Unit 4: Organic Chemistry – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Organic Chemistry
answer
- Chemistry of compound that contain CARBON. - usually contain H - often contain O - sometimes contain S, N, P, and halogens - all are covalent
question
Organic Compound
answer
- have covalent bonds - soluble in non-polar solvent. - non-electrolytes. - have low melting and boiling points. - burn easily. - grater in number. (more than 3 million known organic compounds.)
question
Inorganic Compound
answer
- have ionic bonds. - soluble in polar solvents. - electrolyte. - have high melting and boiling points. - do not burn easily. - fewer in number (several hundred thousand known inorganic compounds.)
question
Molecular formula
answer
gives the symbol for each type of atom in one molecule of a compound (i.e. C₃H₈)
question
Full structural formula
answer
2D representation of the molecule showing which atoms are bonded to which
question
Condensed structural formula
answer
gives the structure for the molecule but in condensed for (i.e. CH₃CH₃ = ethane)
question
Types of Carbon
answer
- primary carbon - secondary carbon - tertiary carbon - quaternary carbon
question
Primary (1⁰) Carbon
answer
only one of its 4 bonds is to another carbon.
question
Secondary (2°) Carbon
answer
two of its 4 bonds are to other carbon atoms.
question
Tertiary (3°) Carbon
answer
three of its 4 bonds are to other carbon atoms.
question
Quaternary (4°) Carbon
answer
all four of its 4 bonds are to other carbon atoms.
question
Classes of Organic Compounds
answer
- Alkanes - Alkenes - Alkynes - Alcohol - Ether - Aldehyde - Ketone - Carboxylic acid - Ester - Amine - Amide
question
Hydrocarbons
answer
-organic compounds that contain only C and H. -the chief source of hydrocarbon is PETROLEUM. (definitely nonpolar) - Aliphatic hydrocarbons - Aromatic hydrocarbons
question
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
answer
- alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes - mostly insoluble in water because they are nonpolar (hexane is a common organic solvent) - smaller mass (fewer carbons) = lower boiling point - larger mass = higher boiling point - increase branching = lower boiling point
question
Alkanes
answer
- alkanes are saturated Hydrocarbons - only single bonds between carbon atoms.(the molecule contains all the H atoms possible for the number of carbon atoms present.) - General Formula: C(n)H(2n+2)
question
Haloalkanes
answer
- are alkanes which one or more hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a halogen atom - fluoro = F -cloro = C - bromo = Br - iodo = I
question
Alkenes
answer
- alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons - one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. (less than maximum # of H's.) - general formula: CnH2n
question
Alkynes
answer
- alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons - one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms. (less than maximum # of Hs) - general formula: CnH2n-2
question
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
answer
- forms a ring - i.e. cyclopentane
question
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
answer
- are benzene and benzene-related compounds. -benzene = 6 member ring with alternating double bonds.
question
IUPAC
answer
- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. -developed standard nomenclature
question
Alkly Groups
answer
side chains or -R groups.
question
Functional Group
answer
- an atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that gives it characteristic physical and chemical properties. - a place in the compound where chemical reactions occurs. - for an alkene is the double bond; for the alkyne it is the triple bond - in many organic compound, it contains an oxygen atom
question
Alcohols
answer
- functional group = hydroxyl group - general formula: R-OH - are not bases - fairly soluble in water - boiling point is fairly high; the more OH, the higher the boiling point - OL
question
Primary (1°) Alcohol
answer
-the OH group is attached to a primary carbon (bonded to 1 carbon)
question
Secondary (2°)Alcohol
answer
-the OH group is attached to a secondary carbon (bonded to 2 carbon)
question
Tertiary (3°) Alcohol
answer
-the OH group is attached to a tertiary carbon (bonded to 3 carbon)
question
Ether
answer
- functional group: -C-O-C- - fairly soluble in water - increase branching = lower boiling point - straight chain = higher boiling point - OXY alkane
question
Aldehyde
answer
- general formula: RCHO (found in the end chain) - carbonyl group - low molecular mass = water soluble - AL
question
Ketone
answer
- general formula: RCOR' - carbonyl group - low molecular mass = water soluble - ONE
question
Carboxylic acid
answer
- general formula: RCOOH - carboxyl group - weak acids - very polar and can hydrogen bond - high solubility and high boiling point - OIC acid
question
Esters
answer
- general formula: RCOOR' - polar, fairly soluble in water - fairly high boiling point - alkyl -OATE
question
Amines
answer
- general formula: R-NH₂ - amino group - good solubility (polar and can H-bond) - medium to high boiling point - AMINOalkane
question
Amides
answer
- general formula: RCNO
question
Isomers
answer
compounds that have the same molecular formula(same number and type of each element) but differ in the arrangement of atoms.
question
Structural Isomers
answer
- compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. - Three types of structural isomers: skeletal, positional, and functional.
question
Skeletal Isomers
answer
differ only in the arrangement of atoms in the carbon skeleton.
question
Positional Isomers
answer
differ in the position of the double bond, triple bond, halogen atom, or functional group.
question
Functional Isomers
answer
- differ in the type of bond or the type of functional group. - names are more dramatically different
question
Stereoisomers
answer
- compounds that have the same molecular formula and a very slightly different arrangement of atoms in the molecule - 2 types: geometrical and optical isomers
question
Geometric Isomers
answer
- result from hindered rotation about a double bond. - hindered does not rotate freely. - Cis isomer: on same side (adjacent) -Trans isomers: on opposite side (across)
question
Optical Isomers
answer
-occur when an organic compound contains an asymmetric carbon atom. -non- superimposable mirror images of each other.
question
Asymmetric Carbon
answer
a carbon atom which has four different atoms or groups atoms attached to it.
question
Organic reactions
answer
- oxidation - addition - substitution - condensation - hydrolysis - neutralization
question
Oxidation
answer
- reaction with oxygen - 1° alcohol → aldehyde + water - 2° alcohol → ketone + water - aldehyde → carboxylic acid - organic compound + xs O₂ →CO₂ + H₂O (complete combustion)
question
Addition
answer
-losing a double or triple bond - alkene + H₂ → alkane - alkene + X₂ → haloalkane - alkene + H₂O →alcohol - alkene + H₂ → alkane - alkene +X₂ → haloalkane
question
Substitution
answer
- it is changing places with halogen - alkane + X₂ → haloaklane + HX - banzene + X₂ → halobenzene + HX
question
Condensation
answer
- two small compounds combine (water is a product) - alcohol + Alcohol → ether + H₂O - carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + H₂O - carboxylic acid + amine → amide + H₂O
question
Hydrolysis
answer
-opposite of condensation ( large molecule breaks apart with water) - ether + H₂O → 2 alcohols - ester + H₂O → carboxylic acid + alcohol - amide + H₂O → carboxylic acid + amine
question
Neutralization
answer
- acid + base → salt + water
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New