumoniae ___-___%
H. influenzae __%
N. meningitis__%
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27-40%
5%
5%
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Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:

Antibiotics such as _________ and __________ may be used against N. meningitis and S. pneumoniae and Listeria.
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penicillins, erythromycin
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Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:

Chloramphenicol may be used against______________.
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H. influenzae
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:

A chronic ___________infection that leads to the gradual destruction of _________ in the infected individual
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degenerative, tissue
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:

Leprosy may begin as a ____________ form and then progress to ___________ form.
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tuberculoid, lepromatous
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:

_________ bacilli may be cultured from the extremities of individuals.
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Acid fast,
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:

Incubation can last for ________ (time).
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years
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:

Mycobacterium ___________ is the causative agent of leprosy.
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leprae
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:

Bacteria enters through _________ in the skin and ________ nerve tissues.
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breaks, infects
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:

A progressive loss of ____________ leads to tissue _________, and unnoticed trauma, which can then lead to secondary __________ and tissue ___________.
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sensation, atrophy, infection, degeneration
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:

_______, long term, _______ to _______ contact.
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direct, person, person
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:

_________ secretions from infected individuals.
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nasal
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:

__________risk is fairly low...especially if routine aspesis is observed. But ________ living conditions may exacerbate transmission.
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contagion, unsanitary
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Leprosy (Hansen's disease) prevention/treatment:

Prolonged treatment (__ years +) w/ Dapsone, _______, and Clofazimine will cure the infection.
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2, Rifampin
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Botulism symptoms / diagnosis:

Typical symptoms include rapid onset of _______, ____ mouth, constipation, _________ weakness, mental confusion, diplopia, and ___________.
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nausea, dry, generalized, dysphagia.
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Botulism symptoms / diagnosis:

A _____ ________ of the entire body may ensue. Death results from _________ of the ________ and breathing apparatus. Incubation is ___to ___ hrs.
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flaccid paralysis, paralysis, heart, 24-48
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Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

________ botulinum is the causative agent of botulism
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Clostridium
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Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

Favorable conditions consist of_____,_____,____,____.
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Anaerobic environment, neutral pH, mesophilic temp, high protein medium such as meats, eggs, beans, etc.
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Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

_________ cells will produce the ________ toxin in the food.
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vegetative, botulinum
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Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

Outbreaks have been attributed to ________ stored food and incomplete __________ of canned foods.
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improperly, sterilization
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Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

_______botulism occurs if C. botulinum is ingested in children under 1 yr of age.
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Infant
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Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

_______botulism occurs if soil or fecal matter enters a gash or laceration (i.e. open skin injury).
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wound
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Botulism transmission:

__________of toxin in contaminated foods. It is also non-__________.
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Ingestion, communicable.
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Botulism prevention/treatment:

Prevented by careful _____________ and ____________ of foods.
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Preparation, storage.
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Botulism prevention/treatment:

Endospores won't germinate in __________ conditions, ________osmotic pressure. __________ of food will destroy the toxin.
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acidic, high, heating
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Botulism prevention/treatment:

Treated with _______ antitoxin, ________washing, and _________support. _________ are used w/ infant and wound botulism.
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BIG, intestinal, cardiopulmonary, antibiotics
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Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:

_______ or ________ paralysis due to production of ________ _______ in a contaminated wound.
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Rigid, spastic, clostridial endotoxin
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Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:

Prodrome begins w/ _____,______,_____,_______
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headaches, fever, irritability, and rigid facial paralysis of the face and neck
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Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:

Symptoms progress until eventually ______ and ______ (in 50% of cases) ensues.
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opisthotonos, death
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Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:

Onset is usually _______days after injury w/ a contaminated object.
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5-15
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Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:

Intoxication by __________ exotoxin produced by ________ _________ is the cause of tetanus.
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tetanospasmin exotoxin, clostridium tetani
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Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:

Enters through penetrating ______, ______, & _____ and germinates in the __________ tissue
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wounds, lacerations, and burns, anaerobic
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Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:

LD50 of tetanus is ______
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20ng
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Tetanus prevention and treatment:

Immunization w/ ______ ______ is routinely practiced
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tetanus toxoid
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Tetanus prevention and treatment:

Vaccine is effective for __-__ years (w/ boosters)
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5 to 10
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Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis) symptoms

Symptoms are the same as __________ meningitis, deaths are ____
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bacterial, rare
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Viral meningitis causative agent/contributing factors:

Herpes, ______, _____- Barr virus, Coxsackie, _______

Incubation is ___-____ days, with a ___-___ day duration.
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3-7 and 7-10
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Viral meningitis transmission:

______ of virus from infected individuals, can survive in _______ and chlorinated _____ ______.
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shedding, water, swimming pools
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Viral meningitis prevention/treatment:

Frequent ____ ______, avoidance of ________ pools.

No specific therapy other than ____, ______, and ______ treatment
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hand washing, crowded, rest, hydration, palliative
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Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis) symptoms

Symptoms are the same as __________ meningitis, deaths are ____
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bacterial, rare
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Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:

Initial symptoms include a ___-____ or _____-throat prodrome. E.g. headaches, sore throat, fever, nausea.
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fever-like, strept
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Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:

Polio virus can cause _______ of limbs and _______ apparatuses by infecting _____ _____ _____ in the upper spinal cord.
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paralysis, respiratory, motor nerve calls
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Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:

Only ____% develop symptoms of polio, and only __% the paralyzing form.
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10, 1
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Poliomyelitis causative agent:

___________ virus is the causative agent
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picornavirus.
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Poliomyelitis transmission:

_____/_____ route by fecal contamination of water sources.
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fecal/oral
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Poliomyelitis prevention/treatment:

Two vaccines...the _____ vaccine (inactive and requires boosters), and the ______ vaccine (active and provides lifelong immunity).

Current vaccine in US is the ______ (inactive polio vaccine IPV)
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Salk, Sabin

Salk
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Rabies symptoms/diagonosis

Characterized by fatal ____________
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encephalitis
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Rabies symptoms/diagnosis:

Incubation is ___ to ___ weeks
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5 to 8
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Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:

Initial symptoms are _______ behavior, _______, muscle _______, and stupor.
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agitated, hallucinations, spasms
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Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:

Advanced symptoms are __________, ________ behavior, hydrophobia, __________, and coma.
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salivation, aggressive, paralysis
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Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:

2 syndromes are "_______" and "_____" rabies. The disease is ____________ once symptoms have appeared.
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furious, dumb, incurable
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Rabies causative agent/contributing factors:

Caused by the _____________ which primarily affects ___________ mammals but infection can pass to herbivores.
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Rhabdovirus, carnivorous
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Rabies causative agent/contributing factors:

Most common resovoirs are ______, raccoons, ______, foxes, and coyotes...as well as some domesticated animals as well.
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skunks, bats
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Rabies transmission:

________ bites, contact of infected animals and their ______ ______.

Contact with virus through _______, _______, or ________.
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Bites, body fluids,

breaks in the skin, mucous membranes, inhalation.
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Rabies prevention/treatment:

All domesticated _____ & ______ should be routinely vaccinated. ______ population should be controlled.
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dogs & cats, stray
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Rabies prevention/treatment:

Post bite, immediately ______ wound with soap and water and report to health authorities.
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wash
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Rabies prevention/treatment:

Current vaccine employs human rabies _______ ___________ (HRIG) at the ____ _____ AND inactive virus vaccine (HDCV) using ___-___ intra muscular doses.
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anti-immunoglobulin, bite site, 5-6
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Rabies prevention/treatment:

There is __ _________ _________ for people exhibiting rabies prodrome or syndrome.
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no reliable treatment (no cure)
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Arboviral Encephalitis Symptoms/Diagnosis:

Typical sign's and symptoms of ____________
High ___ titers with incubation of __ to __ days
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meningitis
IgM
7 to 14
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Arboviral Encephalitis transmission:

________ carry the virus (and their eggs which survive winters)
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Mosquitoes
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Arboviral Encephalitis causative agent/contributing factors:

6 different viruses cause it:

_____ & _____ equine viruses, _______ equine, St. _______, West _______ virus, _________ or La Crosse
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East, Western, Venezuelan, Louis, Nile, California
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Arboviral Encephalitis Prevention/treatment:

Control and eradication of ____________. Use of _______ repellants. Patients will require hospitalization, ___ fluids, and ______ support
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mosquitoes, insect, IV, respiratory
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Cryptococcosis symptoms:

It's a _________ meningitis w/ typical symptoms
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fungal
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Cryptococcosis causative agent/contributing factors:

Cryptococcus ________, a dimorphic yeast is the agent. Targets the __________ suppressed and typically _______ if left untreated.
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neoformans, immuno, fatal
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Cryptococcosis Transmission:

_________ of spores present in _______ or _______ droppings
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inhalation, soil, bird
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Cryptococcosis Prevention/treatment:

Amphotericin B and ___________ for 6-10 wks
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flucytosine
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Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy

Symptoms & diagnosis
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Rapidly progressing & fatal

Diagnosed via eye scrapings, spinal fluid, or brain biopsies
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Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy

Causative agent/factors
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Naegleria fowleri found in stagnant water...prevalent throughout Texas
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Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy

Transmission is through contact with __________ and is most prevailing during _______ conditions. Enters through _________ membranes
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stagnant (non-chlorinated) water, drought, mucous
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Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy

Prevention and treatment
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Avoidance of stagnant water, proper chlorination of pools.

Therapy includes miconazole, sulfadiazene, tetracycline, at early onset of disease. 90% fatality rate.
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):

Symptoms and diagnosis
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Symptoms are chronic degeneration of the brain leading to aberrant behavior.

Diagnosis through symptoms and brain sections under microscope. Uniformly fatal.
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):

Causative agent/contributing factors
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An infectious prion found to exist in sheep, cows, and humans is the agent.
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):

Transmission
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ingestion of contaminated meat.
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):

Treatments
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None.
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Eye infections

Symptoms
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Vary, but most can damage the eye and cause blindeness
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Eye infections

Causative/contributing factors
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Pink eye - hemophilus
Trachoma - chlamydia
Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia - neisseria
Herpetic keratitis - hsv
Acanthamoeba keratitus - acanthamoeba
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Eye infections

Transmission
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Gonorrheal and chlaydial infections transmitted during childbirth.

Herpes by indirect contact w/ herpes lesion fluid. Acanthamoeba from contact w/ stagnant water or contaminated contact solution.
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Eye infections

Prevention / treatment
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Propholaxis w/ antibiotics of newborns to prevent infection, trifluridine for HSV, ketoconazole for Acanthomoeba.

Topical use of gentamycin used for pink eye.
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