Oceanography Ch 1, 2, & 3 – Flashcards
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Earth's first solid surface formed about...
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4.6 billion years ago
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The ocean is probably how old?
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4 billion years old
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Where did voyaging begin and why?
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Mediterranean sea traveling on water for a purpose such as trade or exploration
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Egyptians part in voyaging?
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Commerce on the Nile River
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Crete's role in voyaging?
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First regular ocean traders
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Phoenicians
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-inherited maritime supremely from Crete -first sail through straights of Gibraltar to Britain and the west coast of Africa
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Greeks. 900-700 BCE
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-Atlantic Ocean -Okeanos = Ocean
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Why was voyaging important?
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-Charts for currents, landmarks, locations, and sailing times. -Early cartographers made charts
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Chartographers
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chart/map makers. map=land chart=H20
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Chinese engineered what?
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extensive water ways
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What were Polynesians considered?
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The worlds best navigators
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Library of Alexandria
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First systematic study of the ocean. World wide library of books, scientific info and charts. It was burned.
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Eratosthenes
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-Calculates the earths circumference. Finds size and shape with poles and shadows distances. -Creates/calculates longitude and latitude.
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Significance of Greenwich?
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England outside of London it is 0 degrees longitude aka the prime meridian (goes up and down)
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Where did the Polynesian Triangle start?
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Indonesia
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Who were Polynesians?
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Ocean seafarers who colonized distant islands.
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How many islands Polynesians covered?
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10,000 islands covering 26 million square miles
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How did Polynesians grid out maps?
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Polynesians used shells on a bamboo grid as a "proto map" to represent islands
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Three reasons why Polynesians left islands and voyaged
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1. Over Population 2. Depletion of island resources 3. Religious warfare
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4 contributions of Polynesians:
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1. dual Hulled ships (100+ people) 2. first to navigate by starts 3. developed new ways to store food, water, and seeds 4. flight tracks of birds to find islands
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4 facts on Vikings
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1. Famous for raids, robbing, and looting 2. Very skilled shipbuilders, beyond their time 3. Colonized Iceland and Greenland 4. Settled New Foundland about 1,000AD -but couldn't stay abandoned it
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Who was Zheng Hu? His dates?
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Commander of the greatest fleet ever known. Dates 1405-1433.
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Zheng Hu's number of ships and men?
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317 Ships. 27,500 men
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Where did Zheng Hu sail 7 times?
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to the Indian ocean
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Zheng Hus Chinese fleet displayed what and showed what to other people?
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it was a display of wealth and power and showed kindness to other people
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What were 7 Contributions of the Chinese to Voyaging and ships?
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1. Central Rudders 2. Compass invented 3. Water tight compartments 4. Sophisticated sales and masts 5. Distilled water on ships 6. Grew vegetables on board 7. Could sail for 3 months straight
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What year did Chinese Emperor Zheng Hu abandon fleet?
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1433
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Who was James cook
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the first marine scientist
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What was name of James Cooks vessel and where it took "members"?
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-HMS Endeavor -took members of Royal Society to Tahiti to see Venus transit the sun
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What James Cook mapped and charted?
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-founded and charted New Zealand -mapped area around Australia -made friends with local Chiefs
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Year James Cook completed voyage around the world?
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1771
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What happened when James Cook was looking for the north west passage?
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He instead found Hawaii and was killed by the Hawaiians
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What is chronometer and what year was invented?
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1728 an instrument for measuring time Chronometers were first developed for marine navigation, being used in conjunction with astronomical observation to determine longitude.
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1760 John Harrions invented what?
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An accurate clock
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Date of Matthew Maury and who was he?
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1840's. -U.S. Naval Officer -studied ocean currents and wind -First person to have oceanography as a full time occupation
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Matthew Maury's role with charts? -three things
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-1842 given charge of US Navy depot of charts -assembled charts into coherent wind and current charts -Name on all nautical charts
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When did polar exploration start?
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North and South poles in early twentieth century explored
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Meteor expedition where & when?
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across Atlantic 1925 Used modern optical and electronic equipment
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echo sounder
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looks what out in front of boat.
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New HMS Challenger date
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1951
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Glamor Challenger. Date? What kind of ship and what it did?
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-1968 -drilling ship -drilled depth 6,000m -took water samples and cores
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Joides Resolution? Date? what?
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-Larger more advances -ocean drilling project -can sign up to intern on it
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RV Chiky V. Date? Country? What it did?
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-2007 -Japan -Can drill 7 miles down
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RV Okeonos Explorer. Date? Country?
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-2010 -United States by NOAA
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Who founded first oceanographic institute?
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Prince Albert I of Monaco (south France) also Jacques Cousteeu
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Name and date both U.S. oceanography institutions.
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1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in 1930 in Massachusetts 2. Scripps Institute of Oceanography in 1912 -(1903) San Diego
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What does ROV stand for?
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Remote operated vessels
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Who were Titanic's ROV'S?
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Alven & Jason
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What ROV stopped blue water horizon?
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Neptune
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Satellites used for?
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wave heights, se surface contours, and temps Topex/posiden Jason 1 AQUA GPS
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What is "A-train" satellites
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They all work together to cover same area
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What is Healy?
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artic cruises
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What and When did Alfred Wegner propose something?
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1915 Theory of Continental Drift, Pangea, fossils lined up across continents
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What did Ernest Shakelton discover?
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there was coal and plant fossils in Antarctica
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Edward sues discovered in 1885?
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mesosaurus-reptile glossopteris-plants
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What was Wegner's mechanism?
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-land masses plowed through ocean like ship on water. continental crust slips over ocean crust.
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What are layers of earths interior?
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crust. mantle. outer core. inner core.
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Density stratified in the earth. explain.
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deeper layers are more dense than layers above.
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Seismic waves
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love frequency pulses of energy cause by earthquakes. Revealed earths interior layers.
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Oceanic Crust
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-Basalt -thinner crust -more dense -heavy, dark rock -composed of oxygen silicon magnesium and iron
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Continental crust
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-Granite -thicker crust -less dense -speckled rock made of oxygen silicon and aluminum
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what causes heat of the earth?
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Radioactive decay of elements
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conduction
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process that brings heat to the earths surface. example: heat traveling up the handle of a skillet
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convection
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process by which a fluid is heated expands and becomes less dense. example: warm air over heater. convection currents.
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What do mountains do to the mantel.
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displace it causing isotactic readjustment
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seduction
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oceans crust is pushed under into the mantel
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A galaxy is
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a huge, rotating aggregation of stars, dust, gas, and other debris held together by gravity.
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The sun is not massive enough to become a
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supernova
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oldest fossils yet found, from northwestern Australia
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between 3.4 and 3.5 billion years old
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The asthenosphere
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asthenes, "weak") is the hot, partially melted, slowly flowing layer of upper mantle below the lithosphere extending to a depth of about 350 to 650 kilometers
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Pacific's Nazca Plate as it moves
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east
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Magma plumes create hot spots, such as the Hawaiian Islands. Where is it thought that the magma plumes originate from?
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Core/Mantle boundary
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San Andres Fault is what type of fault?
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Transformation
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Plateaus, isolated segments of seafloor, ocean ridges, ancient island arcs, and parts of continental crust that are squeezed and sheared onto the face of a continent are called
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terranes
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Captain James Cook Was the
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first marine scientist
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The sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912 lead to the development of the
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echo sounder
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Subduction zones are features of what type of plate boundaries
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convergent
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earliest voyaging people were...
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the Cretans
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Magnetic stripping on the ocean floor is a line of supporting evidence for
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plate tectonics
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Marine geology
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the study of Earth's crust and composition.
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Physical oceanography
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the study of waves, currents, ocean-atmosphere interaction
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Chemical Oceanography
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the study of the gases and solids dissolved in the ocean.
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Climate specialists
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the study of the ocean's role in Earth's changing climate
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Marine biology
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the study of the nature and distribution of marine organisms
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Marine engineering
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the design and construction of structures used in or on the ocean.
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Eratosthenes of Cyrene
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calculates Earth's circumference, creates system of latitude and longitude
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Henry the Navigator
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Explorers under his patronage compiled detailed charts and explored the west coast of Africa.
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Christopher Columbus
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Although he never saw the mainland of North America, his stories inspired other explorers to follow.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Although Magellan died en route, the small surviving portion of his crew circumnavigated the globe
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1840s: Matthew Maury
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studies ocean currents and wind patterns
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Benjamin Franklin's 1769 Chart
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of the Gulf Stream
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Polar exploration
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explorers reached both the north and south poles in the early twentieth century
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The Meteor expedition
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first use of modern optical and electronic equipment; echo sounder
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Glomar Challenger
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1968; drills in ocean floor and confirms plate tectonics
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Continental Drift
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Proposed by Alfred Wegner Originally a supercontinent: Pangaea Wegner pointed to existing evidence from mountain ranges and fossils Most geologists did not support continental drift
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Earth is
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density stratified
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Earthquakes generate what? measured by what?
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seismic waves that are measured by seismographs
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Continental crust
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Composed primarily of granite Density = 2.7 g/cm3
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Oceanic crust
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Composed primarily of basalt Density = 2.9 g/cm3
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Mantle
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Composed of silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium Density = 4.5 g/cm3
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Core
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Composed primarily of iron Density = 13 g/cm3
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Lithosphere
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Cool, rigid, outer layer
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Asthenosphere
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Hot, partially melted layer which flows slowly
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Mantle
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Denser and more slowly flowing than the asthenosphere
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Outer core
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Dense, viscous liquid layer, extremely hot
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Inner core
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Solid, very dense and extremely hot
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The mantle...
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is thought to consist mainly of oxygen, iron, magnesium, and silicon.
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The outer and inner core consist mainly of
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iron and nickel
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Radioactive decay is
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the main heat source inside Earth.
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This heat powers plate tectonics, including
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earthquakes, volcanoes, and the construction of mountains.
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Buoyancy
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ability of an object to float in a fluid by displacing a volume of that fluid equal in weight to the floating object's weight.
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Isostatic equilibrium
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a mountain is supported by the buoyant force of the underlying asthenosphere.
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Erosion leads to
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isostatic readjustment
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Radiometric dating of rocks revealed
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a surprisingly young oceanic crust.
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Earth's outer layer is divided into
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lithospheric plates.
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Earth's plates float on the
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asthenosphere
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Plate movement is powered by
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convection currents in the asthenosphere that create seafloor spreading, and the downward pull of a descending plate's leading edge.
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Divergent boundary
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extension: ridges and rises new plate or crust being formed east african ridge has new ocean forming and the mid atlantic ridge the atlantic ocean is getting bigger
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Convergent boundary:
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compression: two plates come together form mountains
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convergent ocean to continental example
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Nazca Plate / South African plate Ocean part Dives down
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convergent oceanic to oceanic
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Pacific Plate/ Filipino Sea Plate Older colder plate subducted by younger plate
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convergent continental to continental
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Indian Australian plate/ Eurasian Plate formation of Himalayan Mountain range
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Transform boundary
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shear: plate motion is side to side, plates glide past each other ex: San Andres Fault
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Paleomagnetism
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strips of alternating magnetic polarity at spreading regions, measured my a magnetometer
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nebulae
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large, diffuse clouds of dust and gas within galaxies. With the aid of telescopes and infrared-sensing satellites, astronomers have observed such clouds in our own and other galaxies. They have seen stars in different stages of development and have inferred a sequence in which these stages occur.
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nebula
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he life of a star begins when a diffuse area of a spinning
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where is the crust in the ocean the youngest?
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near the ridge where spreading mid atlantic ridge
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sun?
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Our descendants may enjoy another 5 billion years of life on Earth as we know it today
