Abnormal Psychology Final, Dr. Heard – Flashcards
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The 4 D's
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Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, and Dangerousness.
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Deviance
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Different, extreme, unusual, bizarre- norms (socially/culturally). Ex. Guys wearing make up.
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Distress
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Unpleasant/upset: disrupts emotionally, behaviorally and physically. Can be positive. Ex. Stress.
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Dysfunction
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Inability to function daily tasks. Social, academic and occupational interferences. Ex. OCD spend more time washing hands than working.
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Dangerousness
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Harmful thoughts or actions towards self or others. Ex. Memory loss, out of touch with reality, perilous situations.
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Biological Model
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Brain anatomy/chemistry, genetics and environmental toxins. Ex. Huntington's Disease, Down's syndrome). Treatments: Psychotropic Meds (Anti-anxiety, depression, bipolar, psychotic) ECT (Electro Convulsion Treatment) and Psychosurgery.
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Psychodynamic Model
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Unconscious (Freud). Behavior is determined by past experiences. Treatments: Free Association (Therapy).
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Behavioral Model
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Learned. Acquired from environment (Watson, Skinner, and Bandura). Treatment: Systematic Desensitization.
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Cognitive Model
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Thoughts. Set of assumptions. Abnormal thinking. Treatments: Cognitive Therapy.
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Humanistic- Existential model
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Self-awareness. Client centered. Humans have a basic need for a positive regard from others. Accepting nonjudgmental model. Treatments: Client-centered therapy.
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Sociocultural model
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Social connections and support/family structure. Treatments: Community based treatments/preventions.
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Clinical assessment
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Interviews, tests and observations.
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Standardization, Reliability and Validity
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Common steps- Strict protocol consistency accurately measure what it is supposed to do.
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Clinical interviews (Unstructured & Structured)
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Gathering data from clients point of view, controversial. Unstructured- Set of questions- info might not be accurate (structure).
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Projective Test
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Psychodynamic flare- person asked to respond (ink blot tests).
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Personality Test
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Myers Briggs- Standardization.
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Response Inventories Test
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Detailed info for a specific area.
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Psychophysiological Test
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Measure biological responses (polygraph).
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Neurological/Neuropsych Test
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Brain scans.
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Intelligence Test
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IQ- studied the most- highest levels of reliability/validity-test anxiety.
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Clinical Observations (Naturalistic & Analog)
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Naturalistic- Natural setting. Analog- Bring someone into a lab setting.
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Anxiety
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The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger. "Flight or fight" response is constantly on. Most common mental disorder in the U.S.
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OCD
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No successful treatment. The person can change over time. Takes time and dedication to cure it. Might not always be noticeable. Anti-depressants might be able to help with the chemical balance in their brain.
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Hoarding
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Drive to save items. Person will have anxiety if items are discarded. Causes social impairment. Usually nothing of worth is collected.
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Hair Pulling Disorder
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Pulling hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes. Usually seen in children. Pervasive disorder.
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Skin Pulling Disorder
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Same as hair pulling disorder, but with skin.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Trying to "fix" body constantly. Only they see the flaws in themselves. The become obsessed with their "flaw".
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Always anxious, might create a situation to be anxious, restless, on edge, usually can function but it requires lots of effort, symptoms last 6 months minimum, treatments are anti-anxiety meds, high potential for addiction, dangerous to just stop taking (due to withdrawals), the focus of therapy is to change or challenge the person's beliefs.
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Agoraphobia
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Much more ingest in terms of impairment. Might have panic attacks. Small self-help group for support.
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Systematic desensitization
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A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help people with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread (learn to relax).
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Flooding
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Exposed to the fear without being able to escape it. Don't start with this one, gradually introduce the fear.
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Modeling
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Showing another way to react to the fear.
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Obsessions
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More internal, like thoughts.
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Compulsions
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Acted out.
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Stressor
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Whatever event creates a demand.
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Stress response
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How a person reacts.
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Trait anxiety & situation (state) anxiety
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General level of anxiety.
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Symptoms of PTSD
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Lasts longer than 6 months. Re-experiencing the traumatic event (flashbacks), self medication is common, the person is hyper alert, and it feels like an out of body experience.
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Depression
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Emotional- Sad, feeling dejected, sense of humor is impaired, things that once brought them pleasure now do not, anxiety, anger, lack of drive. Physical- Excessive sleeping and eating. May require lots of work.
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Bipolar
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Emotional- Joy, well-being (well out of proportion). Motivational- Hunger for constant excitement (always in excess). Behavioral- Over activity, flamboyant. Cognitive- Poor judgement, poor planning, overly optimistic, very unwise finically. Physical- Increase in energy, weight loss.
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Examples of Depressive and Manic States
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When someone is in a manic state, logic and reason is out the window. Medication is the best treatment, therapy produces little to no results. People don't want to take meds because they don't like the way it makes them feel. Makes them feel like they lost their creativity. Cognitive therapy for depression.
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Suicide
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10th cause of death in the U.S., about 10 million in a year, not a mental disorder, most suicidal people have been depressed, the biggest red flag would be a previous attempt or having a plan.
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Death initiators
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They realize death is inevitable and they are merely hurrying along the inevitable.
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Death ignorers
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They no longer want to live because they believe that the afterlife is so much better.
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Depressants
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Alcohol, opiates and benzodiazepines. Slow down the central nervous system. Can lower inhibitions and decrease reaction times. Most commonly misused classes of drugs.
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Stimulants
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Cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, and caffeine. Speed up the central nervous system.
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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Symptoms of excess. Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech and thinking, Inappropriate affect.
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Delusions of persecution
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Beliefs that one is being attacked or spied on.
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Delusions of reference
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Assigning personal meaning to external events.
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Delusions of grandeur
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Belief that one is great in some way or has special powers.
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Delusions of control
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Belief that one's behaviors and/or thoughts are being controlled by outside forces.
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Hallucinations
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Interference with sensory perception.
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Auditory Hallucinations
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Hearing things that are not there.
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Visual Hallucinations
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Seeing things that are not there.
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Tactile Hallucinations
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Feeling things that are not there.
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True or false, hallucinations of taste and smell are common?
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False. They are very rare.
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Disorganized speech and thinking
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It is hard to follow patient's communication.
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Loose associations
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Jumping from one thing to another. Making up words.
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Inappropriate affect
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Affect refers to emotional response, people with schizophrenia may laugh or cry at inappropriate times.
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Negative Symptoms
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Symptoms of deficiency. Harder to treat than the positive symptoms. Poverty of speech, restricted (flat) affect, anhedonia, avolition, and social withdrawal.
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Poverty of speech
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A reduction of speech, or speech content (meaning).
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Restricted (flat) affect
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Extreme neutrality or lack of response.
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Anhedonia
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Inability to experience pleasure.
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Avolition
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A lack of energy and motivation or a sense of apathy.
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Social withdrawal
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Decreased interaction with other people.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Psychopaths or sociopaths, often connected to criminal behavior, violate the rights of others, manipulative, treatment is difficult/impossible because the individual has no desire to change, no treatment.
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Erratic and unstable, impulsive, suicide attempts common for attention, frequent shifts in identity.
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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Exaggerated in everything they do, constantly "on stage", change in behavior depending on who they are with.
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Little empathy for others, fed by constant praise, choosy with relationships, Tigger from Winnie the Pooh.
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Delirium Disorder
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A sudden onset in orientation and attention; issues concentrating and understanding what is going on; impacts mostly the elderly, can be caused by dehydration and fevers.
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Neurocognitive Disorder
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Perviously known as dementia, significant decline in cognitive functioning especially in higher-order cognition, decline in all levels will be seen, Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, the person returns to a child-like state, most with a neurocognitive disease will die from another issue.
