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Psychological disorder

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A persistent harmful behavior pattern that is deviant distressful and dysfunctional

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Deviant Distressful Dysfunctional

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- behavior far from norm - behavior causes stress -behavior is an impairment and distracts the person from normal living

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For a behavior to fall into a psychological disorder category it must fall into 4 criteria called UMAD

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U-unjustifiable-no reason for the behavior in question M-maladaptive-the person is handling stress or conflict in a harmful way A-atypical-behavior isn't something the populous at large does to cope with stress D-disturbing-must be something the average person would find as a disturbing action

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DSM-5 diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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Apas system of classifying psych disorders. Basically it's the medical dictionary. Does not 1) explain the cause of the disorder or 2) prescribe treatment or but yes it identify key symptoms, classify, discuss prevalence. Standardizes them!! Gives the symptoms to diagnose someone w the generic disorder

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Criticisms of the DSM includes

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Vague of many symptoms described Expansion of what is classified as a mental disorder Using it to medically identify a mental illness in the same fashion a doctor would medically identify a physical illness

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Problems w labeling someone as having a psychological disorder

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1) self fulfilling prophecy 2) social stigma from others

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How many people suffer from a clinically significant mental disorder in a year

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According to the US institute of mental health suggest 1 in 7

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How does poverty effect mental disorders

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Risk is 2 times as him for those below poverty line. Poor = stress which can cause disorders. Hard to gets job too so works both ways

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When do people usually start showing symptoms of a mental disorder

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75% say the first key warning was before age 25

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Diathesis stress approach - equation for mental illness risk

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Right genetic risk factors (family history, chemical imbalances, genetic mutations) + right environmental stressors (trauma, social events, economic factors like being poor, parenting) (stress is underlying factor in all disorders) = significantly higher mental illness risk

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Autism spectrum disorder is what kind of disorder

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neurodevelopmental disorder

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Autism Spectrum Disorder - Neurodevelopmental disorder

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Everything related to autism now falls under the autism spectrum instead of having its own diagnosis. Asses how much help they need, little lots? 3 levels of severity after assessment requiring support, substantial support, or very substantial support.

question

ADD and ADHD are what kind of disorders

answer

neurodevelopmental disorder

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Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: -neurodevelopmental disorder have 3 factors needed

answer

ADD AND ADHD are no longer separate things its not just ADHD with the combination of 3 factors are present in the person; attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders main thing is...... this is not the same thing as what disorder?

answer

Disorders that fall under this spectrum are conditions that are either temporary or permanent, milkd to severe forms of PSYCHOSIS (PSYCHOTIC) ; A loss of or inability to maintain reality. NOT THE SAME AS MULTIPLE PERSONALITY.

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Schizophrenia -

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is a class of disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions or actions. about 1 in 100 people will develop schizophrenia

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Schizohrenia symptoms

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1) disordered and or incomprehensible thinking and logic. thought disorder bc thats the major symptoms that all other symptoms come from. 2)World salads- jumbled verbal or written expressions of language that demonstrate distorted thinking, made up words, rhyming sequences, etc. 3) delusions of persecution, paranoia; paranoia that others, real, or imaginary., are out to harm them or hamper them. 4) delusions of grandeur- believing they are more important than they are, such as believing they are God, a prophet, the president, etc. 5) hallucinations- typically auditory, believing they are hearing voices (not personality disorder bc they know it isnt them) 6) inappopriate or random emotions; 1) expressing emotions when no situations triggers them or 2) expressing an emotion inappropriate to the situation or 3) expressing no outward emotional at all (flat affect) 7) awkward or habitual body movements like ticks, gesture repition or actually remaining motionless (CATATONIA) for long periods of time.

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Positive symptoms -schizophrenia disorders

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are those present that are considered abnormal such as disorted thinking hallucinations and inappropriate emotions.

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Negative symptoms -schizophrenia disorders

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are those whose absence are considered abnormal such as lack of voice tone, lack of emotions, lack of movement (catatonic)

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Acute schizohrenia vs chronic schizophrenia

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acute- whose symptoms come on suddenly are more likely to recover than those who experience .... chronic- symptoms gradually strengthen over time. Schiz is one of the most complex disorders bc of so many causes

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Causes of Schizophrenia

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-excessive dopamine- influences learning, movement, attention, and emotion -enlarged ventricles- fluid filled cavitites in the brain -out of synch firing of frontal lobe- explains all over the place thinking -smaller than normal thalamus- responsible for filtering all sensory information -viral exposure. tertatogen- as a fetus impairs some brain development. babies born after flu epidemic were twice as likely to develop schizophrenia -genetic component- 1-100 odds turn to 1-10 if a parent or sibling has schizophrenia and turns to 1-2 if an identical twin has schizophrenia

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Bipolar disorder was formally known as what

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Manic Depressive disorder

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What is bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder characterized by a cycle of mood swings that shift back and forth from bouts of the lethargy and hopelessnes depression to bout of overexcited mania w some normalcy between shifts. not day to day but more month lasting cycles. like seasons. ( manic depressive disorder)

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What happens during the bipolar depression and mania shifts?

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bipolar shift would look similar to someone diagnosed with major depressive disorder mania shift they will become overtalkative, overactive, unable to sleep, and a super good or angry mood, excessive optimism, unsafe sex, binging, etc. severe bouts can be dangerous but less severe can be useful for writers and artists.

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Mixed episodes of bipolar disorder

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phases where both mania and depression symptoms occur together . Known as agitated depression. men and women both equal in all of these.

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causes of bipolar disorder

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largely by fluctuations of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter responsible for increasing arousal and boosting mood although environment triggers are also responsible, especially for triggering the onset of depressive states.

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major depressive disorder (mdd)

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severe form of depression where the symptoms continue for OVER 2 WEEKS STRAIGHT. most common reason people seek help and are treated and is twice as likely to occur in women than men.

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Symptoms of major depressive disorder

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lethargy, feelings of worthlessnes, suicidal thoughts, loss in interest (anhedonia). it cant be bc of drugs or medical conditions or be bc of grieving in the certain amount of time.

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the cause of depression is

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an under production of scarcity of serotonin, the mood neurotransmitter.

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Aaron Becks triad theory of depression

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beck suggests that depression is caused by 3 irrational thoughts 1) negative thoughts about ones self 2) negative thoughts about the world 3) negative thoughts about ones future. ( learned helplessness ( martin seligman ))

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Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia)

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related to depression where the symptoms are not as severe but they generally have a deflated mood through most of the day almost every day, for 2 or more years. Chronic legarthy or lowered self esteem that are present but not extremely severe may indicate PDD or dysthymic disorder.

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Seasonal affective disorder -depressive disorder

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wintertime blues or seasonal depression. lowered mood or milk depression like symptoms triggered by changing seasons, usually winter bc of a lack of sunlight (which creates serotonin ) treatment involves light therapy from artificial light

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Phobia - anxiety disorder- can be in 3 main categories

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type of anxiety where a person has a PERSISTENT AND IRRATIONAL fear. has 3 main categories- 1) specific phobias 2) social anxiety disorder 3) agoraphobia.

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Social anxiety disorders

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fears of performing certain actions in the public eye such as speaking eating using the bathroom

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agoraphobia - anxiety disorder

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fear of situations where someone feels helpless or believe they cant escape. manifests itself as a fear of being around crowds or other people or situations where you are closely packed together. usually an extreme disorder. some will not leave home anymore or only go out during the slowest times of the day.

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Panic DIsorder - anxiety disorders

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semi-unpredictable minuets episodes of intense dream and terror. chest pain, choking, PHYSICALLY intense sensations. 1 in 75 have this. like a heart attack and often misdiagnosed. like a tornado, doesn't happen for periods of time. strikes quickly out of no where, disappears quickly, leaving physical distraction. overreaction to a perceived stressor.

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Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD) - Anxiety disorder

answer

continually tense, state of autonomic nervous system arousal. 2/3 of people w GAD ARE WOMEN. persistant even when there is no stress present. Headaches, clinching, ack of concentration, preocupation mentally, insomnia, tension, indigestions, frequent urination/stomach upset. No awareness of the root cause so its hard to help it but anti anxiety medicine helps alot

question

OCD

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unwanted repetitive thoughts obsessions and repetitive actions (obsessions and compulsions) most common in teens and young adults. Becomes a concern when the thoughts or actions become overwhelming enough to stunt the persons functioning in the world. Consuming, dysfunctional, unrealistic, become OCD concerns. Severe cleanlines, order, patter, safety. manifests as a control issue, hyperactive in part of brain called anterior cingulate cortex which is responsible for our work and checking for errors.

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Body dysmorphic disorder - ocd and related disorder

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chronic obsession w ones body in terms of weight shape flaws imperfections that others would not notice.

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Hoarding disorder - ocd and related disorders

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chronic inability to discard or part w possessions regargless of value. mainting safe zones, w severe anxiety of leaving or parting things. even things of 0 value.

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Trichotillomania - OCD and related disorders

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chronic obsession with hair pulling twisting or plucking. severe enough to hair loss or balding.

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Excoriation - ocd and related disorders

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obsessive behavior of skin picking to the point of scarring, lesions, wounds.

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Trauma related disorders - PTSD

answer

Haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety and insomnia. must persist beyond 4 weeks after a traumatic event for it to be diagnosed as possible PTSD. Response to an extremely traumatic event; combat soldiers, rate, kidnap, torture, victims, natural disaster survivors, etc.

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what is a disociative disorder?

answer

where a persons conscoius awareness becomes separated from prevoiusly stressful and anxoius memories, thoughts, or feelings. highly ontroversial set of disorders.

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Disociative identity disorder (DID) previously known as

answer

multiple personality disorder

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Dissociative identity disorder

answer

extremely rare. has 2 or more distinct personalities that are totally different in thinking behavior interenst etc. can even have different accents, handwritting, etc. often are not aware of the other personalities existence and often compliment the weaknesses of the other personalities. most result from child traumas or abuse so they try to manage and carry the emotional part in multiple people.

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Dissociative amnesia

answer

condition where a person cannot remember events or data surrounding a specific incident, usually related to traumatic experiences. many ways its like repression and opposite of PTSD.

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Dissociative fugue (temporary loss of self)

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traveling amnesia, condition whre a person cant remember the events surrounding a traumatic experience and will actually take on the identity of a new person, move away and start a totally new existence without any knowledge of their previous life in which the traumatic experience took place. cant last days, months, years, where a person completely settles themselves down as a new person and have a new life job family and be totally unaware of their previous life. one day they might snap out of it and have no knowledge of their new created fake life and have no explanation for the missing time.

question

somatic disorders - SOMATOFORMS

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Set of psychology illnesses where a mental illness takes the form of physical ailment but where there is no physical explanation. knowing or an unaware transfer of mental stress into physical conditions. dont see anything mentally only physically. anxiety induced but mostly physical aspects of it.

question

Somatic symptom disorder was formerly known as

answer

hypochondria

question

somatic symptom disorder

answer

condition where a person obsesively believes that thye have severe physical ailments at the first sign of mior symptoms. severe obsessions and anxiety. under great mental strain and cant cope so they try to cope physically . not fakers and truly believe they haveseverly physicall illnesses and problems and will even see cough fever. constantly check body for problems, go to hospital for little things and disregard doctors anyway. stress over it usually does make them actually sick which then makes them think they were right.

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Conversion disorder - somatic disorders

answer

condition where a person loses the function of a sepcific body part for which there is no physical explanation. might lost the ability to walk, see, hear, speak, etc. but not bc their physical body isnt in perfect wokring order. conversion disorder are not faking but they appear to not care for their non functioning body part ( they expected it to happen) intense mental strain of a person with conversion disorder is typically linked to their lost function in question.

question

Gender dysphoria

answer

having stress and anxiety about your trans identity ( a difference between ones biological gender and ones gender identity) and it causes confusion anxiety stress to the point of impacting ones life.

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Disruptive/ impulsive - control conduct disorders pyromania

answer

purposefully setting fire with a strong obsession/compulsion to do so. gains psychological pleasure as a result. obsession w fire in general. cant be financial gain.

question

disruptive/ imulsives - control conduct disorders kleptomania

answer

failing to resist the impulse to steal items that have no value to you, unnecessary things. gain pleasure from it and it cant bc of revenge, anger, or need.

question

Substance abuse and addictive disorders diagnosis is based on what

answer

severity of addition to or severe reaction of withdrawal from any illegal drugs , alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cna be diagnosed in the DSM

question

Gambling disorder - substance and addictive disorders

answer

need to gable obsessivly irritable if tries to quit or doesnt. lies or steals to fuel addiction, gambles money that puts personal finances at risk, loses significant things because of it (job, relationships) relies on others to front money.

question

What is a personality disorder?

answer

infelxible and enduring behavior pattern that persists in a person and impairs their social functioning.

question

dependent personality disorder

answer

extreme submissiveness. need to be taken care of, fears alone, cant decide things for themself, even to the point of accepting abuse.

question

histrionic personality disorder

answer

regina george. attention whor e. excessive shallow emotions, overly prone to influence, sexually provocative, obsessed with appearance popularity.

question

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

answer

intense interest in being orderly, having control, achieving perfection, following rules, list, details, etc.

question

paranoid personality disorder

answer

extreme distrust in other, assumes evil intentions in others, delusional belief that others want to hurt them, destroy them, makes claims without justification or any evidence.

question

avoidant personality disorder

answer

extreme shyness, fear of rejection, feel inadequate, WANT social interaction but so introverted that its hard for them to take the steps to get them.

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narcissistic personality disorder

answer

exaggeration of their own self importance, develops success fantasies and lies , feel entitled, envies others and believe others envy them. obsessed w themself.

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borderline personality disorder

answer

unstable identity, unstable relationship and unstable impulsive emotions. difficult mainting work, soial or intimate relationsip. kinda dont know who they are or where they belong.

question

schizoid personality disorder

answer

shows no interest in entering or keeping social relationships, prefer to do solitary activities , separates themself bc of LACK of Interest in keeping relationship. rare. dont hate people but would just rather be alone.

question

Schizotypal personality disorder

answer

avoids social interaction bc they fear people. delusional beliefs of people and also believe they are erally off and peculiar enough tht they wouldnt fit in anyways. would want social interaction but would feel like nobody would like them anyway and they r too scared.

question

anti social personality disorder

answer

lack of care or empathy for peoples emotions. feel no wrong for doing bad things. no concern for anyone or anything. usaully killers or con asrtist kind of people. no respect for laws or social norms

question

Psychotherapy definition (talk therapy)

answer

An emotionally charged confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

question

Eclectic approach - psychotherapy

answer

Using techniques from several of the schools of thought of therapy to maximize help to the patient

question

Deinstitutionalization -psychotherapy

answer

Attempt to release institutionalized patients back into society, theorizing that institutionalizations makes their symptoms worse

question

Psychoanalysis - psychotherapy Created by who?

answer

Created by Freud used to help a patient gain insight into their own repressed and unconscious motives.

question

Psychoanalysis - psychotherapy What? - resistance?

answer

Encouraged patients to participate in free association techniques. Suggest that things such as defense mechanisms sarcasm or laughing off problems shows RESISTANCE (blocking anxiety heavy material from consciousness)

question

Psychoanalysis -psychotherapy Interpretation

answer

The role of the psychoanalyst is to note the meaning of dreams, resistance, and any significant behaviors or events to promote insight to patients resistance and behaviors

question

Transference good and bad version

answer

Technique used in promote insight in the patients is encouraged to direct or transfer their feelings and emotions towards the therapist as if they were the person causing the anxiety (wife talks to therapist the way she talks to husband) used for insight. Bad is when the client starts loving the therapist

question

Criticism of psychoanalysis- psychotherapy

answer

Time consuming, expensive, non empirical so non scientific, usually helpful but not statistically measurable

question

Humanistic - psychotherapy What

answer

Type of therapy Approach that is heavily centered around self promotion and client center, not therapist interpretation!!! centered. Focuses more on present and future rather than past, conscious thoughts instead of unconsciousness promoting growth in people rather than curling illnesses and viewing people as clients rather than patients

question

Carl Rogers promoted what therapy

answer

Humanistic or client centered therapy where a therapist listens intently to clients ideas and promotes self growth - psychotherapy

question

Humanistic-psychotherapy Nondirective therapy

answer

Humanistic approach of abstaining from attempting to push clients to specific insights or conclusions and letting them reach their own

question

Active listening Humanistic - psychotherapy

answer

Humanistic approach of listening intently in what the client has to say and then repeating it back to them in ones own words so a bridge of trust and understanding. Crucial to make a good positive free speaking non judging environment

question

Criticism of humanistic psychotherapy

answer

Sometimes a little too feel good, unrealistic when it comes to serious behavioral or psych problems

question

Behavioral - psychotherapy

answer

Type of therapy that applies learning principles (classical but also operant and observational learning) to eliminate unwanted behaviors. Do not View anxiety behaviors as triggers of unconscious motivation but instead as learned responses to stress that can be replaced w healthier behaviors

question

Counter conditioning - behavioral psychotherapy

answer

Based on pavlovs Work a behavioral therapy procedure that conditions a new response to stimuli that triggers unwanted behavior. Take someone w a phobia and connect it w something they enjoy and they might not be so scared anymore. Pathological liar now associates something good w telling the truth

question

Exposure therapy - humanistic psychotherapy

answer

Type of counter conditioning where a person is exposed to the things they would fest or avoid .2 ways to do this systematic desensitization and flooding

question

2 types of exposure therapy - humanistic psychotherapy

answer

Systematic desensitization - exposure that slowly associates good things w anxious things to eventually eliminate it. Start small and work your way up to it. Flooding- opposite. Keep someone in their phobia (worst case) and make them stay until they r comfortable. Agoraphobia- handcuff them to a bench in Walmart on Black Friday

question

Aversive conditioning -humanistic psychotherapy

answer

Type of counter conditioning where an unpleasant state is associated w an unwanted behavior to make the unwanted behavior go away typically used to treat bad habits. Physical pain, shock collars, etc.

question

Behavior modification Humanistic psychotherapy -token economy

answer

Based off the work of skinner and operant conditioning. Type of behavioral therapy where persons behavior a are slowly modified based on receiving of positive and negative rewards / punishments - people earn tokens for good behavior where they can be exchanged for what they want

question

Criticisms of behavioral psychotherapy

answer

What happens when the pleasant and painful stimuli or positive reinforcers stop? Is it ethical to control ones behavior through rewards and punishments

question

Cognitive -psychotherapy

answer

Type of therapy used to change a persons thinking and perspective. Want to control their own thoughts and stop thinking of them self as a victim. Attempt to establish an internal locus of control (master of your own domain) destroy bad thoughts w things more accurate. Disconfirmation, reconceptualization, rational emotive therapy (Ret) and stress inoculation training

question

RET rational emotive therapy aka cognitive behavioral therapy - psychotherapy Who

answer

Attempt to help patients eliminate irrational beliefs and change their underlying ways forthcoming and behaving towards stressful and anxious triggers Albert Ellis

question

What is disconfirmation and reconceptualization

answer

2 step process in RET and fixing bad cognitive thinking 1) therapist attempt to provide contradictory evidence to disputed a patients irrational thinking. Give evidence 2) training of a patient to modify their irrational thinking into more realistic terms.

question

Stress inoculation training

answer

Attempts to change a persons perspective on stressful situations into being more optimistic and problem solving rather than pessimistic and more stress coping. In cognitive psychotherapy

question

Single therapy type of therapy session

answer

When therapist and patient work one on one. Ad: patient gets individual attention and unique sessions and treatment to them

question

Group therapy type of therapy session

answer

Several patients w the same problems sit w a therapist Ad: patients can work together to understand what they are going through and other strategies and support and not feel alone

question

Family therapy type of therapy session

answer

Patient and all their immediate family members participate and attend sessions together Ad: patient gets support and love from those closest to them and get to see what the patient is going through (marriage, you and parents, family, etc.)

question

Self help groups type of therapy session

answer

Things like AA or NA where members and leaders are all people w the same problem Ad: people see they are not alone and they can work together and feel they have support

question

Biomedical therapy and somatic therapy

answer

Any kind of drug or medicine that directly acts on a persons nervous system, not related to talking with a therapist

question

Anti psychotic drugs What? Tardive dyskinesia

answer

Generally block dopamine receptor to prevent excess dopamine from being absorbed. Usually for schizophrenia (positive symptoms) and sometimes bipolar and manic episodes and can produce tardive dyskinesia (Parkinson's like tremors)

question

What r the 6 anti-psychotic drugs

answer

-abilify (schizophrenia and manic bioolar), -clozaril/clozapine, -haldol, -risperdal (schizophrenia and manic bipolar), -Thorazine, -zyprexa (schizophrenia and manic bipolar)

question

Anti anxiety drugs Benzodiazepines

answer

Work by slowing down nervous system activity typically dormant anxiety based conditions like OCD PTSD GAD phobias insomnia etc. powerful but need to be used in conjunction w other therapies. Stress relieving pills don't get rid of stress inducing problems. Most are benzodiazepines )fast acting chemicals that can reduce anxiety symptoms quickly

question

What are the 6 anti anxiety drugs

answer

Ativan Buspar (not a benzodiazepines) Klonopin Librium Xanax

question

Anti depressants

answer

Work by chemically elevating mood sensitive neurotransmitters problematic in those w major depression. Many r SSRIs (selective serotonin reputable inhibitor) which forces excess serotonin into being absorbed forcing happy neurotransmitters into the nervous system. On its own is not a solution and it needs be be conjucted w depression defeating therapies. Also effective w anxiety disorders and eating disorders

question

What are the 7 anti depressants

answer

Celexa - Cymbalta Lexapro- Paxil- Prozac- Wellbutrin Zoloft -

question

What are SSRIs

answer

Selective serotonin reputake inhibitor with depression. Means it forces the brain to take more serotonin by blocking reputake and letting t take some back. Floods serotonin

question

Mood stabilizers

answer

Any drug that attempt to lessen or dampen mood swings. Used to treat bipolar disorder but also other disorders that have significant mood swings

question

What drugs are mood stabilizers

answer

Lithium carbonate/ citrate Topamax

question

Electro convulsive therapy (ect) elective shock therapy

answer

Biomedical procedure reserved for only severely depressed people and involves a brief electric current sent through the anesthetized and sleeping patients brain - this is recommended by the APA has a potential procedure for those who have depression so severe that they do not respond to anti depressant drugs. The procedure has not been to assist in aiding the condition of any other Mental disorders

question

Psychosurgery Lobotomy

answer

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue trying to change behavior. - type of psychosurgery that cuts the nerves of the frontal love from emotion controlling centers in the brain to calm a violent patient. Irreversible and very very very rare only w severe OCD and seizures

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