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What makes something organic?

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always contains carbon, usually contains hydrogen, and may contain nitrogen and oxygen

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organic compound

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a compound that contains the element carbon

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what makes something inorganic?

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a compound that doesn't contain carbon. exceptions: carbon dioxide environmental and calcium carbonate

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most organic compounds occur naturally only in

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living organisms or their byproducts

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sugar(from a plant) and oil (from a plant) are examples of

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organic compounds

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most organic compounds have

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covalent bonds and form non-polar molecules

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the formula for glucose is

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C6H12O6

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An important inorganic compound is

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H20

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Why is water so important to living organisms?

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all living organisms need water to survive and 65% of your body is water

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cohesion

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the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance *it is cohesion that explains why a drop of water holds together*

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polarity

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when a molecule has an unequal distribution of charge

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polar molecule

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one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end

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water molecules attract to each other because

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water molecules have a positive end and a negative end

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non-polar

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equal distribution of charge in a molecule

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Adhesion

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the attraction between the molecules of one substance and the molecules of another substance

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What is adhesive to many substances? (property of adhesion allows water to dissolve many substances)

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Water

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Water is known as the _________ _______ because many things can be dissolved in water

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Universal Solvent

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what allows water to travel from the ground to the leaves of a tree

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Adhesion (uses capillary action)

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hydrophilic

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any substance that has an affinity or is "attracted" to a water molecule *ex)food coloring

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Hydrophobic

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any substance that does not have an affinity for water or it is "repelled" by water *ex) oil/fats

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organic compounds are

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complex and large

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carbon atoms like to

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bond with other carbon atoms and form chains *ex) C-C-C-C-C

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Carbon has the ability to make _____ bonds

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four

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carbon chains can form

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rings and branches

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size and variety of these compounds are

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unlimited

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Hydroxyl group

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R-OH

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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

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4 main types of organic compounds

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carbohydrate

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an organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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carbohydrates are in a _______ ratio

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1:2:1

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Monosaccharide

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the simplest carbohydrate "simple sugar" * the building blocks of carbohydrates*

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examples of monosachharides

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glucose, fructose, galactose * all have the formula C6H12O6

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Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same formula but can be different molecules because

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they have different structural formulas

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isomer

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organic molecules that have the same chemical(molecular) formula but a different structural formula(arrangement of atoms)

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most sugars usually end in

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-ose

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examples of sugar that do not end in -ose

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starch, glycogen

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sugars are important because

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they contain large amounts of energy. Nearly all living organisms use glucose for energy. Sugars can be used for cellular structural support in an organism

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dehydration synthesis

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a process that bonds smaller molecules(monomers) together by removing H2O

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the process of dehydration synthesis forms

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larger moleculers called macromolecules or polymers

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mono means

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one

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di means

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two

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poly means

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three or more

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disaccharide

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the molecule formed by joining two simple sugars (monosaccharides) by dehydration synthesis

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glycosidic bond

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name of the bond that holds monosaccharides together when forming a disaccharide/ polysaccharide

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polysacchride

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many simple sugars bonded together through dehydration synthesis to create a chain of repeating subunits *they are polymers*

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Polysaccharides used for structural molecules

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cellulose(indigestible fiber in plants), chitin( hard shell on insects), Peptidoglycan(gives support to cell walls in bacteria)

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Energy storage polysaccharides

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starch (plants store glucose as starch), Glycogen (animals store glycogen in the liver: insulin helps to convert glucose that we eat into glycogen to store in the liver for later use)

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hydrolysis

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the reversal of dehydration synthesis. Therefore, it is the breaking up of macromolecues into smaller subunits by adding water

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disaccharide/ polysaccharide is broken down into simple sugars by

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adding H2O

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lipid

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an organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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How do you tell the difference between a carbohydrate and a lipid?

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less oxygen atoms in lipids than in carbohydrates

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examples of lipids

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fats, oil, waxes

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function of lipids

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lipids are part of a cell structure and serve as reserve energy supply; insulation also acts like a protective coating

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lipids are_____________________in H2O because_____________

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lipids are insoluble in H2O because they are non-polar (hydrophobic)

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a molecule of fat is formed by

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the dehydration synthesis of 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

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fatty acid

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chain of carbon atoms which hydrogen atoms are bonded, a carboxyl group is also present

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saturated fat

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fats that are formed from fatty acids that have single to single carbon bonds

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saturated fat examples

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solid at room temperature; butter and lard

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fats from animals tend to be

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saturated fats

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unsaturated fat

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one pair of carbon atoms are joined by a double bond/ triple bond of the fatty acid that makes up the fat

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examples of unsaturated fats

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liquid at room temperature, olive oil and cod liver oil

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unsaturated fats tend to be from

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plants and fish

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polyunsaturated fats

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a fat that has fatty acid chains with more than one double or triple bond

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diets high in saturated fats tend to increase

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cholesterol levels, increasing the risk for strokes and heart attacks

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nucleic acids are compounds that contain

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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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DNA (deoxyribosenucleic acid)

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is found in the nucleus of the cell. DNA is the hereditary information passed from parents to offspring

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what does DNA look like?

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long chain of repeating units called nucleotides. Two chains twist together to form a double helix (twisted ladder formation)

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what makes up a DNA nucleotide?

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phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base; adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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the two families of nitrogenous bases are

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pyrimidines and purmines

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pyrimidine

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has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (the nitrogen atoms tend to take up H+ from solution, which explains the term nitrogenous base)

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examples of pyrimidine

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cytosine, thymine and uracil

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purine

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larger with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

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examples of purine

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adenine and guanine

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complementary bases

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only adenine and thymine pair up with one another. Only guanine and cytosine pair up without one another. Two bases that pair together. A is complementary to T and C is complementary to G.

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RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell. RNA isn't responsible for protein synthesis(making proteins)

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what's does a RNA nucleotide look like?

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Repeating units of RNA nucleotides. Only one chain of bases (doesn't need NOT form a double helix)

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What makes up a RNA nucleotide?

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phosphate group, sugar (ribose), nitrogenous bases; adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

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DNA and RNA work together to control the

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development and activisties of ALL cells in a organism

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proteins

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very large complex compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Some contain sulfur and phosphorus as well.

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Where are proteins found?

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Proteins are found throughout livings organisms. Proteins make up muscle, bones, hormones(insulin), antibodies(protect us against disease) and enzymes(allows chemical reactions).

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A human has ten of thousands of different proteins, each with a

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specific structure and function.(shape determines structure)

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proteins are very

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large and complex

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proteins vary extensively

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in structure, each protein having a unique 3D shape

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what are proteins made out of of?

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amino acids(monomer)

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amino acid(monomer)

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the buliding blocks of proteins

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How many common amino acids are there?

answer

20

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An amino acid consigns of a central carbon atom and

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1 carboxyl group (COOH), 1 amino group(NH2), 1 hydrogen atom, and 1 aidan chain( R- which isn't different in each amino acid)

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peptide bond

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the bond between two amino acids

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2 amino acids can be bonded together by

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dehydration synthesis

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the bond forms between the

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amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

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the resulting molecule is a

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dipeptide or a polypeptide

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polypeptide (polymer)

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a long chain of amino acid an that form as a result of dehydration synthesis

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all proteins are usually made up of

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at least one polypeptide chain...Usually hundreds of polypeptide chains folded and coiled into specifics conformations

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