question

OPEC

answer

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. an organization founded in 1960 of nations that export large amounts of petroleum: formed to establish oil-exporting policies and set prices.

question

The Feminine Mystique

answer

Written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

question

Willy Brandt

answer

West German chancellor; sought peace with East Germany; went to Poland in December 1970; laid a wreath at the tomb of the unknown soldier and another monument commemorating the armed uprising of Warsaw's Jewish ghetto against Nazi armies after which the ghetto was destroyed and survivors were sent to the gas chambers.

question

Detente

answer

French word meaning an easing of tensions between the world's superpowers during the Cold War

question

Solidarity(Poland)

answer

Led by Lech Walesa. She was a charismatic electrician that worked at a shipyard. Poles were upset over increased prices of meat and other essential products by the government. Solidarity was a trade union independent of the communist control. Demanded liberation of political prisoners, end to censorship and a rollback of governmental power. More than 11 million poles joined in only a few months it is significant in that the group survived to lead Poland's first non-communist government in 1989

question

Lech Walesa

answer

Lech Walesa was a Polish politician and human rights activist. His significance was that he co-founded solidarity, the Soviet Union's first independent trade union. This allowed workers to organize their free and democratic trade union. It allowed for the unification of workers to gain respect and power of government.

question

perestroika

answer

Perestroika is the Russian term for the economic reforms introduced in June 1985 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "reconstructing," referring to the reconstructing of the Soviet economy. To accomplish perestroika, Gorbachev and his supporters permitted the easing of prices on goods, allowed more independence for state enterprises, and the setting up of small businesses for profit.

question

glasnost

answer

Glasnost is the Russian term for "transparency" or "openness." Gorbachev used the term to introduce a reform in 1985. Its goals included combating corruption and the abuse of privilege by the political class. In a broad sense, it aimed to liberalize freedom of press gradually, and to allow freedom of dissent.

question

Mikhail Gorbachev

answer

Mikhail Gorbachev was a Russian Politician. He was the last leader of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev's initiatives brought political and cultural liberalization to the Soviet Union. His significance was that he allowed democracy and national self-determination to triumph spectacularly in the Soviet Union.

question

Margaret Thatcher

answer

Leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

question

European Steel and Coal Community

answer

International organization to control and integrate all European coal and steel production, which included West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France. The main goal of these countries was to be so close to each other economically that war against them would be impossible.

question

cold war

answer

The cold war was a period of conflict, tension, and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was a tragic disappointment for millions of people, since the hostility between the Eastern and Western superpowers was the sad but logical outgrowth of military developments, wartime agreements, and long-standing political and ideological differences. It lasted from the mid 1940s to early 1990s.

question

Truman Doctrine

answer

In order to combat Stalin's determination to export communism by subversion throughout Europe and the World, America launched the Truman Doctrine. This aimed toward containing communism to areas already occupied by the Red Army, and to give Turkey and Greece economic aid. He started this measure by sending military and financial aid to the European countries.

question

de-Stalinization

answer

The liberalization—or "de-Stalinization," as it was called in the West— of the Soviet Union was genuine. The communist party jealously maintained its political power, but Khrushchev shook it up and brought in new members. Some resources were shifted from heavy industry and the military toward consumer goods and agriculture, and Stalinist controls over workers were relaxed. Then the Soviet Union's standard of living began to increase substantially.

question

Decolonization-

answer

Rising demand of Asian and African peoples for national self-determination, racial equality, and personal dignity that resulted in the independence movements of European colonies.

question

economic nationalism

answer

Economic nationalism is the term used to describe policies which are guided by the idea of protecting domestic consumption, labor and capital formations, even if it requires tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods, and capital. This was what Europe tried to exercise in order to keep the African states from being independent from them.

question

NATO

answer

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance between the United States and the anti-soviet western governments. This caused Europe to split into two hostile blocs, Stalin and the Soviets, and the USA with the Western countries. Its significance was that it established a system of collective security where its members agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by an outside force.

question

British Labour party

answer

The British Labour party was the principal political party of the left-wing politics in Britain. The labour party grew out of the trade union movement and socialist political parties of the 19th century, and continues to work under democratic socialism. Its significance was that in 1945, it was determined to leave India.

question

Indian Congress Party

answer

Nationalist group in India that called for independence from Britain, which was led by Western-educated Indian elites, and it led India in the early postcolonial era.

question

Kuomintang

answer

Chinese Nationalist Party, which was formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. The party was led by Jiang Jieshi, who began a war with the Communist Party led by Mao Tse-Tung.

question

Alliance for Progress

answer

A program in which the U.S. tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems.

question

Marshall Plan

answer

A plan that the U.S. came up with to revive war-torn economies of European. This plan offered 13 billion dollars in aid to Western and Southern Europe. Stalin refused plan assistance for all of Eastern Europe.

question

Warsaw Pact

answer

The Warsaw Pact was an organization of Central and Eastern European Communist states. Its creation was prompted by the integration of a "remilitarized" West Germany into NATO, by ratification of the Paris Peace Treaties. Its significance was that it was to counter the NATO, and for Stalin to have a tighter hold on his satellites in Europe.

question

Organization of European Economic Cooperation

answer

The OEEC was an international organization of those developed countries that accepted the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. It was created due to the close cooperation of the European States due to the Marshall Plan aid. Its significance was that it helped reconstruct Europe after World War I.

question

Common Market (EEC)

answer

After the Treaty of Rome was signed, the EEC or Common Market was created. One goal of it was free movement of capital and labor and common economic policies and institutions. Its significance was that it was a great success, and encouraged companies and regions to specialize in what they did best.

question

Taft-Hartley Act

answer

The Taft-Hartley Act is a US federal law that greatly restricts the activities and power of labor unions. The Taft-Hartley Act amended the National Labor Relations Act, which congress had passed in 1935. Its significance was that it was treated as a slave labor act, which conflicted with principles of our democratic society.

question

Franklin D. Roosevelt

answer

Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of the greatest presidents, serving four terms and creating new hope for the people of the USA during the Great Depression. He made many remarkable deals during his service to help benefit the country as a whole. His significance was that it was his decision to go to war with Japan, and to deploy nuclear arms upon Japan.

question

Josip Tito

answer

Josip Tito, a resistance leader and Communist chief of Yugoslavia, was able to resist Soviet domination successfully. Tito stood up to Stalin, and since the Soviet Union had no Russian army in Yugoslavia, he got away with rebellion. Yugoslavia prospered as a multiethnic state until it began to break apart in the 1980s. His significance was that his resistance led the infuriated Stalin to re-enact the great show trials of the 1930s.

question

Ho Chi Minh

answer

Communist leader of North Vietnam. Minh used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine.

question

Mahatma Gandhi

answer

Revolutionary who lead India to independence from England with passive resistance and civil disobedience.

question

Nikita Khrushchev

answer

He was a leader of reformers and argued for major innovations. To strengthen his position and that of his fellow reformers within the party, he launched an all out attack on Stalin and his crimes at a closed session of the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956. His significance was that he showed how Stalin murdered and tortured thousands of people, which ultimately led him to gain power of the country.

question

Lázaro Cárdenas

answer

He was the president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. He was drawn into the military and politics during the Mexican revolution. His significance was that he was known for his progressive program of building roads and schools, promoting education, land reform, social security, and equality among the population as well as honesty in his administration.

question

Clement Atlee

answer

Prime minister of Britain after Churchill who led the British Labour Party.

question

Mao Tse-Tung.

answer

Chinese communist leader who led the Communist Party of China to victory against the KMT in the Chinese Civil War. Mao defeated the U.S.-backed Chiang Kai Shek

question

Charles de Gaulle

answer

Established the fifth republic in France and ruled as its president until 1969. De Gaulle was a romantic nationalist, and he sought to re-create a powerful, truly independent France.

question

Fidel Castro

answer

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba. Khrushchev ordered missiles with nuclear warheads to be installed in Cuba during Castro's rule. This was countered by a naval blockade on the island demanded by John. F. Kennedy.

question

Winston Churchill

answer

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

question

Leonid Brezhnev

answer

Under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet Union began a period of stagnation and "re-Stalinization." In 1964, him and his supporters took over the country, and started addressing the effects of Stalin's destruction and devastation. This change informed the Soviet people that liberation could not be expected. His significance was that he launched the Brezhnev doctrine.

question

Chiang Kai-shek

answer

Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese military and political leader. He led the national government of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1975. He served in the imperial Japanese army from 1909 to 1911. His significance was that he commanded the Northern Expedition to unify China against the warlords of the time, and came out victorious in 1928.

question

Gamal Abdel Nasser

answer

Gamal Abdel Nasser was the president of Egypt from 1954 to 1970. He was well known for his Arab nationalist and anti-colonial foreign policy. Nasser is still seen throughout the Arab world as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom. His significance was that he led and inspired the nonaligned and independent country.

question

Getulio Vargas

answer

Getulio Vargas was the president of Brazil from 1930-1945, and from 1951-1954. Vargas was a healthy pro-industrial nationalist and anti-communist who favored capitalist development and liberal reforms, but actually posed a serious threat to the elite paulista gentry. His significance was that he started a fascist movement in Brazil.

question

Yevgeny Yevtushenko

answer

He was a Russian poet. In the West, he is best known for his criticism of the Soviet bureaucracy and appeals for getting rid of the legacy of Stalin. He also wrote lyrical and romantic poetry. His significance was that he taught European and Russian poetry at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma.

question

Casablanca (January 1943)

answer

During this phase, the debate over the European strategy entered a new stage. The USA came to be in coalition with the offensive phase of the war. It impacted the balance of power between the three powers in favor of the United States.

question

Teheran (November 1943)

answer

It was in this conference of the Big Three that they made places to crush Germany and take the power of Europe it controlled from it. It impacted the war by showing that the underlying victory would come from an American/Russian aided victory as opposed to a British one.

question

Yalta (February 1945)

answer

At the Yalta conference it was clear that the Soviet Union was destroying Germany and had a full grasp on it. America and Britain were very weak in forces at the front, and did not control any part of the war. Its impact was that Poland and Belgium were still controlled by communists.

question

Potsdam (July 1945)

answer

This was where the real demands of the USA were admitted by Truman. Truman wanted Stalin to allow free elections to be held in Eastern Europe. Generally, Stalin refused and caused the roots of the Cold War to take place. Its impact was that it broke America's and Russia's alliance, leading to the war.

question

Berlin Airlift of 1948

answer

The Berlin Airlift of 1948 was a huge military aerial plan that involved taking 80 tons of food and supply to troops in war. The participants were the Soviet Union, the USA, and the British. It was important because it allowed troops to continue fighting in the corner they had been forced into by the enemy.

question

Schuman Plan (1950)

answer

The was a declaration by Robert Schuman to place France and west Germany's coal and steel industries under joint management. Its participants were France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Its importance was that it led to the creation of the European Steel and Coal Community.

question

Twentieth Party Congress of the Soviets (1956)

answer

In this session Khrushchev described how Stalin murdered and tortured thousands of loyal communists, and how Stalin destroyed the country. Its participants were Khrushchev and the delegates of the committee. It was important because it shook the delegates, and even changed some of their views on political matters of the time.

question

Chinese Civil War

answer

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

question

partition of Palestine (1948)

answer

The plan would have partitioned the territory of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states under international control, Its participants were Britain, America, and Israel. Its importance was that it led to the Arab-Israel war of independence.

question

Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)

answer

This was an unsuccessful United States-planned and funded attempted invasion by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba. Its participants were the USA, the Soviet Union, and Cuba. Its importance was it made the Cuban-American relations even worse.

question

Hitler's final solution

answer

The so-called "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" refers to the German Nazis' plan to engage in systematic genocide against the European Jewish population during World War II. All over the Nazi empire, Jews were systematically arrested, packed like cattle onto freight trains, and dispatched to extermination camps. The expression reflects the Nazi belief that the Jewish population in Europe itself posed a "question" and a "problem". (pg.'s 981-982)

question

modern totalitarianism

answer

The concept of totalitarianism emerged in the 1920s and the 1930s, although it is frequently and mistakenly seen as developing after 1945 as an anti-soviet propaganda during the Cold War. Early writers believed that modern totalitarianism burst on the scene with the revolutionary war effort of 1914 to 1918. The concept of totalitarianism though was to describe modern regimes in which the state regulated nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. (pg.'s 958-959)

question

"socialism in one country"

answer

"Socialism in one country: was a thesis put forward by Joseph Stalin in 1924 and further supported by Nikolai Bukharin. The thesis held that given the defeat of all communist revolutions in Europe except for the Russian one, the Soviet Union should strengthen itself internally, and attempt to restore the creation of "socialism in one country" rather than spread communist revolution abroad. (pg. 962)

question

appeasement

answer

Appeasement is a policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. Of crucial importance, Britain adopted this policy of appeasement, granting Hitler everything he could reasonably want (and more) in order to avoid war. British appeasement towards France was motivated by guilt from Germany and a horrible memory of pacifism from World War I. (pg.'s 977-979)

question

fascism

answer

Fascism was an authoritarian political ideology that first came to prominence in early twentieth century Europe. It was a term used for pride for Hitler and Mussolini that soon came to describe the supposedly "total" and revolutionary forces, defying capitalism and domestic class conflict. Fascism was opposed to Marxism, Liberalism, and capitalism. (pg. 960)

question

anti-Semitism

answer

Anti-Semitism was discrimination, hostility or prejudice directed at Jewish persons as a religious, racial or ethnic group, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized, violent persecution. Hitler absorbed the principles of Anti-Semitism, racism, and hatred of Slavs. Anti-Semitism and racism became Hitler's most passionate convictions or explanations for his beliefs and actions. This was what led to the Holocaust in the end. (pg. 970)

question

Weimar Republic

answer

The Weimar Republic was the republic that governed Germany from 1919 to 1933. It was on the verge of collapse in 1923 as it fought with Hitler. It tired to establish a liberal democracy in Germany during civil conflict but failed with the rise of Hitler and the Nazi's in 1937. Its significance was that its downfall led to Hitler's uprising and total domination of Germany. (pg.'s 971-972)

question

National Socialist German Workers' Party:

answer

The NSGWP was a political party from 1920 to 1945. Hitler was able to gain the power of the party after its president's death. Its significance was that they followed an ideology that stressed the racial purity of the German people and saw Jews and Communists as the greatest enemies of Germany. This led to a campaign of genocide against the Jews, which came to be known as the Holocaust. (pg. 971)

question

Benito Mussolini

answer

Benito Mussolini was a Socialist Party Leader and radical newspaper editor before becoming the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922. He established a repressive fascist regime that valued nationalism, militarism, anti-liberalism, and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda. His significance was that he was a close ally of Hitler and influenced him a lot. (pg.'s 968-969)

question

Leon Trotsky

answer

Leon Trotsky was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. He was a very influential politician in the early days of the Soviet Union, first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army and People's Commissar of War. His significance was that his views seemed to sell the country short, and promise risky conflicts with capitalist countries by recklessly encouraging revolutionary movements across the world. (pg. 962)

question

General Paul Hindenburg

answer

General Paul Hindenburg was a German field Marshal and political leader. When he was president in 1930, he was urged to authorize rule by decree. This was to allow him to make laws whenever he felt the need, and force it on everyone. His significance was that he was the last president before the Third Reich period, and the famed Zeppelin was named in his honor. (pg. 972)

question

Neville Chamberlain:Neville

answer

Chamberlain was a British Conservative politician and prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1949. He had a very great policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany. He signed the Munich agreement with Hitler in 1938, allowing Germany to annex the Czech Sudetenland. His significance was that he was well regarded in parliament, and played a key role in the formation of the Special Operations executive. (pg.'s 978-979)

question

kulaks

answer

Kulak is a pejorative term extensively used in soviet political language, originally referring to relatively wealthy peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor. Since most peasants were poor, the term was given to anyone who opposed the new law. Their significance was that they wanted reform and better environments to live in. (pg. 963)

question

Nazi Storm Troopers (the SA) :

answer

After taking over the country, Hitler realized that the army was still independent and wanted to change that. He used wit to start and take over them. They were the quasi-military band of 3 million toughs in brown shirts who abused Jews and communists before Nazis' came to power. Their significance was that they wanted a "second" revolution against capitalism and posed a threat to Hitler's power so they were eliminated. (pg. 973)

question

Joseph Goebbels

answer

Joseph Goebbels was a German politician and minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945. Goebbels was known for his zealous and energetic oratory, virulent anti-Semitism, and perfection of the so-called Big Lie technique of mass Propaganda. His significance was that he stated whenever he was asked about what German culture was about he reached for a gun. (pg. 973)

question

German Social Democrats

answer

The Social Democrats of Germany were one of the oldest and largest party in the world. They used to be more socialist, but under enlightened conditions now, they are more neo-liberalistic and committed to social warfare. Their significance was that they tried to fight the Nazi government. (pg. 988)

question

Stalin's collectivization program

answer

Stalin's collectivization program was to make all of the peasants come under his rule through small-state controlled enterprise farms. The Soviet Union and the peasants of the country were the participants in this event. It is important because it allowed Stalin to bring the peasant class under the state's control. (pg. 963)

question

Lenin's New Economic Policy (1921)

answer

Lenin's New Economic Policy reestablished limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild industry and agriculture. The participants were Lenin, the Bolsheviks, and the peasants of the Soviet Union. Its importance was that it was a success politically and economically. (pg. 961)

question

Mussolini's march on Rome (1922)

answer

Mussolini's march on Rome was the sudden overthrow of government in which he became prime minister and his National Fascist party took power. Its participants were Victor Emanuel III, Mussolini, and Mussolini's followers. Its importance was that it caused Mussolini to take over the government and dictate Italy. (pg. 969)

question

Hitler's Munich plot (1923)

answer

This was a poorly organized uprising in Munich against the Weimar Republic. Its participants were Hitler and his followers. Its importance was that it was the beginning of Nazism, even though the revolt was easily crushed and Hitler was jailed. (pg. 971)

question

Great Depression in Germany (1929-1933)

answer

The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn, which started in 1929 and lasted into the 1930s. Its participants were Germany's population and Hitler. Its importance was that its economic and political international crisis allowed Hitler to strike down all source of power in Germany and claim it for himself. (pg. 971)

question

Munich Conference (1938)

answer

The Munich Conference was a delegation of the major powers of Europe and Germany to determine the outcome of Sudetenland. Its participants were the major powers of Europe at the time, and Germany. Its importance was that at the end of the conference, it was decided that Germany could annex Sudetenland for itself. (pg. 979)

question

Russo-German ("Nazi-Soviet") nonaggression pact (1939)

answer

This pact allowed the alliance of Hitler and Stain, saying that if one became involved in war, the other would remain neutral. Its participants were Hitler with Germany, and Stalin with Italy. Its importance was that it allowed Hitler to start his total domination of Europe uncontested and unchallenged. (pg. 979)

question

Stalin's five-year plans

answer

The five-year plans were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. Its participants were Stalin and the Soviet Union. Its importance was to generate new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity. (pg. 960)

question

Grand Alliance

answer

The Grand Alliance was a European coalition, that was formed to defend the Palatinate from France. Its participants were Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces. Its importance was that it gained enormous cultural and political respect as a possible European Union. (pg. 983)

question

Battle of Stalingrad, 1942

answer

This was the bloodiest battle in the history of humanity and war, over the Soviet city of Stalingrad. Its participants were Germany and its allies, against the Soviet Union. Its importance was that this marked a turning point in the war, and symbolized better fortune for the Soviet Union with their decisive victory. (pg. 985)

question

Battle of El Alamein, 1942

answer

This was that turning point of the seesawing back and forth war in Africa. Its participants were Germany and its allied Italy against Britain. Its importance was that it allowed the allies to have the upper hand against Mussolini in the war. (pg. 986)

question

Battle of the Coral Sea, 1942

answer

The Battle of the Coral Sea was the first fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other. Its participants were the United States and Japan. Its importance was that it was a Japanese tactical victory and an allied strategic victory. (pg. 985)

question

Normandy invasion, June 6, 1944

answer

Commonly known as D-day, this was the largest seaborne invasion in history, involving almost 3 million troops. Its participants were the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom, Poland, Free France, and Germany. Its importance was that it led to the ultimate downfall of the Nazis'. (pg. 987)

question

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

answer

Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the two cities in Japan to be attacked by nuclear weapons during World War II. Its participants were Japan and America. Its importance was that it ended the war with Japan surrendering to America. (pg. 987)

question

Friedrich Nietzche

answer

He wrote that western society had put too much stress on such ideas as reason, democracy, and progress. This stifled actions based on emotion and instinct. As a result, individuality and creativity suffered. He urged a return to the ancient heroic values of pride, assertiveness, and strength. He wrote that through willpower and courage, some humans could become supermen. They could rise above and control the common herd.

question

Jean-Paul Sartre

answer

In the words of the famous French existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), human beings simply exist: "They turn up, appear on the scene." Only after they "turn up" do they seek to define themselves. Honest human beings are terribly alone, for there is no God to help them. They are bounded to by despair and the meaninglessness of life. The crisis of the existential thinker epitomized the modern intellectual crisis-the shattering beliefs in God, reason, and progress. (930)

question

logical empiricism

answer

In English-speaking countries, the main development was the acceptance of logical empiricism in university circles. In continental countries, where esoteric and remote logical empiricism did not win many converts, the primary development was existentialism. Logical empiricism was truly revolutionary. It quite simply rejected most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from existence of God to the meaning of happiness as nonsense and hot air. (929)

question

Karl Barth

answer

A Swiss Protestant theologian who said people were sinful and that religious truth was made know to humans only through God's grace, and people just had to accept God as true and be obedient. This man, working after WWI, was the first protestant voice to lead a revival of Protestantism in nearly a century.

question

Albert Einstein

answer

German-born physicist whose work undermines Newtonian physics, Theory of special relativity postulated that time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer and only the speed of light is constant. States that matter and energy are interchangeable and particle of matter contains enormous energy.

question

"stream of consciousness"

answer

a style of writing that portrays the inner (and often chaotic) workings of a character's mind, usually consisting of a recording of the random flow of ideas, memories, associations, images, and emotions, as they arise spontaneously in a character's mind

question

1984

answer

book written by George Orwell, announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

question

functionalism

answer

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

question

Triumph of the Will

answer

is a propaganda film made by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party members.

question

Vincent van Gogh

answer

Dutch postimpressionist painter noted for his use of color (1853-1890), often distorted the figures in his paintings in an effort to portray the intense emotions he felt towards his subject, a forerunner of expressionism

question

Dada

answer

a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century

question

Pablo Picasso

answer

A twentieth-century Spanish-born painter, the most famous and influential of all modern artists. He was one of the originators of cubism, though in the course of his long career, he painted, drew, and sculpted in many other styles as well. Among his best-known works is the painting Guernica, which protests the savagery of war.

question

Charlie Chaplin

answer

a funny Englishman working in Hollywood that was unquestionably the king of the "silver screen" in the 1920's. He symbolized the "gay spirit of laughter in a cruel and crazy world." He also demonstrated that in the hands of a genius, the new medium could combine mass entertainment and artistic accomplishment.

question

John Maynard Keynes

answer

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

question

British Broadcasting Corporation

answer

Broadcasting network set up by Parliament. Instead of being directly controlled by the government, it was supported through licensing fees. (U.S. was public, rest of Europe was government controlled).

question

Dawes Plan

answer

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

question

Locarno treaties

answer

The allied powers sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement and return relations with defeated Germany; seven agreements in which the World War I Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany; settled Germany's disputed borders with France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland; Gave Europeans a sense of growing security and stability in international affairs

question

"on margin"

answer

This means they paid only a fraction of the stock price and borrowed the rest from their brokers. Brokers, in turn, borrowed their money from banks. As long as the value of stocks continued to rise, the buyer could sell later, pay back what had been borrowed, and make a profit. If that value fell, though, investors and brokers would not have enough cash to pay off the loans

question

Works Progress Administration

answer

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemployed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

question

Popular Front

answer

A New Deal-inspired party in France led by Léon Blum that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform, complete with paid vacations and a forty-hour work week; number of Communists in parliament jumped, Socialists (Leon Blum) gained control, radicals and conservatives lost ground; fell apart because rapid inflation and threat of revolution from fascists and conservatives; wealthy sneaked money out of country, labor unrest grew, and financial crisis returned; Spanish civil war also provoked dissension, Communists supported Spanish republicans, Conservatives supported Hitler and Mussolini in aiding Spanish fascists; extremism grew, civil war loomed, and Blum resigned in June 1937

question

First Balkan War

answer

Took place in 1912, it was a war against the Ottoman Empire by Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria. They were victorious, but quarreled with Bulgaria over the spoils of victory, which would result in the second war in 1913.

question

Lawrence of Arabia

answer

An enigmatic British colonel during the Great War who was responsible for persuading Arab princes to revolt in early 1917. This led to the destruction of the Ottoman Empire for good in 1918 by British forces from Egypt.

question

Reinsurance Treaty

answer

Between Russia and Germany, it was crafted by Otto von Bismarck. It stated that both states promised neutrality if the other was attacked. After ousting Bismarck in 1890, new Emperor William II refused to renew the agreement in spite of Russian willingness.

question

Algeciras Conference of 1906

answer

A meeting between Germany and France over the Moroccan question came into play after France accepted Britain's control of Egypt and Britain supported a French-dominated Morocco. Germany's brash bullying resulted in bringing Britain and France closer together and left Germany empty-handed. It was somewhat of a diplomatic revolution as it opened eyes to the potential threat of Germany.

question

Anglo-French Entente of 1904

answer

A result of British leaders prudently scurrying about to shore up their exposed position with alliances and agreements. Britain connected with French foreign minister, Théophile Delcassé, who also wanted to improve relations with Britain. He was willing to accept British rule in Egypt in return for British support pf French plans to dominate Morocco. It settled all outstanding colonial disputes between Britain and France.

question

Third Balkan War

answer

Began as a result of the assassinations of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie by Serbian revolutionaries who were closely connected to the ultranationalist Serbian society, the Black Hand. Austria-Hungary decided that Serbia had to receive severe punishment, even though the amount of their involvement was unknown. Austria-Hungary gave them just 48 hours to agree to the demands, in what would amount to control of the Serbian state. They replied moderately, but evasively, thus mobilizing of Austrian forces began and war was declared on July 28, 1914. Austria-Hungary was unconditionally supported by Germany in what would really become a war between Austria and Russia. Russia could not mobilize against one side without mobilizing against the other, so on July 29th full mobilization was made and general war was declared. As a result of Germany's Schlieffen plan to fight a two-front war, this war escalated into the First World War.

question

Lusitania

answer

A British passenger liner that was sunk by a German submarine in May of 1915, that also carried arms and munitions. More than 1,000 lives, including 139 Americans, were lost. This resulted in a vigorous protest by President Woodrow Wilson. Germany relaxed its submarine warfare for two years in order to avoid almost certain war with the United States.

question

Admiral Tirpitz

answer

Led the German nationalists in their vision of large navy to establish Germany as a legitimate great world power and create a source of pride and patriotic unity.

question

(German) Auxiliary Service Law of 1916

answer

Created in December of 1916 by the military leaders of Germany. It was rammed through the Reichstag and required all males between seventeen and sixty to work only at jobs considered critical to the war effort. This forced-labor law was also indirectly aimed at women and children as well. Many women already worked like men in dangerous jobs at war factories, mines, and steel mills, but with the passage of this law, more women followed.

question

David Lloyd George

answer

A British leader who saw Germany's increase in naval power as a detestable military challenge. This challenge forced them to spend the "People's Budget" on battleships rather than social welfare. A shortage of shells in 1915 led to the creation of the Ministry of Munition under his guidance. He became prime minister in 1916.

question

Rasputin

answer

A debauched adventurer and self-proclaimed holy man who took over the Russian government alongside Tsarina Alexandra after Nicholas II traveled to the front line to rally Russia's armies. He was an uneducated, Siberian preacher known as "our friend Grigori". He began his career with a sect known for mixing sexual orgies with religious ecstasies, and his influence rested on mysterious healing powers. He was greatly trusted by Alexandra because he seemed to be the only one who could stop the bleeding of her daughter, Alexis, who suffered from hemophilia.

question

Georges Clemenceau

answer

Emerged as a ruthless and effective war leader in November 1917 after war-weariness and defeatism began to sweep over France. He established a virtual dictatorship, pouncing on strikers and jailing without trial journalists and politicians who dared to suggest a compromise peace with Germany.

question

Duma

answer

The moderate Russian lower house, it took the lead during the Great War, setting up special committees to coordinate defense, industry, transportation, and agriculture. Distrusted by Tsar Nicholas II, and as a result they became increasingly critical of the tsar's leadership.

question

Tsar Nicholas II

answer

He repeated the oath that Alexander I had sworn in 1812 that vowed never to make peace as long as the enemy stood on Russian soil. Fervently wanted to maintain the sacred inheritance of supreme royal power, which to him, with the Orthodox church, was the key to Russia's greatness. He was a kind, and slightly stupid man who could have been seen as a "country gentleman". He failed to create a close partnership with his citizens as a way to effectively fight the war. He relied on the old bureaucratic apparatus, distrusting the moderate Duma, rejecting popular involvement, and resisting calls to share power.

question

Petrograd Soviet

answer

A council of workers' and soldiers deputies that modeled the revolutionary soviets of 1905. It was a huge, fluctuating mass meeting of 2-3 thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals. It saw itself as a true grassroots revolutionary democracy and suspiciously watched the provisional government. They issued their own radical orders, the most famous being Army Order No. 1, which was issued to all Russian military forces.

question

Leon Trotsky

answer

(1879-1940) A supporter of Vladimir Lenin, a spellbinding revolutionary orator, and an independent radical Marxist who brilliantly executed the Bolshevik seizure of power. He first convinced the Petrograd Soviet to form a special military-revolutionary committee in October and make him its leader. Secondly, he insisted that the Bolsheviks reduce opposition to their coup by taking power in the name not of the Bolsheviks, but of the more popular and democratic soviets. On November 6th, his committee joined with Bolshevik soldiers to seize government buildings, and then went on to the congress of the soviets, where a Bolshevik majority declared that all power passed to the soviets and Lenin was the head of the new government.

question

Petrograd Bread Riots

answer

On March 8, International Women's day, women textile workers poured into the streets shouting "Bread!" Other Petrograd workers quickly joined and within two days over 200,000 strikers brought everyday life to a standstill. After being informed of the mounting chaos in the capital, Nicholas II telegraphed back that order should be restored. The city's military commander ordered police and troops to disperse demonstrators, shooting at them if necessary. But after some shooting, the key turning point occurred. Soldiers in one regiment after another refused to simply with orders and instead joined the demonstrators. After realizing he had lost control of Petrograd and the support of key military and political leaders, Nicholas II abdicated the throne on March 15.

question

Congress of the Soviets

answer

Taken over by Trotsky and his committee to create a Bolshevik majority, 390 of 650 turbulent delegates, which led to the declaration that all power would be passed to the soviets and that Lenin would be the head of the new government.

question

Kiev Mutiny

answer

Also known as the January Uprising or January Rebellion, it was the Bolshevik organized workers' armed revolt that began on January 29th, 1918. The goal of the uprising was to sabotage the ongoing elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly and to support the advancing Red Army.

question

Alexander Kerensky

answer

A fiery agrarian socialist who became prime minister of Russia in July 1917. He refused to confiscate large landholdings for fear of losing Russia's peasant army to drastic action in the countryside. He instead pushed forward the moderate socialist duty of continuing the war.

question

Vladimir Lenin

answer

(1870-1924) One of Russia's most radical and talented socialist leaders. His whole life was dedicated to the revolution. He was born into the middle class, and became an implacable enemy of imperial Russia after his older brother was executed for tsar assassination plots. He was a law student who found his revolutionary faith in Marxian socialism. He was exiled to Siberia for three years because of socialist agitation. After his release, he spent seventeen years in western Europe among fellow believers developing his own revolutionary interpretations of Marxian thought. He had three central ideas. First, he stressed that capitalism could only be destroyed by violent revolution. Second, and more original, was that under certain conditions a socialist revolution was possible even in a relatively backward country like Russia. Third, he believed in the necessity of a highly disciplined workers' party, strictly controlled by a dedicated elite of intellectuals and full-time revolutionaries.

question

Army Order No. 1

answer

The Petrograd Soviets most famous radical order, which stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers. It was designed primarily to protect the revolution from counter-revolutionaries. It instead led to the collapse of total army discipline.

question

Constituent Assembly

answer

In November of 1917, the Bolsheviks promised that a freely elected assembly would draw up a new constitution, but free elections produced a stunning setback for them, who won less than a fourth of the elected delegates. The Socialist Revolutionaries had the clear majority. The assembly only met for one day on January 18, 1918.

question

White Opposition

answer

The officers of the old army took the lead in organizing the so-called White opposition to the Bolsheviks in southern Russia, Ukraine, Siberia and west of Petrograd. The whites came from many social groups and were united only by their hatred of the Bolsheviks-the reds. It caused the Russian civil war.

question

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

answer

Between Russians and Germans. Russian withdrawal from WWI since revolution on-going. National independence of peoples on Russia's western border - Poles, Ukrainians, Bessarabians, Estonians, Latvians, Finns(thus size of Russia to shrink). Bolsheviks did not want to sign but needed to end war and consolidate revolution at home. Signed Treaty in March of 1918. Marked big success for Germany. Dominated Eastern Europe, access to Ukrainian bread basket and no longer fighting 2 front war.

question

New Imperialism

answer

The political annexation of territory in the 1880s. Characterized by the frantic rush to plant the flag over as many people and as much territory as possible. Resulted in new tensions among competing European states, wars and rumors of wars with non-European powers. Aimed at primarily Africa and Asia.

question

Traditionalist Response to Imperialism

answer

The initial response of African and Asian rulers was to try driving the unwelcome foreigners away. This was the case in China, Japan, and the upper Sudan. Violent and anti-foreign reactions exploded elsewhere again and again, but the superior military technology of the industrialized West almost invariably prevailed. Beaten in battle, many Africans and Asians concentrated on preserving their cultural traditions at all costs.

question

Modernist Response to Imperialism

answer

The modernizers believed themselves as superior, and that it was necessary to reform the societies and copy European achievements.

question

Social Darwinism

answer

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

question

Racism

answer

The prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races

question

The White Man's Burden

answer

1899, Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," critical about imperialism. saw the world as Eurocentric and criticized the "white man's" need to westernize other cultures.

question

Manchu Dynasty

answer

Carefully regulated trade with Europe as an imperial government wand was more interested in isolating and controlling the strange "sea barbarians" than in pursuing commercial exchange. They refused to establish diplomatic relations with the "inferior" European states, and required all foreign merchants to live in the southern city of Canton and to buy from and sell to only the local merchant monopoly.

question

Pale of Jewish Settlement

answer

Market towns and small cities where Jews were confined by the New Russian Tsar in 1881. There, they worked as artisans and petty, and owned no land. They migrated to escape from factory competition and oppression.

question

International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa

answer

In 1876 Leopold formed the African International Association and financed an expedition by explorer Henry Morton Stanley to the Congo (1879-84). At a European conference in 1885 Leopold was named sovereign over the Congo Free State (later renamed Zaire and now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo). He then used slave labor and torture to extract raw materials (mostly rubber) and build his personal fortune. By 1908 criticism of his rule forced his withdrawal as sovereign and the region was annexed to Belgium.

question

Egyptian Nationalist Party

answer

Formed under the leadership of Colonel Ahmed Arabi in 1879 due to a violent nationalistic recation to foreign financial control.

question

Suez Canal

answer

Party responsible for enormously facilitating intercontinental trade. Thanks to Ismail's support it was completed by a French company in 1869.

question

Omdurman

answer

A battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese.

question

British Opium Trade

answer

Grown legally in British-occupied India and smuggled into China through fast ships and bribed officials. It aided Britain in getting more influence in the strict Chinese trade industry. Merchants became greedier and had the aggressive goal of acquiring an independent British colony in China and "safe and unrestricted liberty" in trade. However, the Manchu Dynasty knew this trade had to end. They prosecuted Chinese drug dealers and sent Lin Tse-hsu to Canton to demand that the foreign merchants follow china's laws. The merchants refused and war soon broke out, ending in British victory.

question

Pierre de Brazza

answer

Under orders from France, he went out on an expedition in 1880 in response to Leopold II's actions. He signed a treaty of protection with the chief of a large Teke tribe and began to establish a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo river.

question

Muhammad Ali

answer

A Albanian-born Turkish general who stepped in to the situation in Egypt after the French withdrawal. He was the first appointed governor of Egypt by the Turkish sultan. He worked quickly to dispose his political rivals and set out to build his own state on the strength of large, powerful army organized along European lines.He drafted, for the first time, the illiterate despised peasant masses of Egypt and hired French and Italian army officers to train them and their Turkish officers. He also reformed the government, cultivated new lands, and improved communications. By his death in 1849, he had established a strong and virtually independent Egyptian state.

question

Leopold II

answer

(r. 1865-1909) An energetic, strong-willed monarch from Belgium with a lust of distant territory. By 1876 he was focusing on central Africa and he sent Henry M. Stanley into the Congo basin to establish trading stations, sign treaties with African chiefs, and plant his flag.

question

Mathew Perry

answer

Stormed into Edo Bay (now Tokyo) in 1853 after several unsuccessful American attempts to establish commercial relations with Japan and demanded diplomatic negotiations with the emperor. He was responsible for the beginning of Japan opening up to foreign trade (while it was reluctant), soon replicating what Britain had done with China.

question

Boers

answer

Self-proclaimed name of the descendants of the Dutch in the Cape Colony, also known as Afrikaners. They proclaimed their independence and defended it against British armies.

question

Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi

answer

Chinese leader who used conservative forces to maintain her power, but supported some reforms that gave China better education, diplomatic service, and military

question

John Hobson

answer

Radical economist who delivered a forceful attack in his Imperialism. He contended that the rush to acquire colonies was die to the economic needs of unregulated capitalism, particularly the need of the rich to find an outlet for their surplus capital. He also argued that the quest for empire diverted attention away from domestic reform and the need to reduce the great gap between the rich and the poor.

question

Heinrich von Treitschke

answer

Stated that "All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desire to set their mark upon barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come.

question

Japanese Opening of Korea in 1876

answer

This showed that Japan was copying the imperialism of the western society. It proved that Japan was strong, and cemented the nation together in a great mission. Having "opened" Korea with the gunboat diplomacy of imperialism in 1876, Japan decisively defeated China in a war over Korea in 1894 to 1895 and took Formosa. By 1910, with the annexation of Korea, Japan had become a major imperialist power; continually expanding it's influence in China in spite of sharp protests from its distant Pacific neighbor, the United States. Japan became the first non-western country to use an ancient love of country to transform itself and meet the challenges of western expansion. It also demonstrated that an Asian nation could defeat a western power.

question

Berlin Conference of 1884-85

answer

Arranged by Jules Ferry of France and Otto von Bismarck of Germany. Established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on "effective occupation" in order to be recognized by other states. This meant no single European power could rule the continent and they would be pushing to the interior from all sides. They recognized Leopold's personal rule over a neutral Congo free state and agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade in Africa.

question

Fashoda Crisis of 1889

answer

After the Battle of Omdurman, Kitchener's armies continued up the Nile to find that a small French force had already occupied the village of Fashoda. France had to tried to beat Britain to one of Africa's last unclaimed areas - the upper reaches of the Nile. The result was a serious, diplomatic crisis and even the threat of war. Eventually France backed down and withdrew its forces, allowing the British to assume control.

question

Great Trek of the Boers

answer

The British takeover of Cape Town led the Dutch cattle ranchers and farmers to make their great trek to the interior in 1835. There, they fought the Zulu and Xhosa peoples for land.

question

Treaty of Nanking

answer

Created in 1842 as the end result of the war between China and Britain over the illegal opium trade. In its provisions, the imperial government of china was forced to cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain forever, pay an indemnity of $100 million, and open four large cities to foreign trade with low tariffs.

question

Clermont Experiment of 1807

answer

This event was Robert Fulton's steamship traveling 150 miles upstream in 32 hours on the Hudson river.

question

Meiji Restoration of 1867

answer

The restoration of political power of the emperor when a coalition led by patriotic samurai seized control of the government with very little bloodshed. It was a great turning point in Japanese development.

question

Sino-Japanese War

answer

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

question

Benjamin Disraeli

answer

A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party and who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881)

question

Emmeline Pankhurst

answer

She and her two daughters, and many other women organized a suffragist movement to demand voting rights for women before WWI. She used tactics such as processions to the House of Parliaments, window smashing and bombs in letter boxes. When they were arrested and jailed, the women suffragists went on hunger strikes. The government let the women go when they were sick because of hunger but rearrested them when they recovered (cat-and-mouse strategy). War delayed the suffragist movement.

question

Jules Ferry

answer

Under the leadership of Jules Ferry, the moderate republicans of small towns and villages passed a series of laws between 1879 and 1886 establishing free compulsory elementary education for both girls and boys. At the dame time, they greatly expanded the state system of public tax-supported schools. Thus, France shred fully in the general expansion of public education, which served as a critical nation-building tool throughout the Western world in the late nineteenth century.

question

Sergei Witte

answer

A highly influential policy maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He was the author of the October Manifesto and was the Finance Minister of the Russian Empire. He was heavily involved in economics of Russia and pursued an ambitious program of railway construction.

question

Alexander II

answer

The son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs and implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia. (1818-1881)

question

Camillo Benso di Cavour

answer

brilliant statesman-dominant figure in the Sardinian govt. from 1850 until his death in 1861-came from a noble family and embraced the economic doctrines and business activities associated with the prosperous middle class-made substantial fortune in sugar mills, steamships, banks, and railroads-national goals were limited and realistic-until 1859, he sought unity only for the states of northern and perhaps central Italy in a greatly expanded kingdom of Sardinia-worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy-worked for secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria-

question

Edward Bernstein

answer

A revisionist social who advocated the gradual gain of socialism and looked towards Darwin's doctrines as a measure for a change in socialism's tactics

question

Pius IX

answer

As for the papacy, the initial cautious support by Pius IX (r. 1846-1878)) for unification had given way to fear and hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the upheavals of 1848. For a long generation, the papacy would stand resolutely opposed not only to national unification but also to most modern trends. In 1864 in the Syllabus of Errors, Pius IX strongly denounced rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty, denying, "The Roman pontiff can and ought to reconcile and align himself with progress, liberalism, and modern civilization." (p. 826)

question

William Gladstone

answer

A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance

question

Giuseppe Gardibaldi

answer

He led a small group of Italian nationalists in May of 1860, and captured Sicily. He always wore a bright red shirt, and so did his followers. This is why they all became known as the 'Red Shirts'.

question

William II

answer

German emperor who forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 and refused to renew the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, prompting republican France to court absolutist Russia with loans, arms, and friendship and in 1894 become military allies, creating two rival blocs in Europe

question

John Stuart Mill

answer

English Philosopher, Benthamite, wrote "On Liberty", Essay that talked about problem of how to prortect the rights of individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral paricipation. Advocated right of workers to organize, equality for women, and universal suffrage

question

The People's Budget

answer

was a product of then British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government, introducing many unprecedented taxes on the wealthy and radical social welfare programs to Britain's political life. It was championed by Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George and his strong ally Winston Churchill, who was then President of the Board of Trade; the duo was called the "Terrible Twins" by contemporaries.

question

Napoleon III coup d'etat

answer

Took place after the National Assembly failed to change the constitution so that Louis Napoleon could run for a second term. He began to conspire with key army officers and on December 2, 1851, illegally dismissed the Assembly to seize power. He restored universal male suffrage and called on the French people to legalize his actions. The people then elected him as president for ten years, but a year later made him the hereditary emperor.

question

May Day

answer

May 1st, became known as an international labor day to be marked by strikes and mas labor demonstrations.Gave working class power over their employers

question

Assassination of Tsar Alexander II

answer

In the late 1870s a small group of revolutionaries believed that killing the tsar could destroy the Russian state. They succeeded in blowing up the reforming Alexander II after several near misses, the 5 assassins, including 1 woman, were caught and hung. Russia then entered an era of reaction and authoritarian rule under Alexander III

question

Establishment of Zollverein (1834)

answer

The German states were locked in a political stalemate; tension grew between Austria and Prussia as each power sought to block the other within the German Confederation, there was a powerful economic force that were undermining the status quo, modern industry grew rapidly within the German customs union, the Zollverein, founded in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase revenues of member states

question

Establishment of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy

answer

After being defeated by Prussia, Austria was forced to compromise, so its empire was split in two, and the Magyars gained independence from the Hungarians; joined by a shared monarch and common ministries only; nationalism weakened and destroyed this empire

question

Treaty of Villafranca

answer

Where the Austrians agreed to an armistice (when armies decide to stop fighting). Austria handed Lombardy over to France, who later passed it to Sardinia but retained Venetian. The rulers of the central Italian duchies were restored. Piedmont acquiesced and Cavour resigned.

question

Paris Commune of 1871

answer

A leftist revolt against the national government after France was defeated by Prussia in 1871. Supporters of the Paris Commune were known as Communards and were crushed by the conservatives

question

Ulster revolt of December 1913

answer

The Northern Irish Protestants of Ulster and the Southern Irish Catholics were against each other (North opposed independence, South wanted it) and the hostility and fear of the Ulsters caused them to resist Southern rule, raising troops until a solution.

question

Antiseptic Principle

answer

Was developed by English surgeon Joseph Lister. It was the idea that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would destroy aerial bacteria. (p.792)

question

Darwin's Theory of Biological Evolution

answer

Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Darwin proposed that earth and the organisms living on it were incredibly old and that these organisms had evolved from a common origin. He suggested that every organism in every species had slight variations that made it more or less fit for its environment. Only those organisms with the most advantageous variations survived. (p.814-815)

question

Sweated Industries

answer

With an unskilled or unemployed husband and a growing family, such a woman often had to join "sweated industries." These industries flowed after 1850 and resembled the old putting-out and cottage industries of earlier times. The women normally worked at home, paid by piece and not by hour. They and their young daughters, for whom organization and collective action were virtually impossible, earned pitiful wages and lacked any job security. (p.802)

question

Labor Aristocracy

answer

The labor aristocracy contained the highly skilled workers. It made up about fifteen percent of the working class at the turn of the twentieth century. They developed a high lifestyle of stern morality. They considered themselves the leaders of the working class. And they had strong political and philosophical beliefs. (p.801)

question

Realist Movement

answer

Realism emerged in the 1840's and continued to dominate Western culture and style until the 1890's. Realist writers believed that literature should depict life as it exactly was. Using poetry for prose and the personal, emotional viewpoint of the romantics for strict, scientific objectivity, the realists simply observed and recorded content let the facts speak for themselves. (p.815)

question

Miasmatic Theory

answer

Early reformers such as Chadwick handicapped by the prevailing miasmatic theory of disease-the belief that people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement-in short the theory that smells cause disease. The miasmatic theory was a reasonable deduction from empirical observations: cleaning up filth did produce viable results. (p.792)

question

Middle-Class Morality

answer

A Change in opinion of a social class which would expect entertainment to take place in the home.

question

Comte's Positivism

answer

Auguste Comte's discipline of sociology postulated that "each branch of our knowledge passes successively through three different theoretical conditions; the Theological, or fictitious; the Metaphysical, or abstract; and the Scientific, or positive." (p.813)

question

What important Characteristics of nineteenth-century society do they reveal?

answer

1. Income distribution: The income distribution in Britain, Prussia, and Denmark was far from being stable as shown in Figure 24.2. To be in equilibrium of income distribution, percent of people should receive the percent of income. Therefore, if there were 60 percent of people, they should receive 60 percent of all income. This was not how these countries worked. They were very unfair in their distribution saying that for 60 percent of the people, they would get less than 40 percent of all income. Therefore, this shows that the income distribution among the countries was slowly going towards the line of absolute equality. (pg.'s 797-798) 2. Birthrates: Since the income of the people was slowly coming to an order of justice, people wanted to conserve the money and help their children have better lives than they had. This is why they wanted to have fewer kids so that they concentrate more on two or three of them instead of six or seven. They also might have thought that since more money was coming that they did not need more kids to go into the factories to earn money. This ultimately saved the middle-class families a bundle of money, allowing them to have necessary items around the house. Therefore, with more money coming in, fewer babies were born. (pg. 811)

question

Edwin Chadwick

answer

Edwin Chadwick was one of the commissioners charged with the administration of relief to paupers under Britain's revised Poor Law of 1834. Chadwick believed that disease and death actually cause poverty simply because a sick worker was an unemployed worker and orphaned children were poor children. He also believed that cleaning up the urban environment could prevent disease, which was his "sanitary idea." He collected detailed reports from local Poor Law officials on the "sanitary conditions of the laboring population" and published his hard-hitting findings in 1842. This mass of widely publicized evidence proved that disease was related to filthy environment of conditions, which were in turn caused largely by lack of drainage, sewers, and garbage collection. He also proposed the installation of running water and sewers. Putrefying, smelly excrement was worse than just revolting. It polluted the atmosphere and caused disease. Chadwick's report became the basis of Great Britain's first public health law, which created a national health board and gave cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems. (p.792)

question

Louis Pasteur

answer

French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)

question

Robert Koch

answer

German bacteriologist who isolated the anthrax bacillus and the tubercle bacillus and the cholera bacillus (1843-1910)

question

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

answer

His theory was that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to the change in a species.

question

Charles Darwin

answer

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

question

Gustave Flaubert

answer

Madame Bovary (1857), the masterpiece of Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), if fart narrower in scope than Balzac's work but unparalleled in its depth and accuracy of psychological insight. Unsuccessfully prosecuted as an outrage against public morality and religion, Flaubert's carefully crafted novel tells the ordinary, even banal, story of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover. Without moralizing, Flaubert portrays the provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical. (p.816)

question

Emile Zola

answer

giant of Realism movement in literature, articulated the key themes. Depicted life as it was, everyday life, rejected romantic search for exotic and sublime. wrote about typical and commonplace, focused on middle class and then working class. Zola a deterministic, human action were caused by unalterable natural laws, heredity and environment determined human behavior.

question

Auguste Comte

answer

French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded "sociology." Influenced Realpolitik.

question

Joseph Lister

answer

First to use disinfectants - carbolic acid (phenol) to kill microbes (1865) - for the prevention and cure of wound infections. Made surgeons wear clean gloves & wash hands. Drastically reduced incidence of gangrene. He is known as the "father of antiseptic surgery.

question

Baron Haussmann

answer

Baron Georges Haussmann (1809-1884), an aggressive, impatient Alsatian whom he placed in charge of Paris, Napoleon III found an authoritarian planner capable of bulldozing both buildings and opposition. In twenty years, Paris was transformed. Haussmann and his fellow planners proceeded on many interrelated fronts. With bold energy that often shocked their contemporaries, they razed old buildings in order to cut broad, straight, tree-lined boulevards through the center of the city as well as in new quarters on the outskirts. Haussmann and Napoleon III tried to make Paris a more beautiful city, and to a large extent they succeeded. The broad, straight boulevards, such as those radiating out like the spokes of a wheel from the Arch of Triumph and those centering on the new Opera House, afforded impressive vistas were their achievements. (p.793-795)

question

Gustave Droz

answer

Gustave Droz, the author of the bestseller Mr., Mrs., and Baby went through 121 editions between 1866 and 1884; saw love within marriage as the key to human happiness. He condemned man who made marriage sound dull and practical, men who were exhausted by prostitutes and rheumatism and who wanted their young wives to be little angels. He urged women to follow their hearts and marry a man more nearly their own age. (p.810)

question

Romanticism

answer

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason.

question

Conservatism

answer

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

question

Dual Revolution

answer

Fusion of economic and political changes which reinforced and brought each other.

question

Liberalism

answer

An economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard.

question

Nationalism

answer

The aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination.

question

Radicalism

answer

The political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society.

question

Schleswig-Holstein Question

answer

Schleswig-Holstein are German speaking areas currently in Denmark. The "question" is whether or not to bring them into the German fatherland under unification. Bismark wanted these territories not for Germany, but for Prussia

question

Louis Kossuth

answer

Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

question

Jules Michelet

answer

French historian and Nationalist who authored "The People" in 1846. Believed in nationalist harmony and an eventual global superstate created by nationalism.

question

Johann Herder

answer

(1744-1803) philosopher who advocated intuition over reason.

question

Frederick William IV

answer

King of Prussia who violently suppressed democratic movements (1795-1865).

question

Alexander Ypsilanti

answer

Greek nationalist who led them in 1821 to fight for the freedom of Turkey. The rising national movement led to the formation of secret societies and then to revolt in 1821

question

Chartists

answer

Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

question

Thomas Malthus

answer

English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834).

question

Karl Marx

answer

Wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883).

question

Louis Philippe

answer

"Citizen King" of France who favored measures that benefited the middle class.

question

Communist Manifesto

answer

Socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

question

Robert Peel

answer

Tory prime minister joined with Whigs and a minority of his own party to repeal Corn Laws in 1846 and allow free imports of grain

question

William Wordsworth

answer

Romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850).

question

Walter Scott

answer

British author of historical novels and ballads (1771-1832)

question

George Sand

answer

French writer known for works concerning women's rights and independence (1804-1876)

question

Victor Hugo

answer

French poet and novelist and dramatist

question

Laissez faire

answer

The doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

question

Iron law of wages

answer

David Ricardo's theory, employers will naturally pay workers no more than what is needed to allow them to survive

question

Socialism

answer

A political theory advocating state ownership of industry

question

Marx's theory of historical evolution

answer

Change was caused by the class struggles.

question

Classicism

answer

A movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms

question

Republicanism

answer

The belief that government should be based on the consent of the people

question

Quadruple Alliance

answer

The alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era

question

Constitutional Charter of 1814

answer

Issued by Louis XVII, accepted many of France's revolutionary changes, guaranteed civil liberties, established constitutional monarchy

question

Napoleon's Hundred Days

answer

Napoleon came back after Elba and ruled for these days then was defeated at Waterloo and then was exiled again to Helena.

question

Congress of Troppau

answer

Metternich was horrified because of the revolution rising once again. Calling a conference at Troppau in Austria under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened.

question

Congress system

answer

The members of the Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in Europe. This agreement was the beginning of the European "congress system." The congress system was established by the Holy Alliance.

question

Corn Law

answer

Protected the English landowners by prohibiting the importation of foreign grain unless the domestic price rose above a certain level.

question

Ten Hours Act of 1847

answer

The limited workday for women and young people to 10 hours per day.

question

National workshops

answer

Product of the new government in France. Imagined as nearly socialist cooperatives. In reality they were really temporary relief programs. Disliked by the moderates. Disbanded in June. Incited 3 day revolution (June Days) where workers fought against troops and lost.

question

Wealth of Nations

answer

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

question

Frankfurt Assembly

answer

German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany.

question

Laissez faire

answer

an economic theory that government should not regulate or interfere with commerce

question

Iron Law of Wages

answer

A theory proposed by David Ricardo that says"...as long as population exceeds jobs, then people are never going to earn more than they need to survive,...they will always be near starvation."

question

Socialism

answer

a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

question

Marx's Theory of Historical Evolution

answer

Based on Hegel in that Economics a driving force it Explained the fall of agrarian feudalism and growth of capitalism.

question

Classicism

answer

a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms

question

Republicanism

answer

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

question

Quadruple Alliance

answer

The Quadruple Alliance was signed by Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia in 1815. The Holy Alliance signed by all European rulers except the Pope, the king of England, and the sultan of Turkey. It was meant to unite Europe, preserve peace, and spread Christianity.

question

Constitutional Charter of 1814 (France)

answer

Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter in 1814-theoretically a gift from the king but actually a response to political pressures-was basically a liberal constitution. It was undemocratic, but still protected the people against a return to royal absolutism and aristocratic privilege.

question

Napoleon Hundred Days

answer

He was sent on exile and then when he came back he fought at Waterloo. Napoleon's gamble was a desperate long shot, for the allies were united against him. At the end of this frantic period known as the Hundred Days, they crushed his forces at Waterloo on June 18, 1815, and imprisoned him on the rocky island of St. Helena, far off the western coast of Africa.

question

Congress of Troppau

answer

Metternich was horrified because of the revolution rising once again. Calling a conference at Troppau in Austria under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened.

question

Congress System

answer

The members of the Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in Europe. This agreement was the beginning of the European "congress system." The congress system was established by the Holy Alliance which included the countries of Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

question

Corn Law

answer

Protected the English landowners by prohibiting the importation of foreign grain unless the domestic price rose above a certain level.

question

Ten Hours Act of 1847 (Britain)

answer

It limited the workday for women and young people in factories to ten hours.

question

National Workshops

answer

Blanc asserted that permanent government sponsored cooperative workshops should be established for workers. A compromise between the socialists' demands for work for all and the moderates' determination to provide only temporary relief for the massive unemployment.

question

Wealth of Nations

answer

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

question

Frankfurt Assembly

answer

The first freely elected parliament in Germany. Its existence can be attributed to the 'March Revolution' Its purpose was to design a constitution for a unified German nation. Offered crown of Germany to Frederick William of Prussia; who refused. Ultimately disintegrates because it can't muster the power to lead itself.

question

Cottage Workers

answer

The working class, eventually became unwilling to work in the factories which caused the employment of young children

question

Domestic System

answer

a manufacturing system whereby workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs.

question

Industrial Revolution

answer

a term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they had witnessed in certain industries.

question

Protective Tariff

answer

a government's way of supporting and aiding their own economy by laying high tariffs on the cheaper, imported goods of another country, ex. when France responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country with high tariffs on British imports.

question

Chartist Movement

answer

An attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform BIll of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; though the movement failed.

question

Energy Crisis of The Eighteenth Century

answer

Many of the forests in Britain were being replaced with fields for food. Wood served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron. Britain looked toward its abundant reserves of coal as an alternative to the vanishing wood. It was there that the coal's potential was enormous. Therefore, people turned to coal for the mechanical energy.

question

Real Wages

answer

Wage increases larger than rises in the consumer price index; that is, the real earning power of wages

question

Sexual Division of Labor

answer

The man emerged as the family's primary wage earner, while the women found limited job opportunities. By tradition, certain jobs were defined by sex-women and girls for milking and spinning, men and boys for plowing and weaving. Normally denied jobs at good wages in the growing urban economy, women were expected to concentrate on unpaid housework, childcare, and craftwork at home.

question

David Ricardo

answer

English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)

question

Andrew Ure

answer

Andrew Ure believed that conditions were improving for the working people. Ure wrote in 1835 in his study of the cotton industry that conditions in most factories were not harsh and were even quite good.

question

Crystal Place

answer

Enormous structure made entirely of glass and iron, place where the first world's industrial fair was held; location of Great Exhibition; Kensington, London;

question

Cartwright's Power Loom

answer

The invention that revolutionized cotton weaving, and meant the doom of independent hand weavers working outside the factory setting.

question

Spinning Jenny

answer

A machine that could spin several threads at once

question

Zollverein

answer

A tariff-free zone in Germany, in order to boost German economy. Also helps build German nationalism, advocated by Friedrich List.

question

Factory Act of 1833

answer

this act limited the factory workday for children between nice and thirteen to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours.

question

Credit Mobilier

answer

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

question

Combination Acts

answer

Passed by Parliament in 1799: outlawed unions and strikes; due to the fear of workers joining forces and rising up against the government

question

Parish "Apprentices" in Cotton Mills

answer

Young children who had been abandoned by their parents and put in the care of local parishes were made "apprentices" in unfortunate foundlings to factory owners. The parish thus saved money, and the factory owners gained workers over whom they exercised almost the authority of slave owners.

question

Henry Cort

answer

(1780's) Inventor of the puddling system in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality.

question

James Hargreaves

answer

This was the man who created the spinning jenny which began the actual Industrial Revolution and the beginning of machines doing a man's work

question

Robert Owen

answer

Factory owner, concerned with mistreatment of workers. organized one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions, the GNCTU, or Grand National Consolidated Trades Union. Helped pass Factory Act of 1833, limiting work hours.

question

James Watt

answer

A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel.

question

Friedrich List

answer

German-Ameriocan who wrote "National System of Political Economy" in 1844; he advocated industrialization by railroad building and protective tariffs

question

George Stephenson

answer

1814, he built the first successful steam locomotive. By 1829 his Rocket traveled on the world's first railroad line from Manchester to Liverpool at average speed of 16mph. By the 1840s the era of railroad construction had begun in Europe and the US.

question

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

answer

organized by Owen in 1834, this was one of the largest and most visionary early national unions.

question

Emile and Isaac Pereire

answer

A Young Jewish journalist couple from Bordeaux, who established the most famous industrial, corporate bank called the Crédit Mobilier of Paris, As Emilie Pereire had said in 1835, "It is not enough to outline gigantic programs on paper; I must write my ideas on the earth."

question

Friedrich Engels

answer

another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

question

Craft Union

answer

a labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft

question

liberalism

answer

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

question

checks and balances

answer

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

question

natural or universal rights

answer

Natural law had always stressed the duties over the rights of government and individuals. But in the late 1600's, natural law began to emphasize natural rights. This change was brought about largely by the writings of the English philosopher John Locke. Locke argued that governmental authority depends on the people's consent. According to Locke, people originally lived in a state of nature with no restrictions on their freedom. Then they came to realize that confusion would result if each person enforced his or her own rights. People agreed to live under a common government, but not to surrender their "rights of nature" to the government. Instead, they expected the government to protect these rights, especially the rights of life, liberty, and property. Locke's ideas of limited government and natural rights became part of the English Bill of Rights (1689), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789), and the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791). (692)

question

republican

answer

an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)

question

popular sovereignty

answer

the idea that people alone had the authority to make laws limited an individual's freedom of action, in practice this system of government meant choosing legislators who represented the people and were accountable to them.

question

tithe

answer

an oppressive church tax equal to one tenth of a workers income.

question

stamp act

answer

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

question

Battle of Trafalgar

answer

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

question

American Bill of Rights

answer

Political document of the United States; resembles the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; ratified in 1791; spells out the rights of the individual

question

Loyalists

answer

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

question

Constitutional Convention of 1787

answer

Delegates met to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ultimately decided to write the Constitution as a replacement.

question

Jacobins

answer

in Revolutionary France, a political club whose members were a radical republican group.

question

Girondists

answer

a group contesting control of the National Convention in France named after a department in southwestern France.

question

Mountain

answer

a group contesting control of the National Convention in France led by Robespierre and Georges Jaques Danton

question

Reign of Terror

answer

Robespierre used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front, in special courts rebels and "enemies of the nation" were tried for political crimes.

question

National Assembly

answer

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

question

Declaration of the Rights of Woman

answer

A short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.

question

Bastille

answer

The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles

question

sans-culottes

answer

in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

question

"the baker, the baker's wife, and the baker's boy"

answer

Described Louis, Marie Antoinette, and the dauphin, to the people, who believed that Louis held the means for bread and needed to give it to them at any cost

question

Lord Nelson

answer

English admiral who defeated the French fleets of Napoleon but was mortally wounded at Trafalgar (1758-1805)

question

Mary Wollstonecraft

answer

An English writer who wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women", arguing that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be so because of lack of education

question

Edmund Burke

answer

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

question

Marie Antoinette

answer

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

question

Marquis de Lafayette

answer

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

question

Thomas Jefferson

answer

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

question

Robespierre

answer

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

question

John Locke

answer

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

question

Abbe Sieyes

answer

Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.

question

extended family

answer

a family that includes, in addition to the nuclear family (parents and their children), other members such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

question

demonic view of diseases

answer

The belief that demons and evil spirits caused disease by lodging in people and that the proper treatment was to exorcise the devil.

question

nuclear family

answer

a family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives

question

preindustrial childhood

answer

Parents were urged not to become to emotionally involved with their children because of the likeliness of death. Sometimes this urge of emotional detachment converted into abuse. Susannah Wesley, the mother of John Wesley, said her children were "taught to fear the rod". One in five children were sure to die and children faced adult indifference, neglect, and abuse.

question

illegitimacy explosion

answer

The number of illegitimate births soared between about 1750 and 1850 as much of Europe experienced an "illegitimacy explosion." Since fewer young women were abstaining from premarital sex and more importantly fewer young men were marrying the women they got pregnant.

question

Methodist

answer

Grew out of the beliefs of John Wesley, focused on a person's personal relationship with God. Led by common folks and spread their message through traveling ministers.

question

coitus interruptus

answer

is a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation

question

purging

answer

engaging in behaviors such as vomiting or misusing laxatives to rid the body of food and cleansing the bowels

question

"killing nurses"

answer

Many of the wet-nurses hired in the 18th century were accused of such things as giving an upper-class baby their bad traits, or even killing a baby quickly while nursing it so she could move on to another family's child and collect another payment. These nurses, who may or may not have been intentionally killing the babies were called killing nurses over much of the 18th century Europe.

question

Jesuits

answer

They are Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

question

Lady Mary Montague

answer

After learning of the practice of smallpox inoculation in the Muslim lands of western Asia, she successfully inoculated her own son with the pus from a smallpox victim, helping to spread the practice in England.

question

Edward Jenner

answer

In 1796 the British doctor created the smallpox vaccine, from the cowpox virus.

question

James Graham

answer

Was a leading Scottish supporter of the Royalist cause during the English Civil War of the 1640's. Fought against the king, but with civil war, he fought for the king; however, he then fought against the king and was executed for treason

question

Joseph II

answer

Was the son of Maria Theresa and was an enlightened monarch who attempted some of the most far-reaching reforms of the 18th century. He abolished serfdom and the death penalty, imposed equal taxes on all classes, promoted religious toleration, and permitted more freedom of speech. His reforms were generally not well received by the elites, and most were undone after his death.

question

John Wesley

answer

Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and comunity

question

agrarian economy

answer

was an economy that was primarily based on the idea of farming and cultivation of the land

question

famine foods

answer

food that people would eat in years of famine just to stay alive. In the 16th and 17th century there was usually a famine about every 8 years and people would eat material unfit for consumption just to stay alive. This made them even more susceptible to disease and during famines deaths soared.

question

common land

answer

Lands that were set aside for common use

question

open-field system

answer

The openfield system, developed during the Middle Ages, divided the land into a few large fields, which were then cut up into long, narrow strips.

question

enclosure

answer

was an idea that agriculturists needed to enclose and consolidate their scattered holdings into compact, fenced-n fields in order to farm more effectively.

question

mercantilism

answer

was an economic system in 18th Century Europe to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests.

question

cottage industry

answer

was a small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment. This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the customer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product.

question

putting-out system

answer

System which was basically an assembly line which made goods easy to manufacture and cheaper to create. Took less time, and starting making guilds obsolete it was fostered in England

question

fallow fields

answer

meant that a a farmer would leave the fields blank for a year to in order restore the vital nitrogen in the soil a year of fallow was alternated with a year of cropping, then fallow, and so on, this happened in the open-field system, when the land had to recover and restore nitrogen to the soi.

question

agricultural revolution

answer

the period from the mid-seventeenth century on in Europe during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallow was gradually eliminated.

question

crop rotation

answer

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

question

asiento

answer

The Slave Trade. First intruduced by Portugal in Brazil to farm sugar plantations where an estimated 50 million Africans died o became slaves during the 17th and 18th century

question

metizos

answer

people of both Native American and European descent

question

primogeniture

answer

seniority by birth; state of being the first-born child; right of the eldest child (to inherit the entire property of one or both parents)

question

Creole elite

answer

Were the people of Spanish blood who born in the Americas. Merchants handled flourishing trade, estate owners strove to be a genuine European aristocracy.

question

Jethro Tull

answer

Was a very important English innovator who adopted a critical attitude toward accepted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research. Jethro Tull used horses, rather than oxen, for plowing and advocated for the sowing of seeds using drilling equipment rather than by hand.

question

Charles Townsend

answer

Was a pioneer of English agricultural improvement who learned about turnips and clover while serving as the ambassador to Holland. He used turnips in the sandy soil of his estates in eastern England. The farmers who leased Townsend's lands produced larger crops by draining extensively and manuring heavily helped gain higher incomes. Townsend helped bring the agricultural improvement to the English aristocracy.

question

Cornelius Vermuyden

answer

Was one of the most famous Dutch engineers. He had large drainage projects in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire areas and turned the swampy wilderness into some of the best farmland in England.

question

bubonic plauge

answer

Was a very deadly sickness spread throught Europe in the 1340's by fleas on black rats; it is also called the referred to as the balck death

question

Asiatic brown rat

answer

Helped drive out, and eventually eliminated the black rat from europe. The Asiatic brown rat's fleas did not carry the plague well, and didn't like human blood. This was most likely a major reason for the disappearance of the Bubonic Plague.

question

British Navigation Acts

answer

The result of the English desire to increase both military power and private wealth was the mercantile system of navigation Acts. The acts required that goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc. Moreover, these laws gave British merchants and ship owners a virtual monopoly on trade with British monopolies. The Navigation Acts were a form of economic warfare. Their initial target were the Dutch, who were far ahead of the English in shipping and foreign trade in the mid-seventeenth century.

question

Treaty of Paris

answer

British forces were defeated at Quebec, resulting in the Treaty of Paris which gave to Britain all of France's mainland possessions in North America, including Canada and French territory east of the Mississippi. France also gave most of its holding in India and ceded Louisiana to Spain. The Treaty of Paris established Britain's naval power as the dominant force, realizing Britain's goal of monopolizing a vast trading and colonial empire.

question

Peace of Utrecht

answer

It ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy and ended the War of Spanish Succession.

question

spinning jenny

answer

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for the multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.

question

turnips

answer

Are a type of nitrogen storing crop that assisted in the elimination of fallowing by maintaining nitrogen levels in the fields they're planted in

question

potatoes

answer

They are similar to turnips, in that they are very important in the diet of lower class since they are a very good source of carbohydrates, vitamin A, and also vitamin C.

question

Aristotelian World-View

answer

A motionless Earth is fixed at the center of the universe. Around it are ten separate moving transparent crystal spheres. the first eight spheres contain, in turn, the moon, sun, the five known planets, and the stars. The other two were to account for star movements over the centuries. The sublunar world is made up of four imperfect, changeable elements known as: air, fire, earth, and wind.

question

Empirical Method

answer

Philosophical view developed by Bacon and Locke, asserting that all knowledge is based on observation and experimentation and that general principles should be derived from particular facts.

question

Copernican Hypothesis

answer

Had great implications on science and religion. Explained that the star's nightly movement was simple due to Earth's rotation, in turn ruling out the possibility of crystal spheres rotating the stars around the Earth. Secondly, it suggested that the universe is unthinkably large due to the constant position of the stars as the Earth revolves around the sun. Lastly, it characterized Earth as just another planet, meaning it was quite different from the heavenly world.

question

Deductive Reasoning

answer

Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case.

question

Rationalism

answer

The theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth.

question

Progress

answer

Central theme of the enlightenment, view that humans could shape and change their society using reason.

question

Secular

answer

Not pertaining to or connected with religion.

question

Skepticism

answer

A philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain.

question

Tabula Rasa

answer

A young mind not yet affected by experience (according to John Locke).

question

Parlement of Paris

answer

The main court of law in France, which competed with members of the court for influence over the king. Members were known as "nobility of the robe," while the hereditary, military-oriented courtiers were "nobility of the sword".

question

Enlightenment

answer

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

question

Enlightened Absolutism

answer

European rulers who embraced many of the philosophes' reforms, monarchical government dedicated to rational strengthening of central absolutist administration at cost of lesser political power centers.

question

Philosophes

answer

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

question

Gresham College

answer

Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had an honored role in society; center of scientific activity.

question

Diderot

answer

This philosophe compiled the ideas of the leading thinkers of his day on a wide array of topics in his 17-volume Encyclopedia, which was invaluable for spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment (religious toleration, political reform, primacy of reason).

question

Bayle

answer

(1647-1706) A French Huguenot who despised Louis XIV and found refuge in the Netherlands. A teacher by profession and journalist by inclination, Bayle took full advantage of freedom in the Netherlands. One of the most famous skeptics of his time, critically examined and criticized the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past. He concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt.

question

Kepler

answer

(1571-1630) Brahe's brilliant, young assistant. Formulated three laws of planetary motion from Brahe's mass of data. 1) The orbits of planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular. 2) The planets do not move at a uniform speed within their orbits. 3) The time it takes for a planet to complete its orbit is directly related to its distance from the sun.

question

Galileo

answer

(1564-1642) A poor nobleman originally marked for a religious career who instead challenged all the old ideas about motion. His great achievement was the elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method; instead of speculating what should happen, he conducted experiments to see what actually happened. He also formulated the law of inertia, stating that an object continues in motion unless stopped by an external force, leaving Aristotelian physics in shambles. Discovered the first four moons of Jupiter with a self-made telescope and provided evidence for the Copernican theory.

question

Bacon

answer

(1561-1626) An English politician and writer who served as the greatest early propagandist for the experimental method. Believed that knowledge has to be pursued through experimental research. His greatest contribution was the formalization of the empirical method into a general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism.

question

Descartes

answer

(1596-1650) A French philosopher and true genius who experienced a vision in 1619 while serving in the Thirty Years' War. He saw that there was a perfect correspondence between geometry and algebra. His discovery of analytic geometry proved to be an important tool for scientists. He doubted all that could be reasonably doubted, reducing all substances to "matter" and "mind", a view known as Cartesian dualism.

question

D'Holbach

answer

Wrote "System of Nature", argued that humans were machines governed by outside forces. He believed that free will, God, and immorality of the soul were myths. Aggressively atheist.

question

Newton

answer

(1642-1727) An intensely religious genius that united the experimental and theoretical-mathematical sides of modern sciences and had an interest in alchemy. Published the Principia. They key feature of his synthesis was the law of universal gravitation.

question

Montesquieu

answer

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government.

question

Voltaire

answer

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

question

Copernicus

answer

(1473-1543) Studied church law and astronomy in various universities as a young man. Believed that Ptolemy's rules detracted from the majesty of a perfect Creator and instead preferred the old Greek idea that the sun was at the center of the universe, not the Earth. He worked on a hypothesis for this from 1506 to 1530. He theorized that all the stars and planets revolved around a fixed sun. He published his ideas in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543, the year of his death.

question

Brahe

answer

(1546-1601) Became Europe's top astronomer after creating detailed observations of the new star that appeared in 1572. He was aided by generous grants from the king of Denmark to build the most sophisticated observatory of his time. Studied the stars and planet for twenty years, with his greatest contribution being his collection of data, but he himself could not make sense of it. His beliefs were half Ptolemaic and half Copernican.

question

Catherine the Great

answer

German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.

question

Frederick the Great

answer

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

question

Maria Theresa

answer

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs.

question

Louis XV

answer

This great-grandson of Louis XIV ruled France from 1715-1774 -- He was an ineffective ruler who engaged in financially-ruinous wars, including the Seven Years War in which France lost most of its overseas empire -- The French nobility also began to reclaim some of the power it had lost under Louis XIV, resisting his efforts to impose taxes upon them.

question

On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

answer

Copernicus's publication that presented his heliocentric theory to contradict, and destroy, the geocentric theory Aristotle has presented.

question

New Astronomy or Celestial Physics

answer

A book of Kepler's three famous laws of planetary motion: 1. The orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular. 2. Planets don't move at a uniform speed in their orbits. 3. The time it takes a planet to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun.

question

Two New Sciences

answer

Galileo Galilei described his experiment in his famous acceleration experiment, he showed that a uniform force, in this case, gravity, produced a uniform acceleration. In his Two Sciences Galileo described his painstaking method and conclusion.

question

Principia

answer

A series of books written by Isaac Newton that illustrated the principles of philosophy (science). Formerly know as Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

question

Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds of 1686

answer

Bernard de Fonantelle set out to make science witty and entertaining for a broader audience. His most famous work, Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, begins with two figures walking in the park discussing astronomy. His story about a woman and a man where the woman rejoices in the knowledge that the human nature is capable of making great progress reveals Fonantelle's attempts to make science as easy as reading a book.

question

Historical and Critical Dictionary

answer

Pierre Bayle, who critically examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past wrote this based on his research. He demonstrated that human beliefs are often varied and mistaken.

question

The Spirit of the Laws

answer

This work by Montesquieu called for a separation of powers and heavily influenced the formation of American government.

question

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

answer

Written by John Locke in 1690, human mind has no innate ideas, what people know is not the world but the result of the interactions of the mind with the world.

question

Philosophical Dictionary

answer

Written by Voltaire in1764 where he humorously pointed out the inconsistencies of biblical narratives and immoral acts of the biblical heroes.

question

Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts

answer

Greatest Achievement of the Philosophes, was written to "change the general way of thinking," science was praised and religion and immortality were questioned, criticized were intolerence, legal injustice, and out of date social institutions. Written by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

question

The Social Contract

answer

Major work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau states that governmental organization should be based on the general will of a society and should conform to the nature of human beings, and that the majority in a government has a right to banish resistant minorities.

question

Water and Earth

answer

According to Aristotle, the sublunar world was made up of four elements: air, fire, ______, and ______

question

Did Not

answer

Copernicus ______ attempt to disprove the existence of God.

question

Motion

answer

Galileo claimed that ______ is the natural state of all objects.

question

Universal Gravitation

answer

The key feature in Newton's synthesis was the law of ______.

question

Philosophy

answer

In the medieval universities, science emerged as a branch of ______.

question

England

answer

The method of finding latitude came out of study and experimentation in the country of ______.

question

Was Not

answer

The idea of "progress" ______ widespread in the Middle Ages.

question

Did

answer

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a close link between pure (theoretical) science and applied technology ______ exist.

question

Skeptic

answer

A ______ is one who believes that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt.

question

Isaac Newton

answer

Voltaire believed that ______ was history's greatest man because he used his genius to benefit humanity.

question

Succeeded

answer

Overall, Joseph II of Austria ______ as an enlightened monarch.

question

absoultism

answer

when a monarch has complete and free rule over their country

question

baroque

answer

A style of art that grew out of the revitalized Catholic Church of the late sixteenth century. Its complex, emotional style was used by many rulers, including Louis XIV of France, to glorify their power. It emphasized dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts.

question

Prussia Junkers

answer

formed the backbone of the prussian military officer corps; these nobles and landowners dominated the estates of brandenburg and prussia, - 1653 hereditary subjugation of serfs esablished as a way of compensating the nobles for their suppport of the the crown

question

Hohenzollern

answer

German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525); under Frederick I (r. 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia

question

kholops

answer

It was under Ivan the Terrible's system of autocracy and compulsory service, that all people considered themselves to be kholops, or "slaves of their prince"

question

Romanov

answer

was elected tsar by the nobles in 1613, and he reestablished tsarist autocracy.

question

boyar

answer

Were landowning nobles in Russia under the tsars

question

autocracy

answer

a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual

question

Vikings

answer

Were a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.

question

Habsburgs

answer

Hapsburg possessions wer never to be divided and henceforth to be passed intact to a single heir, his daughter maria theresa inherited charles empire in 1740 and ruled for 40 years

question

Mongols

answer

Lived as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

question

Pragmatic Sanction

answer

proclaimed by Charles VI in 1713, it stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and were always to be passed intact to a single heir, who might be female.

question

Suleiman the Magnificent

answer

was perhaps the most powerful ruler in the world druing the 16th century, nearly conquered austrian, caputred serbia, and many others

question

Frederick the Great

answer

He followed his father, Frederick William's military policies when he came to power. However, he also softened some of his father's laws in regard to domestic affairs. As he encouraged religious toleration and legal reform.

question

Charles VI of Austria

answer

He wrote Pragmatic Sanction which that stated Habsburg lands should never be divided,even if it meant passing them to Maria Theresa. He spent much of his time trying to get this accepted by people.

question

Prince Francis Rakoczy

answer

He led the Hungarians to one last patriotic rebellion. his forces were defeated, but the Hapsburgs had to compromise with Hungary and give them more power over themselves.

question

Jenghiz Khan

answer

He Was one of history's greatest conquerors; came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire, he started the Mongol invasions and raids. He supreme ruler of Russia until Ivan III became tsar

question

Ivan the Terrible

answer

He earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

question

frederick william the great elector

answer

He was a strict calvinist but granted religous toleration to catholics and jews, admired swedish system of goverment and economic power of the netherlands, ongoing struggle between sweden and poland for control of baltic after 1648 and wars of louis xiv created atmosphere of a permanent crisis

question

frederick William I

answer

The son and successor of Frederick I who disliked French ways and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and makign it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. He also created an efficient government bureaucracy and encouraged trade and the development of new industries.

question

Great Prince Iaroslav the Wise

answer

After his death the powerful principality in present-day Ukraine disintegrated into competing political units.

question

Ivan III

answer

He ruled as the first czar and first ruler of the independent state called Russia, threw off Mongol Yoke

question

Peter the great

answer

This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested in building grand cities like those in Western Europe as can be seen when he moved the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

question

Prince Eugene of Savoy

answer

He was an Austrian general who led Holy Roman Empire forces during the War of Spanish Succession.

question

Bartolomeo Rastrelli

answer

Elizabeth's (daughter of Peter the Great) chief architect who had come to Russia from Italy as a boy of 15 in 1715. he built many places for the nobility and all the larger government buildings erected during Elizabeths reign.

question

building of the winter palace of St. Petersburg

answer

Was a building that was meant to reject the old byzantine ways. It was a modest building though was later expanded after the death of Peter I.

question

siege of vienna 1683

answer

Austrians under Leopold I were able to successfully repel the Turks from gates of vienna; it was the last attempt by the Ottoman Empire to take central Europe

question

War of Austrian Succession

answer

It was a conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, the Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.

question

Time of Troubles

answer

Followed death of Ivan IV without an heir early in 17th century; the boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

question

Battle of Poltava

answer

In 1709 it was Russia against Sweden the Russian army was able to capture Swedish king (Charles XII) and beat their army as well; because of this battle, Russia was able to gain momentum in the war

question

Absolutist State

answer

king claims to rule b/c has divine right, king controls every aspect of life except lack financial and military resources and technology

question

Administrative Monarchy

answer

The French state in the 17th century became stronger in that it could achieve more of its goals, it was centralized from Paris and its administrative bureaucracy greatly expanded. AKA an absolute monarchy.

question

Totalitarianism

answer

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

question

Henry IV

answer

first Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris

question

Maximilien de Bethune (Duke of Sully)

answer

Henry IV's devout protestant chief minister, combined indirect taxes on salt, sales, transit an leased their collection to financiers, revenues increased b/c of revival of trade, paid for the Company for Trade with the Indies, restored public order in France, laid foundations of eco prosperity

question

Paulette

answer

A French tax on officeholders in the government, which provided about 1/3 of the royal income. It was initially implemented by Henry IV to demonstrate his power over nobility, but became useful in a more practical sense later on.

question

Marie de Medici

answer

mother of Louis XII who became a regent until he was of age to rule France and ruled three years after he was of age

question

Armand Jean du Plessis

answer

French prelate and statesman, the real name of Richelieu

question

Generalites

answer

32 districts of France during Richelieu's time, each supervised by intendant

question

Nobility blesse de robe

answer

new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in govt. and remained loyal to king

question

Law of Concord

answer

Edict of Nantes; granted religous toleration to Protestants.

question

La Rochelle

answer

It is a city in France, which belonged to the Huguenots. Its importance grew after the colonisation because it became a significant Atlantic port, Richelieu sieged the city and took away the privileges of the Huguenots.

question

Raison d'etat

answer

political theory articulated by French statesmen Richelieu (1585-1642) that holds that the interests and needs of the state may take precedence over traditional moral and international law.

question

Fronde

answer

A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's and Mazarin's authority; they were unable to overthrow Mazarin.

question

Frondeur

answer

rebellious participants in the Fronde

question

Cardinal Mazarin

answer

Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde

question

Grand Century or Age of Magnificence

answer

Second half of the 17th century

question

Voltaire

answer

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

question

Anne of Austria

answer

wife of Louis XIII, her son was Louis XIV. Entered a relationship with Mazarin.

question

Canal de Deux Mers

answer

Connected the Atlantic to the Mediterranean Sea

question

Versailles

answer

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles, used to manipulate nobles

question

Hall of Mirrors

answer

most famous room in Versailles, on one end is peace room, and the other side is the war room, 17 mirrors face 17 windows

question

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

answer

Louis XIV's finance minister, supported mercantilism, wanted economic self-sufficiency for France

question

Mercantilism

answer

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

question

Jesuit Jacques Marquette

answer

French Jesuit missionary and explorer; discovered lake eerie.

question

Robert La Salle

answer

Claimed the Mississippi River valley for France.

question

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

answer

Campaign against Huguenots in order to unify France under Louis XIV.

question

Madame de Maintenon

answer

French consort of Louis XIV who secretly married the king after the death of his first wife (1635-1719)

question

French Classicism

answer

The style in seventeenth-century art and literature resembling the arts in the ancient world and in the Renaissance-e.g., the works of Poussin, Moliere, and Racine.

question

Moliere

answer

French classicist playwright who produced popular comedies that exposed the hypocrisies and follies of society.

question

Jean Racine

answer

French advocate of Jansenism, a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of 17th century France (along with Moliere and Corneille), and one of the most important literary figures in the Western tradition. Racine was primarily a tragedian, though he did write one comedy

question

Treaty of Pyrenees

answer

marked end of Spain as great power-war between France and Spain continued for 11 years after 30 Yrs War

question

Francois le Tellier (Louvois)

answer

later Louvois, was appointed as secretary of state for war in 1666 in France by King Louis XIV. He created the first modern, professional, and organized army. He's significant because his creation allowed the army to grow in size, which led to winning every battle and war before 1704 at the Battle of Blenheim.

question

Jean Martinet

answer

was a French lieutenant-colonel and Inspector General, and one of the first great drill masters of modern times. Martinet served during the reign of Louis XIV and made way to French conquest in the Holy Roman Empire. He was a severe drillmaster, which made him unpopular among his troops.

question

Claude Le Peletier

answer

Colbert's successor as minister of finance; devalued the currency; sold offices; nobles and clergymen had to pay for the 1st time (the king, in return, gave them titles of nobility)

question

War of Spanish Succession

answer

This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V

question

Philip of Anjou

answer

grandson of Louis XIV who was granted the entire Spanish inheritance by Charles II and became Philip V of Spain. His grandfather's domineering actions of invasion as a result caused the War of the Spanish Succession

question

Peace of Utrecht

answer

Ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.

question

Servicios

answer

Spanish national taxes of the 16th under absolute monarchy.

question

Olivares

answer

Spanish administrator who devised many new sources of revenue, for Spain, but resisted reform and clung to the ideas of imperialism.

question

Treaty of Pyrenees

answer

marked end of Spain as great power-war between France and Spain continued for 11 years after 30 Yrs War

question

Don Quixote

answer

The main character in Miguel de Cervantes' book about the changing times in the early 1600's. He was a man who did not like how the Middle Ages were ending and people were becoming more materialistic, so he set of to become a knight and bring back chivalry to Spain

question

Constitutionalism

answer

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

question

James Stuart/James I

answer

the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625, he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)

question

The Trew Law of Free Monarchy

answer

text written by James I promoting absolute rule

question

House of Commons

answer

one of the houses of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office

question

Puritans

answer

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

question

Protestant Ethic

answer

belief stressing hard work and self-discipline

question

Long Parliament

answer

This Parliament met for 13 years from 1640-1653 and chose not to implement the taxes that Charles II wanted to defend England against the Scots. This was mostly because they agreed with the Scot's negative opinion of Laud's religious changes and disagreed with the king on many issues. This powerful parliament also executed Charles's chief advisory, the Earl of Strafford.

question

Triennial Act

answer

An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years.

question

Interregnum

answer

period between two successive reigns or governments

question

Leviathan--Thomas Hobbes

answer

Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.

question

Republican Government of England

answer

the change to a republic after absolutism; administered after Charles I

question

Oliver Cromwell

answer

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

question

New Model Army

answer

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War.

question

Siege of Drogheda

answer

Irish town where the 7,000 inhabitants were slaughtered by Cromwell's invading army. Sparked the English Protestant rule of Ireland for the next centuries, as well as the unrest that still holds today.

question

Navigation Act of 1651

answer

prohibited Dutch merchants from the colonial trade and gave English traders a monopoly by requiring that goods importated into England or its American settlements be carried on English ships.

question

Test Act of 1673

answer

This law made it so that all officeholders had to take Communion in the Church of England. It prevented Catholics from holding office or being in the army or navy.

question

William Penn

answer

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

question

Cabal

answer

Precursor to the English parliament, named after the members' last initials

question

William and Mary

answer

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders. He was William of Orange.

question

Glorious Revolution

answer

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. A bloodless revolution.

question

English Bill of Rights

answer

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

question

Second Treatise of Civil Government

answer

government based on consent of governed; individuals had natural rights (life, liberty, property); people had right to overthrow government, work published by John Locke

question

Cabinet System

answer

leading ministers who were members of House of Commons and had support of majority of members, made common policy and conducted the business of the country

question

Sir Robert Walpole

answer

Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745)

question

Prime Minister

answer

official who heads the government in a parliamentary democracy

question

(Dutch) Stadholder

answer

A governor of provinces in the Dutch United Provinces.

question

Dutch East India Company

answer

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies until the British came and took over

question

Mercantilism

answer

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country

question

inflation

answer

a general and progressive increase in prices

question

sexism

answer

System of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex and justifies gender-based inequality

question

racism

answer

discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race

question

skepticism

answer

doubt about the truth of something

question

misogyny

answer

hatred of women

question

baroque

answer

elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century; characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, and a proselytizing spirit.

question

politiques

answer

moderates of both religious faiths who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

question

Elizabeth I of England

answer

She supported the northern protestant cause as a safeguard against Spain attacking England. She had her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded. Elizabeth I of England reestablished Protestantism in England.

question

Huguenots

answer

originally a pejorative term for French Calvinists, later the official title for members of the 'Reformed religion", Calvinists.

question

Phillip II of Spain

answer

Phillip II of Spain sought pleasure in his youth but when he got older he sought a life of prayer. He didn't believe in religious toleration. Phillip supported Mary Queen of Scotland's plot to Kill Elizabeth so he planned an invasion of England. He wanted to keep England Catholic.

question

Prince Henry the Navigator

answer

Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

question

michel de Montaigne

answer

introduced the writing form of the Essay, which he used to express Skepticism, Michel de Montaigne is the finest represent of the early modern skepticism. Montaigne developed a new literary genre: the essay. He rejected the claim that one culture may be superior to others and by doing this he inaugurated a new era of doubt. (p.519)

question

Christopher Columbus

answer

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain who led 4 expeditions across the Atlantic, thus establishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Europe and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

question

Bartholomew Diaz

answer

He was a Portuguese explorer whose voyage along the coast of Africa in 1488 led him to the Cape of Good Hope which proved that a sea route to the East was possible.

question

Hernando Cortez

answer

He was a brash and determined Spanish adventurer, he crossed the Island Hispaniola to the mainland of Mexico with around six hundred men, seventeen horses and ten canons. Which he then would take captive the Aztec emperor Montezuma, and conquer the rich Aztec empire and found Mexico City as the capital of New Spain.

question

Habsburg Valois Wars

answer

France had kept the Holy Roman Empire from controlling all of Germany, while inadvertently helping Lutheranism to spread

question

quinto

answer

one-fifth: amount the Spanish crown was to receive of all precious metals mined in the Americas

question

audiencia

answer

Within each territory the viceroy, or imperial governor, exercised broad military and civil authority as the direct representative of the sovereign in Madrid. The viceroy presided over the audiencia, a board of twelve to fifteen judges, which served as his advisory council and the highest judicial body.

question

corregidores

answer

royal officials of Spain who governed towns and set up law courts

question

Thirty Years War

answer

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's who were rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

question

defeat of spanish Armada

answer

The Spanish Armada consisted of more than 130 ships. Though because the English ships were much faster, smaller, and maneuverable in the English channel then the Armada. The English artillery was much faster to reload than the Spanish. The English prevented the Armada from reaching the Netherlands, and they destroyed many ships that went off course.

question

concordat of Bologna

answer

The King of France now had the power to appoint bishops and abbots to the Church Which major papal influence for French.

question

peace of Westphalia

answer

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

question

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

answer

Begun 24 August 1572 and extending over several weeks, It was the most violent series of confrontations between French Catholics and Protestants, each side trying to secure control over the weak French government.

question

War of Three Henrys

answer

A French civil war between Henry III (the French king), Henry of Guise (a Catholic noble), and Henry of Navarre (a Protestant noble) resulting in Henry of Navarre's coronation as Henry IV.

question

Edict of Nantes

answer

This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots

question

Renaissance

answer

literally meaining rebirth, this era saw a revival of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization

question

Burckhardt

answer

creator of the modern concept of the Renaissance in his book, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

question

Hanseatic League

answer

group of merchant cities from Germany who had numerous monopolies on European trade

question

Medici

answer

greatest banking family in Europe who ruled in Florence, Italy

question

The Book of the Coutrier

answer

written by Castiglione, this book expressed ideals that were expected by a noble or aristocrat

question

Sforza

answer

ruling family in Milan

question

Cosimo de' Medici

answer

patron of the arts and ruler of Florence

question

Lorenzo de' Medici

answer

ruler of Florence after grandfather, Cosimo's, death and patron of the arts

question

Gonzaga

answer

ruling family in Mantua, Italy and greatest patrons of the arts during the Renaissance

question

d'Este

answer

ruling family in Ferrara

question

Montefeltro

answer

ruling faily of Urbino

question

Isabella d'Este

answer

"first lady of the world" who effectively ruled Mantua after her husband's death

question

Peace of Lodi

answer

ended half a century of war and created peace in Italy until 1494

question

Sack of Rome (1527)

answer

Charles I brought a temporary end to the Hapsburg-Valois Wars by doing this

question

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

answer

wars between the French and Spanish monarchies over Italy

question

Machiavelli

answer

writer of The Prince and The Discourses who believed it was better to be feared than loved

question

Borgia

answer

Machiavelli believed him to be a good example of an Italian ruler

question

humanism

answer

form of education and culture based on the study of the classics

question

Petrarch

answer

"father of humanism" who was first to characterize the Middle Ages as a period of darkness

question

Cicero

answer

Roman statesman and intellect who was a model for Italians

question

Bruni

answer

writer of New Cicero wjo made Cicero an inspiration for the Renaissance ideal

question

civic humanism

answer

originating in Florence, Italy this reflected values of the urban society of the Italian Renaissance

question

Valla

answer

humanist who turned his attention to literary criticims of ancient texts and wrote the Elegances of the Latin Language

question

Bracciolini

answer

hunamist who wrote Facetiae

question

Ficino

answer

dedicated his life to translating Plato and creating Neoplatonism

question

Neoplatonism

answer

based on the hierarchy of substances (Great Chain of Being) and a theory of spiritual love

question

Hermeticism

answer

inspired by Corpus Hermeticism, this was the belief that human beings were divine, but freely chose the material world

question

magi

answer

people who were believed to have knowledge of God and the truth

question

Pico della Mirandalo

answer

writer of Oration on the Dignity of Man and 900 Conclusions and believed in unlimited human potential

question

Feltre

answer

developed the best known humanist school in Mantua

question

Vergerio

answer

author of Concerning Character who stressed the value of liberal arts as the key to an individuals true potential

question

humanist historians

answer

reduced or removed the role of miracles in historical interpretations

question

Guicciardini

answer

author of History of Italy and History of Florence who believed the purpose of writing history was to teach lessons

question

Gutenberg

answer

inventor of the printing press

question

Masaccio

answer

artist of the first masterpieces of Renaissance art

question

Uccello

answer

first to experiment with movement and anatomical structure in his art

question

The Martydom of St. Sebatian

answer

painting by Pollaiuolo that attempted to portray the human body under stress

question

Botticelli

answer

artist of Primavera who had an interest in classical antiquity

question

Donatello

answer

sculptor of David, the first freestanding nude since antuiquity

question

Brunelleschi

answer

sought to refelct a human-centered world in his architecture

question

High Renaissance

answer

final stage of the Renaissance that was characterized by the new cultural center of the Italian Renaissance shifting to Rome

question

Leonardo de Vinci

answer

known as the "Renaissance Man" he painted The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa

question

Raphael

answer

artist who created numerous madonnas such as Alb Madonna

question

Michelangelo

answer

influenced by Neoplatonism, this artist is best known for his work in the Sistine Chapel

question

Bramante

answer

inspired by antiquity this architect recaptured the grandeur of ancient Rome in the Tempietto

question

Jan van Eyck

answer

the first artist to use oil paint who painted Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

question

Durer

answer

creator of Adoration of Magi this artist tried to integrate details characteristic of northern artists

question

Dufay

answer

first composer to use secular tunes in Mass

question

madrigal

answer

chief form of secular music in the Renaissance that was a poem set to music

question

text painting

answer

when the reader of the madrigal tried to portay the literal meaning of the text

question

"new monarchs"

answer

crafty rulers who were obsessed with the aquisition and expansion of political power

question

Charles VII

answer

ruler of France who established a royal army composed of cavalry and erchers, recieved the right from the Estates General to levy the taxes, and secured the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

question

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

answer

an agreement between Charles VII and the papacy that strengthened the liberties of the French church admistratively at the expense of the papacy and enabled the king to begin to assume control over the church in France

question

Louis XI

answer

known as the Spider King, he is considered the founder of the French national state

question

Charles the Bold

answer

duke of Burgundy who attempted to create a middle kingdom between France and Germany

question

War of the Roses

answer

House of Lancaster and House of York fought over the Enlish crown, but Henry Tudor won and established the Tudor dynasty

question

Henry VII

answer

king of England who established the Court of the Star Chamber

question

Court of the Star Chamber

answer

used to control irresponsible activity of the nobles by not using juries and allowing torture to be used to extract confessions

question

Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

answer

brought unity and revived Spain

question

hermandades

answer

"brotherhoods" in Spain that were organized to maintain law and order

question

corregidores

answer

appointed by the crown to replace corrupt municipal officials

question

Cardinal Ximenes

answer

Isabella's chief minister who restored discipline and eliminated immorality among the monks and secular clergy

question

conversos

answer

Jews in Spain who converted to Catholicismr

question

Frederick III

answer

ruler of the Holy Roman Empire who lost Bohemia and Hungary, but added territories that made the Hapsburg dynasty an international power

question

Maximilian I

answer

attempted to centralize the Holy Roman Empire administration, but was prevented by German princes

question

Matthias Corvinus

answer

king of Hungary who made his court the most brilliant outside Italy

question

Ivan III

answer

ruler of Russia who aquired many parcels of land for Russia

question

Wyclif

answer

believed Bible to be Christians sole authority and had followers that were called the Lollards

question

Hus

answer

urged for reform in the church by eliminating corruption of the clergy

question

Hussite Wars

answer

combined religious, social, and national issues into a war in the Holy Roman Empire

question

sacrosanta

answer

stated a general council of the church recieved it's authority from God

question

frequens

answer

provided for the meeting of a church council so reforms would continue

question

Execabilis

answer

papal bull issued by Pope Pius II that condemned appeals to the council over the pope as heretical

question

Julius II

answer

most involved pope in war and politics

question

nepotism

answer

act of placing family in church positions

question

Leo X

answer

son of Lorenzo de' Medici who became a pope and patron of the arts

AP Euro Final Exam (The Great Review) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards