Anthropology 2010 ex 2 - Flashcards

Q: Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person\'s age affects his or her role in the community

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Cultural anthropologists do research by

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building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

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Which of the following is the term defining the method of the discipline of cultural anthropology?

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fieldwork

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fieldwork involves

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all of the above

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The people anthropologists gather data from are called

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informants

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The comparative method

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uses data from many different societies

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Multisited ethnography is an example of which method?

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comparative method

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Which method is important for understanding past social insitutions and how they change?

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life histories

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Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is

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action anthropology

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An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to

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protect their informants

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A rapid appraisal is when anthropologists drop into a community into a community for just a few weeks to collect data. Bruce Knauft did this during his ____ trip to Gebusi.

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Third

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In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far off places

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False

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Anthropologists of the 1880s are referred to as "armchair anthropologists" because they never traveled abroad and they gather data from other peoples reports

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True

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Anthropologists do no consider unstructured, casual conversations data

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false

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In which of the following locations would you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

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all of the above

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a word that best describes participant observation is

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unstructured

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This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

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participant observation

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A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

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allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

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Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

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understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

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An important element required for successful "rapid appraisal" data collection is

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good general knowledge of the area/topic being studied

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What is the type of information written in field notes

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all of the above

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When anthropologists go into the field

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all of the above

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Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own

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false

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Anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law

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True

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If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?

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survey

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If you studied sex workers in your city as Phillippe Bourgois studied crack dealers in New York City, you might find that

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maintaining confidentiality is an ongoing challenge

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An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in

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a study of a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located

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Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?

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a study of community response to a disaster

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Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?

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all of the above

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Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication

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mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world

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Financial globalization has allowed for

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corporations to move factories from one country to another

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Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

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history

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The major goal of "development" is

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all of the above

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Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

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advocates of poor and marginalized people

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James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist with experience in development, argues that development exists

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to expand state power

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The theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is called

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clash of civilizations theory

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People participate in globalization by

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all of the above

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____ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

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migrants

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World systems theory helped anthropologise

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all of the above

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A key feature of financial globalization is

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the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade

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The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because

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it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects

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Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following

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the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be by standard measures

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The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

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localization

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The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

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accumulate prestige

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A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

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they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity

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Which of the following best describe the methodology of multisited ethnography

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comparative

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Which of the following is NOT true about hybridization theories

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it explains why conflict is growing in the world

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A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

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it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

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A multisited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would most likely to conduct fieldwork

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all of the above

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If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize

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the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

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A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American TV in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Austrailian outback are

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being subjected to alien culture influences

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World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?

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a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism

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The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many socities

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True

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People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion

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False

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Localization is the flip side of globalization

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True

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The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more

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False

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A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects

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True

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Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.

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True

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Anthropologist study food holistically, which means that they focus on

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all of the above

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The human diet is

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omnivorous

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A key component of nutritional anthropology as defined by Audrey Richards was attention to

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the interrelationship between biology, health, ecology, political-economic, and cultural concerns

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Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

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eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

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Why is meat eating important for human evolution

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it provides high-quality protein for human brain development

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Eating practices mark

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all of the above

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Foodways are dynamic because

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all of the above

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Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

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foraging

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Food security refers to

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access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

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"foodways" describes a perspective that approaches food as

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all of the above

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Intensification, a process that increases yields, includes

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all of the above

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Why do foragers turn to agriculture?

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increased population density causes too much competition for resources

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It is unusual for human adults to be able to digest milk

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True

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There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world

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False

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In many parts of the world food is a very important way of communicating social identity

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True

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The principles of agroecology are at the heart of industrial agriculture

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False

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What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

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meat consumption increased

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There has been a reduction of maize varieties in Mexico. What is the primary reason for it?

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Mexican agricultural policies favored cheap imports from the US

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Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

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it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings

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Which of the following is NOT true of how food preferences relate to gender?

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men always love meat, not matter which culture they are from

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Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

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because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

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One of anthropology's insights about foraging mode of subsistence is that

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foraging people have a cultural view of their environment as giving

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For anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk?

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all of the above

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Long term damage to soil quality is typical of

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intensification

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A nutritional anthropologist who studies the nutrition transition would probably focus on all of the following except

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the labor conditions of migrant workers

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A foodways perspective on human evolution would emphasize

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the changes in human dietary physiology are intertwined with how people grow, share, and eat food

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A cultural relativist would most likely to emphasize that pastoralist

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have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

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Which of the following would be UNLIKELY as a explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?

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its related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves

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What do environmental anthropologist study?

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all of the above

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According to Itzaj beliefs

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humans and nature exist in the same realm

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What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?

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oppositional

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The concept that people have learned images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

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cultural landscape

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Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the West because

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all of the above

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Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

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the idea that maize has a soul

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Why do environmental anthropologists study formal nature protection?

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it often generates social conflicts

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The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of an

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artifactual landscape

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The Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice

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transhumant pastoralism

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What is "fortress conservation"

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an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

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A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental equality is

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environmental justice

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Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach

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political ecology

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Contemporary ecological science supports the idea that human cultural behaviors are solely shaped by the environment

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false

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All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based

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true

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An ecological footprint is a measurement of the population an area can support

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false

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It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine

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false

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Famines are often caused by not environmental factors but social factors like inequality

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true

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One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant models for administering protected environmental area is

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they assume nature must be uninhabited by people

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Sustainable development for indigenous people involves which of the following elements?

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all of the above

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Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification systems?

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all human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways

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The enclosure movement is important to understanding Western conservation approaches because

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all of the above

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How did Americans aim to showcase their "civilization" after the civil war?

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establishing formally protected areas

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Europeans colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native peoples use of natural resoures

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to eliminate native competition against the european businesses exploiting raw materials in the colonies

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Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conversation can be so challenging

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scientist and conversationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

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Why is Fairhead and Leachs study about landscape change in Guinea important

answer

it shows why forests can increase because of human population growth and cultivaltion

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Which of the following methods allowed fairhead and leach to make their conclusions about landscape change in Guinea

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all of the above

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Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because

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all of the above

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Kenyas green belt movement is a good example of

answer

enviromental justice

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The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources

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true

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An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in

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the meaning and images they have of nature that shape their farming practice

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Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except

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the relationship between high birth rates and overfishing

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A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

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the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

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A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

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they explain the rise of cultural conflict in the world

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One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

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global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

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Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

answer

advocates of poor and marginalized people

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People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.

answer

False

question

Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.

answer

True

question

A multisited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork

answer

all of the above

question

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize

answer

the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

question

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multisited ethnography?

answer

comparative

question

An anthropologist who promotes principles of agroecology would likely view horticulture as

answer

useful to learn new principles about sustainable farming

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The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations except

answer

the construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas

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The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of an

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artifactual landscape

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"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of

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metaphors of human-nature interaction

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Economists and economic anthropologists are not that different in the way they study how people get the things they need to survive.

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False

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Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology?

answer

it assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world

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Economic anthropologists study

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all of the above

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Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?

answer

it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in

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The use of money is a human universal.

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False

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Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?

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people always make decision about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest pric

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The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that

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women are better at saving money than men

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Gift exchanges are important because people everywhere invest symbolic meaning in the things they give, receive, and consume.

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True

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The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price is an example of the use of

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limited-purpose money

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A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as

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closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure

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When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in

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generalized reciprocity

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The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called

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redistribution

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Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?

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cultural economics

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The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists

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try to understand and predict economic patterns

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Anthropologist Ashraf Ghani's successes as a finance minister and presidential candidate in Afghanistan can be attributed to what?

answer

his attentiveness to local social norms and priorities

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From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that

answer

personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions

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A Marxist approach to the cultural processes Karen Ho studied of Wall Street would be most focused on

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the tendency to lay off employees on a regular basis as the bank suffers through financial crises caused by its own activities.

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In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is

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respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values

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A formalist anthropologist doing fieldwork in a supermarket would be most interested in

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how shoppers decide which cat food to buy when they have fifteen varieties to choose from

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Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economics create value used in society?

answer

Marxism

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Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?

answer

Neoclassical economics

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According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is

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the domestic mode of production

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Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in

answer

obligation

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When you are consuming an object, the process of taking procession of it is called

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appropriation

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The central point of the concept of spheres of exchange is to make a distinction between general- and limited-purpose money.

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true

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Although Russians do use money to buy things, they also rely on bartering when money is scarce.

answer

true

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Which of the following explanations of political relationships among the !Kung would be least likely to come from a traditional political anthropologist?

answer

the !Kung have to navigate complex politics as ethnic minorities in states that don't want them

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A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as

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a means of creating and maintaining social order

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For anthropologists, political power refers to

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how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

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Big men can transfer their power and status through inheritance when they die.

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False

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The exercise of political power requires

answer

legitimacy

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The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?

answer

acephalous

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The importance of structural functionalism is that it

answer

showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government

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How do religious rituals function politically?

answer

all of the above

question

Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?

answer

structural-functionalism

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Which government agency's activities might you focus on if you wanted to understand structural power?

answer

the census office

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A cultural constructionist who studies class would be interested in

answer

all of the above

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Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

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it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

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An anthropologist who uses instrumentalist theories of ethnicity would explain the rise of "Latino" food distributor Goya as

answer

the creation of a special market segment by a food company to enhance its profitability

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An anthropologist who studies unearned privilege would be most interested in which of the following?

answer

situation in which an upper-class man gets accepted at an Ivy League university because his father and grandfather went there

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Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?

answer

all of the above

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Racialization has identified different markers of racial identity in Latin America than in the United States.

answer

True

question

A key difference between caste and social class is

answer

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

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Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is

answer

discrimination

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Does race have biological consequences?

answer

yes, because of racism

question

What was so difficult about Japanese American anthropologist Tamie Tsuchiyama's fieldwork in a World War II internment camp?

answer

he had to navigate complicated dynamics of prejudice and resentment

Anthropology 2010 ex 2 – Flashcards

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