The Chemistry of Life (Biochemistry) Homework/Study Guide – Flashcards
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the smallest particle of a substance that still retains the properties of that substance
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atom
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list the three subatomic particle that compose atoms.
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protons neutrons electrons
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The atoms in a compound are held together by chemical bonds. What part of the atom is involved in the bonding process?
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electrons
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This type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
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ionic bond
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This term describes an atom that has lost or gained valence electrons.
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ions
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This type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between two atoms.
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covalent bond
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type of mixture in which the parts are evenly mixed.
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homogeneous
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type of mixture in which the parts are unevenly mixed.
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heterogeneous
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what term describes a mixture of water and undissolved materials that are so small they do not settle out?
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suspension
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list the four groups of organic compounds.
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carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
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the storage form of excess glucose in plants
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starch
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the storage form of excess glucose in animals
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glycogen
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name of the stringy, fibrous material that serves as a strengthening tissue in the cell walls of plants.
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cellulose
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proteins that speed up chemical reactions inside of cells
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enzymes
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what are two types of nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA
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where are protons located? what charge does a proton carry?
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nucleus; positive
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where are neutrons located? what charge does a neutron carry?
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nucleus; neutral
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where are electrons located? what charge does a electron carry?
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electron cloud; negative
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what happens to the charge on an atom when the atoms gains electrons?
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becomes negative
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what happens if the atoms loses valence electrons?
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becomes positive
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are the shared electrons in a covalent bond always shared equally between two atoms?
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no
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as a result of unequal sharing, what happens to the opposite lends of a molecule?
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become polar
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covalent bonds in which electrons are shared unequally resulting in a molecule which has poles; part of it is negative and part of it is positive
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polar covalent bond
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the electrons are shared equally; equally attracted to each molecule
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nonpolar covalent bond
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list three reasons why water is essential for life on earth
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it stabilizes temperature it universal solvent it is cohesive
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what does the pH scale measure?
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the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution
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describe the roll of buffers in living cells
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prevents sharp and sudden changes in pH
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what characteristics are found in carbon that makes it excellent for the building of organic compounds?
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forms chains and rings forms single/double/triple bonds with itself and other atoms forms bonds with other carbon atoms
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what elements compose carbohydrates?
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carbon hydrogen oxygen (C, H, O) 1:2:1
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what elements compose lipids?
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carbon hydrogen oxygen (C, H, O)
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what elements compose proteins
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carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sometimes sulphur (C, H, O, N, S)
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what elements compose nucleic acids
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carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus (C, H, O, N, P)
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what are the building blocks, or monomers, of carbohydrates
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simple sugars or monosaccharides
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what are the building blocks, or monomers, of lipids
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fatty acids and glycerol
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what are the building blocks, or monomers, of proteins
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amino acids
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what are the building blocks, or monomers, of nucleic acids
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nucleotides
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has no carbon-to-carbon double bond; solid at room temperature
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saturated fatty acids
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at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond; liquid at room temperature
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unsaturated fatty acids
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what role do enzymes play inside a cell?
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lowers the activation energy needed which speeds up the chemical reaction
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to which group of organic compounds do enzymes belong
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proteins
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can enzymes make a chemical reaction to take place? explain your answer
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no they can only speed up reactions that already happen
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can the chemical reaction within a cell take place without the aid of enzymes? explain your answer
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yes it would just take place really slowly
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how many different reactions can be catalyzed by particular enzyme
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only one
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what happens to the enzyme after it is done it's job
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it is unchanged and reusable
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explain why enzymes are specific for only one type of reaction
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it has a unique shape; lock and key
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which of the following is Mismatched? a- atom- the basic unit of matter b- compound- composed of all the same type of atom c- covalent bond- the sharing of electrons between two atoms d- cohesion- the attraction between like molecules
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b- compound composed of all the same type of atom
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which of the following would be true when iodine gains a valence electron? a- it would form a cation with a -1 charge b- it would form a cation with a +1 charge c- it would form an anion with a -1 charge d- it would form an anion with a +1 charge
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c- it would form an anion with a -1 charge
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two more different atoms are combined in a definite whole number ratio to form a(n) a- element b-compound c- isotope d- mixture e- suspension
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b-compound
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which one of the following is a correct pairing? a- proteins: A source of quick energy for the cell b- carbohydrates: used as the strengthening tissue in plants cell walls c- lipids: catalyzes the reactions of the cell d- nucleic acids: structural component of cell membranes
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b- carbohydrates: used as the strengthening tissue in plant cell walls
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which of the the following elements readily bonds to itself, forming long chains and ringed-structures as a result? a- hydrogen b- oxygen c- nitrogen d- carbon e- phosphorus
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d- carbon
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the primary function of a nucleic acid is a- to speed up the chemical reactions of the cell b- to provide structure to the cell membrane c- to store energy for use by the cell d- to store the information needed to build proteins
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d- to store the information needed to build proteins
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to which group of organic compounds does enzymes belong?
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proteins
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to which group of organic compounds does glucose belong?
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carbohydrates
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to which group of organic compounds does fats and oils belong?
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lipids
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to which group of organic compounds does cholesterol?
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lipids
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to which group of organic compounds does sugars belong?
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carbohydrates
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to which group of organic compounds does starch belong?
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carbohydrates
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to which group of organic compounds does hormones belong?
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proteins
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to which group of organic compounds does cellulose belong?
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carbohydrates
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to which group of organic compounds does waxes belong?
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lipids
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to which group of organic compounds does monosaccharides belong?
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carbohydrates
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to which group of organic compounds does DNA and RNA belong?
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nucleic acids
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to which group of organic compounds does polysaccharides belong?
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carbohydrates
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to which group of organic compounds does glycogen belong?
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carbohydrates
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T/F a molecule is the basic unit of matter
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false; an atom is the basic unit of matter
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T/F and Adam that loses an electron has a negative charge
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false; an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge
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T/F an ionic bond is formed due to the attraction of oppositely charged ions
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true
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T/F molecules such as O2, H2, and N2 contain no polar covalent bonds
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true
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T/F A single water molecule can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds with other water molecules at the same time
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true
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T/F basics solutions have a pH below seven
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false; Basic solutions have a pH above seven
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T/F The lipids are known as the "quick-energy foods" because they're so quickly converted to energy by the cells
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false; The carbohydrates are known as the "quick-energy foods" because they're so quickly converted to energy by the cells
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T/F A solution is a homogeneous mixture
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true
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T/F if you wait long enough the particles of a suspension will eventually settle to the bottom of the container
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false; if you wait long enough the particles of a suspension will not eventually settle to the bottom of the container
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T/F large bodies of water regulate temperatures on earth by absorbing heat from the sun during the day which cools the landmasses
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true
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T/F The carbohydrates are classified according to the number of amino acids they contain
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false; The carbohydrates are classified according to the number of simple sugar molecules they contain
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T/F The carbohydrates are generally not soluble in water
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false; The lipids are generally not soluble in water
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T/F The lipids are generally not soluble in water
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true
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T/F this saturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature
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false; The unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature
