question

Most ATP production: requires O2, produces CO2 as waste called?

answer

cellular respiration

question

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems cooperate to provide O2, remove CO2 to accomplish this, 4 processes must occur collectively called?

answer

respiration

question

Air is moved in and out of the lungs so gases are continuously refreshed is called?

answer

pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

question

- O2 diffuses from the alveoli to the blood (O2 loading) - CO2 diffuses from the blood to the alveoli (CO2 unloading)

answer

external respiration

question

- O2 is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells - CO2 is transported from tissue cells to the lungs

answer

gas transport

question

- cardiovascular system accomplishes this transport

answer

gas transport

question

- O2 diffuses from the blood to the tissue cells (O2 unloading) - CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood (CO2 loading)

answer

internal respiration

question

Four Processes of Respiration they are?

answer

1. pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 2. external respiration 3. gas transport 4. internal respiration

question

- functionally, the system consists of two zones they are?

answer

1. the respiratory zone 2. the conducting zone

question

- the actual site of gas exchange

answer

the respiratory zone

question

- composed of: - the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli - all microscopic structures

answer

the respiratory zone

question

all other respiratory passageways is called?

answer

the conducting zone

question

- provides rigid conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites is?

answer

the conducting zone

question

cleanses, warms and humidifies incoming air this is?

answer

the conducting zone

question

Each lung is: surrounded by pleurae and connected to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchial attachments: - called the ?

answer

lung root

question

The anterior, lateral and posterior lung surfaces lie in close contact w the ribs: - form the?

answer

costal surface

question

The lungs - concave inferior surface:

answer

base

question

Blood Supply to the Lungs 2 circulations:

answer

- pulmonary and - bronchial

question

Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by?

answer

pulmonary arteries

question

- lie anterior to the main bronchi this is?

answer

pulmonary arteries

question

- and branch profusely along w bronchi this is?

answer

pulmonary arteries

question

- pulmonary arteries finally feed into:

answer

- pulmonary capillary networks

question

- surrounding the alveoli is?

answer

- pulmonary capillary networks

question

- convey freshly oxygenated blood to the heart this is?

answer

- pulmonary veins;

question

The pulmonary circuit is a what type of circulation?

answer

low-pressure, high-volume circulation

question

- lung capillary endothelium is an ideal place for NZs that act on blood such as?

answer

ACE NZs that inactivate prostaglandins

question

Provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue is?

answer

- bronchial arteries

question

Arise from the aorta enter lungs at the hilum run along branching bronchi

answer

- bronchial arteries

question

- provide a high-pressure, low-volume supply - of oxygenated blood to all lung tissues - except alveoli

answer

- bronchial arteries

question

- there are multiple anastomoses between the two circulations - and most venous blood returns to the heart via?

answer

pulmonary veins

question

Innervation of the Lungs - innervated by both branches of?

answer

- ANS - visceral sensory

question

Innervation of the Lungs - Nerve fibers enter each lung through the?

answer

pulmonary plexus on lung root

question

- run along bronchial tubes and blood vessels

answer

pulmonary plexus on lung root

question

Alveoli The walls are composed primarily of (90%): a single layer of squamous epi cells called?

answer

type I alveolar cells

question

Account for most of our lung volume

answer

Alveoli

question

Provide a huge surface area for gas exchange

answer

Alveoli

question

type I alveolar cells surrounded by a ?

answer

flimsy basement membrane

question

Alveoli External surfaces covered w a cobweb of?

answer

pulmonary capillaries

question

The Respiratory Membrane is made up of the?

answer

capillary and alveolar walls

question

Two simple squamous cells w a very thin membrane between them blood flowing by on one side: air on the other this is?

answer

The Respiratory Membrane

question

Scattered among the type I alveolar cells are?

answer

Cuboidal type II alveolar cells

question

Cuboidal type II alveolar cells (10%) these cells secrete?

answer

surfactant

question

- 3 other significant alveolar features they are?

answer

1. they are surrounded by fine elastic fibers 2. open alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli 3. alveolar macrophages crawl freely

question

Allow equalization of air pressure and provide alternate air routes to alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed in disease this is?

answer

alveolar pores

question

Old dead ones are swept up and away by cilia to pharynx this is?

answer

alveolar macrophages

question

The Pleurae - form a thin, double-layered serosa

answer

- parietal pleura - visceral pleura

question

- covers thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm - continues around the heart and between the lungs

answer

- parietal pleura

question

- forming the lateral walls of mediastinal enclosure - snugly enclosing the lung root

answer

- parietal pleura

question

- covers the external lung surface - dipping into and lining its fissures

answer

- visceral pleura

question

pleurae produce?

answer

pleural fluid

question

fills the slit-like pleural cavity between them is?

answer

pleural fluid:

question

- the suction of excess pleural fluid into lymphatics - maintains a slight suction between?

answer

pleural layers

question

contributes to adherence to the thoracic wall this is?

answer

Lung Lymphatic Drainage

question

- inflammation of pleura

answer

Pleurisy

question

Pleurisy- often results from?

answer

pneumonia

question

Pleura become rough, resulting in friction as pleurisy progresses, pleurae may produce?

answer

excessive amounts of fluid

question

- relieves pain but hinders breathing

answer

Pleurisy

question

- general term for fluid accumulation in pleural cavity:

answer

- pleural effusion

question

- other fluids that may leak into pleural cavity include:

answer

blood blood filtrate

question

Pleural Effusion - blood from?

answer

leaked from damaged vessels

question

Pleural Effusion - blood filtrate from?

answer

From lung capillaries with left side congestive heart failure

question

Mechanics of Breathing: Pulmonary Ventilation consists of 2 phases:

answer

- inspiration: - expiration:

question

- inspiration & expiration: - these are mechanical processes that depend upon?

answer

- volume changes in the thoracic cavity

question

Gases always expand to?

answer

fill their container

question

Volume changes lead to?

answer

pressure changes

question

Pressure changes lead to the?

answer

flow of gases

question

- gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas

answer

Boyles Law

question

Boyles Law

answer

- gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas

question

Boyles Law at a constant temperature what occurs?

answer

- the pressure of a gas varies inversely w volume

question

Boyle's Law - gases always fill their container thus in a large container gas molecules will be?

answer

Far apart and the pressure will be low

question

Boyle's Law - if the volume of the container is reduced gas molecules will be?

answer

Forced closer together and the pressure will rise

question

respiratory pressures are always described relative to?

answer

- atmospheric pressure (Patm)

question

- atmospheric pressure (Patm) is described as?

answer

- the pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body - at sea level = 760 mmHg = 1 atm

question

- a negative respiratory pressure indicates:

answer

- the pressure is lower than atmospheric

question

- 4 mmHg =

answer

756 mmHg

question

- 756 mm Hg is know as what in that region?

answer

"absolute pressure"

question

A positive respiratory pressure is what compared to atmospheric?

answer

- is higher than atmospheric

question

Zero respiratory pressure is what to atmospheric?

answer

Equal to atmospheric

question

- is the pressure in the alveoli - it rises and falls with breathing

answer

Alveolar (Intrapulmonary) Pressure (Pa)

question

Alveolar (Intrapulmonary) Pressure (Pa) At the end of respiration, w the glottis open? what is the aveolar pressure?

answer

- alveolar pressure is zero (equal to atmospheric)

question

As are all pressures in the respiratory tree to cause air to flow into alveoli during inspiration: - alveolar pressure must?

answer

fall to below atmospheric (below 0)

question

- pressure in the pleural cavity is?

answer

Pleural (Intrapleural) Pressure (Pip)

question

Pleural (Intrapleural) Pressure (Pip) fluctuates with breathing but pleural pressure is always?

answer

~ 4 mmHg less than alveolar

question

Pleural is always negative relative to?

answer

alveolar (very important that it's always negative)

question

What causes the negative intrapleural pressure?

answer

syphoning of fluid from the pleural cavity by the lymphatics

question

The collapse tendency of the lungs is about how many mmHg?

answer

4 mmHg

question

The pleural pressure must be at least as negative to?

answer

keep the lungs expanded

question

- 2 forces tend to make the lungs collapse

answer

1. natural elasticity of the lungs 2. the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

question

1. natural elasticity of the lungs - tendency to recoil: always assume?

answer

smallest size possible

question

2. the surface tension of the alveolar fluid Molecules of fluid lining alveoli attract each other this produces surface tension that do what?

answer

constantly acts to draw alveoli to smallest size

question

Lung Collapsing Forces are Opposed by?

answer

-Natural elasticity of the chest wall - a force that tends to pull thorax outward - And enlarge the lungs

question

There are opposing forces that exist in the thorax. The net result is a?

answer

negative pleural pressure (Pip)

question

The negative pleural pressure is very important because it?

answer

holds the lungs to the thoracic wall

question

Any condition that equalizes Pip w Pa causes?

answer

immediate lung collapse

question

Atelectasis AKA?

answer

Alveolar Collapse

question

Atelectasis: Alveolar Collapse occurs when?

answer

- bronchiole becomes plugged -chest wound -rupture of the visceral pleura

question

Atelectasis: Alveolar Collapse What happens with alveoli?

answer

the associated alveoli absorb all their air and collapse

question

the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures

answer

Transpulmonary Pressure

question

transpulmonary pressure forumla is?

answer

Pa - Pip

question

what keeps air spaces open (it keeps the lungs from collapsing) at the end of a normal expiration:

answer

transpulmonary pressure

question

Transpulmonary Pressure - 0 - (- 4 mmHg) =

answer

4 mmHg

question

The size of the transpulmonary pressure determines the?

answer

size of the lungs at any time

question

the greater the transpulmonary pressure the

answer

larger the lungs

question

Back to Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration The inspiratory muscles contract to cause?

answer

enlarging the thorax

question

The diaphragm contracts moving how? and doing what?

answer

Inferiorly Increasing the height of thorax

question

- external intercostals contract causing?

answer

- lifting ribs increasing diameter of thorax

question

Back to Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration - this increases the thoracic volume by?

answer

500mL

question

Expansion of the thorax during inspiration causes?

answer

- stretches the lungs and alveolar volume increases

question

Expansion of the thorax during inspiration stretches the lungs and alveolar volume increases so what happens with alveolar pressure?

answer

alveolar pressure drops - about 1mmHg below atmospheric

question

Anytime alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric what happens with air?

answer

- air rushes into the lungs along its pressure gradient

question

Pleural Pressure during Inspiration - at the beginning of inspiration pleural pressure is what mmHg?

answer

~ - 5 mmHg

question

Pleural Pressure during Inspiration - Then during inspiration expansion of the chest pulls outward on the lungs and creates?

answer

more negative pressure: ~ - 7 mmHg

question

Pleural Pressure during Inspiration - inspiration ends when:

answer

- alveolar pressure equals atmospheric Pa = Patm (or 0 mmHg)

question

During forced inspiration: as in vigorous exercise, some COPDs accessory muscles will do what?

answer

further ? thoracic volume

question

Accessory muscles further ? thoracic volume are?

answer

- scalenes -sternocleidomastoid -pectoralis minor (any muscle that elevates the rib cage)

question

In healthy: quiet expiration is a passive process - that depends on?

answer

lung elasticity

question

Inspiratory muscles relax - the rib cage does what? and the lungs?

answer

descends lungs recoil

question

Expiration - both thoracic and pulmonary volumes decrease this will?

answer

compresses alveoli: - so Pa rises to about 1mmHg above atm

question

Whenever alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric (Pa ; Patm) the pressure gradient does what?

answer

forces gases out of the lungs

question

- forced expiration is an active process they do what?

answer

- contract abdominals: - internal intercostals:

question

- forced expiration - contract abdominals causes what movement?

answer

- increases intra-abdominal pressure - forcing abdominal organs superiorly

question

- forced expiration - internal intercostals do what movement?

answer

- depress the rib cage

question

Forced expiration - contract abdominals: - internal intercostals: - both do what to thoracic volume?

answer

decrease thoracic volume

question

Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation - inspiratory muscles consume NRG to?

answer

expand the thorax

question

Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation NRG must also be expended to overcome other factors that hinder pulmonary ventilation - such as?

answer

1. airway resistance 2. alveolar surface tension 3. lung compliance

question

Airway Resistance the relationship between?

answer

gas flow (F) pressure (P) resistance (R)

question

Airway Resistance equation is?

answer

- F = ?P/ R

question

The amount of gas flowing into and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the? or the?

answer

-change in pressure -the pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the alveoli

question

Usually, small changes in the pressure gradient produce?

answer

large changes in volume of air flow (F)

question

the average pressure gradient during normal quiet breathing is how many mmHg?

answer

2mmHg or less

question

The average pressure gradient during normal quiet breathing is ~ 2mmHg or less and that is sufficient to move how many mL of air with each breath?

answer

500 ml of air with each breath

question

gas flow varies inversely with

answer

resistance

question

Gas flow decreases as resistance does what?

answer

increases

question

Airway resistance is usually insignificant because of what issues?

answer

1. airway diameters are huge relative to the low viscosity of air 2. as airways get smaller, there are more branches

question

Airway resistance is usually insignificant because: 1. airway diameters are huge relative to the low viscosity of air 2. as airways get smaller, there are more branches - so the total cross-sectional area is what size?

answer

huge

question

At any gas-liquid boundary molecules of liquid are more strongly attracted to each other than to what?

answer

gas

question

At any gas-liquid boundary molecules of liquid are more strongly attracted to each other than to the gas This unequal attraction produces a state of tension at the liquid surface called?

answer

surface tension

question

draws liquid molecules closer together (contracts them)

answer

Surface tension

question

Water is composed of highly polar molecules and has a very high surface tension. As the major component of the film coating alveolar walls it is always acting to?

answer

reduce alveoli to their smallest size

question

If fluid was pure water, alveoli would collapse between breaths but surfactant (produced by Type II alveolar cells) causes what?

answer

- decreases cohesiveness of water molecules - reduces surface tension of the alveolar fluid

question

Surfactant - Decreases cohesiveness of water molecules - Reduces surface tension of the alveolar fluid This causes?

answer

Less NRG is needed to expand the lungs and discourage alveolar collapse

question

- Fetal lungs don't produce adequate surfactant - until when?

answer

last two months of development

question

- Babies born before that are unable to keep alveoli inflated between breaths - treatment is?

answer

- spray surfactant into airways - use devices that maintain positive airway pressure

question

A measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a change in transpulmonary pressure this is known as?

answer

Lung Compliance

question

distensibility of the lungs AKA?

answer

Lung Compliance

question

So the more a lung expands for a given rise in transpulmonary pressure how is the compliance?

answer

- the greater its compliance

question

The higher the compliance the easier it is to?

answer

expand the lungs

question

Lung Compliance is determined by 2 factors:

answer

1. distensibility of the lung tissue (generally high if healthy) 2. alveolar surface tension (surfactant keeps this ?)

question

Healthy lungs tend to have what kind of compliance?

answer

high compliance

question

Any decrease in the natural resilience of the lung what is the compliance status?

answer

diminishes compliance

question

Chronic inflammation or infections causes?

answer

fibrosis (scar tissue to replace normal tissue) decreased surfactant secretion

question

decreased surfactant secretion fibrosis What happens with compliance?

answer

-lower lung compliance -more NRG is needed to breathe

question

Factors that reduce thoracic compliance hinder lung expansion such as what?

answer

deformities of thorax ossified costal cartilages

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