9th grade physical science study guide – Flashcards
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chemical change
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a change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances
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chemical equations
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a representation of a chemical reaction that uses symbols to show the relationship between the reactants and the products
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law of conservation of matter
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states that matter is neither created nor destroyed, only changed in form
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reactant
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a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction
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product
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a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
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coefficient
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number in front of a variable
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subscript
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a number in a chemical formula that tells the number of atoms in a molecule or the ratio of elements in a compound
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single displacement
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one element trades places with another element in a compound: A + BC --> AC + B
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double displacement
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reaction in which two particles are exchanged by replacing like particles in another formula unit
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combustion
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the act of burning something
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synthesis
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the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds
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decomposition
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a chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products
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exothermic reaction
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a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat
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endothermic reaction
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..., A reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat
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heterogeneous mixture
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a mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily
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homogeneous mixture
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a mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture
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solution
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a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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solute
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the dissolved substance in a solution
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solvent
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a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
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amalgam
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A combination of diverse elements; a mixture
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alloy
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a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten
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solubility
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the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution)
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saturated
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being the most concentrated solution possible at a given temperature
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supersaturated
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solution has more solute than it normally can hold at that temperature
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dilute
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To make a liquid less concentrated
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acid
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any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
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base
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any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water
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salt
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an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom or a positive radical replaces the hydrogen of an acid
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ionization
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the condition of being dissociated into ions (as by heat or radiation or chemical reaction or electrical discharge)
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hydronium ion
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hydrogen ion combines with a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O(+)
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hydroxide ion
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the anion OH having one oxygen and one hydrogen atom
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pH scale
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a range of numbers used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is; ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic)
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neutrilization reaction
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The reaction of the ions that characterize acids (hydronium ions) and the ions that characterize bases(hydroxyde ions) to form water molecules and a salt
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electrolyte
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a solution that conducts electricity
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strong/weak acids
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Strong Acids will completely dissociate while weak acids will partially dissociate
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strong/weak bases
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Strong acids and bases dissociate completely in aqueous solutions, whereas weak acids and bases dissociate partially.
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indicator
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a compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base
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motion
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the act of changing location from one place to another
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displacement
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(chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound
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vector
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A quantity that has both size and direction
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scalar
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of or relating to a directionless magnitude
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velocity
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speed in a given direction
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momentum
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the force or speed with which something moves
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acceleration
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an increase in speed
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force
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(physics) the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity
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friction
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effort expended in rubbing one object against another
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net force
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The combination of all the forces acting on an object
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balanced and unbalanced forces
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Balanced - forces that are equal and opposite in direction Unbalanced - forces on an object that are greater than another
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gravity
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(physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe
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weight
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the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity
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Newtons law of motion
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an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by another force
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inertia
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the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion
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work
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activity directed toward making or doing something
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machine
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any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks
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simple machine
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a machine that does work with only one movement
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pulley
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a grooved wheel with a rope, chain, or cable running along the groove
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power
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(physics) the rate of doing work
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screw
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a simple machine of the inclined-plane type consisting of a spirally threaded cylindrical rod that engages with a similarly threaded hole
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inclined plane
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a simple machine consisting of a flat surface with one end higher than the other
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wedge
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something solid that is usable as an inclined plane (shaped like a V) that can be pushed between two things to separate them
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block and tackle
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Series of pulleys (sheaves) contained within a wood or metal frame. They are used with rope to provide a mechanical advantage for pulling operations.
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energy
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an exertion of force
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potential energy
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energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement
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kinetic energy
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the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes
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temperature
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the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)
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thermal energy
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the total energy of motion in the particles of a substance
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heat
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a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature
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conduction
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the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching
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convection
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the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
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radiation
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energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
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specific heat
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the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1 degree Celsius
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insulator
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a material that does not allow heat or electrons to move through it easily
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conductor
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a device designed to transmit electricity, heat, etc.
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voltage
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the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts
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resistance
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an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current
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electric current
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a flow of electricity through a conductor
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capacitor
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An electrical device used to store electrical charge.
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induction
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(physics) a property of an electric circuit by which an electromotive force is induced in it by a variation of current
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static electricity
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The buildup of electric charges on an object
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electric circuit
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an electrical device that provides a path for electrical current to flow
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parallel circuit
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circuit in which electric current can follow more than one path
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series circuit
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a circuit in which the objects are connected in a single path
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circuit breaker
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a device that trips like a switch and opens the circuit when overloaded
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fuse
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electrical device that can interrupt the flow of electrical current when it is overloaded
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switch
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control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit
