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civilitas

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urban based Roman society- lived in cities and each city had own local rulers

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Trier

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province in Roman empire- emperors shifted imperial power away from Rome and to other provinces from 250-350

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Fishbourne

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palace in England that is modeled after the Roman super rich- open to the air even though the weather in England was not suited to such a design

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Anicii

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powerful and wealthy family in the Roman empire- among the first senatorial families to convert to Christianity around 404-

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Sasanian Persia

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empire challenging the eastern Roman empire- fought throughout the 6th century

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Trajan's Column

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victory column erected in Rome after Emperor Trajan's success in the Dacian Wars of 113- message of might

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Tacitus, Germania

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work composed by Tacitus describing the Germans- values their simple laws and virtue in comparison to the corruption in Rome

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Visigoths

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multiethnic people 250-330- invade and then become allies with Rome allowed to settle in empire after invading in 376 378- rebel and kill Emperor Valens 410- sack Rome

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Attila

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Hun leader who established kingdom in Danubian- fell in 453 Huns invaded Rome in 376 and opened door for new invaders

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annona

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Roman tax, used to provide food for those living in urban Rome, also paid for war machine

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Constantinople

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Constantine rebuilt city to be residence of emperors and capital of Roman empire- bishop of Constantinople became a super bishop

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Romanitas

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culture of Roman empire- great appeal to the local elites

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Arch of Constantine

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arch in Rome built to celebrate Constantine's victory over Maxentius in 312- message of might

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ethnogenesis

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ethnicities that come into being and change over time ex. Goths- multiethnic culture shaped over time

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Vandals

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crossed into North Africa in 453

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Carthage

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tombstone depicting religious art and art style of the time- hierarchical order is stressed

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Edict of Milan

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313- religious toleration declared by Constantine ( did NOT make Christianity the state religion, but the main focus) persecutions had caused division- wanted unity Christianity was prominent and would enhance prestige of the emperor (instruments of divine will)

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last Roman emperor

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deposed in 476 by the barbarian Odoacer

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The Benedictine Rule

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540- guidelines for monasteries- divided day into prayer, reading, and labor

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Pope Gregory the Great

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590-604 responsible for making papacy the greatest power in Italy Wrote life of Saint Benedict

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Council of Nicaea

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council called by Constantine in 325 to discuss Arminian controversy- decided that Arianism was wrong, Jesus was fully man and fully God

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Saint Antony

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250- 356- famous saint life history recorded by Bishop Athanasius

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Christian persecutions

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happened under Nero and Diocletian in 60s and 300s- obvious difference in polytheism vs. monotheism

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Mithras

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The Persian god embodying the ancient spirit of light of Mithraism, a Persian religion popular in the Roman Empire that exalted fraternity and loyalty, appealing to soldiers.

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labarum

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the military standard bearing a Christian monogram used by Constantine the Great

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adventus

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arrival

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Arius

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leader of the Arians, a Greek who was a Christian theologian active in Alexandria and who was declared a heretic for his doctrines about God (which came to be known as Arianism) (256?-336)

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Arians

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A dissident branch of early Christianity, which did not accept Jesus Christ as equal to the Father; name for the Alexandrian priest Aruis

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Monophysites

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Believed the resurrected Christ had only one nature. They believed the divine person of Christ took over his human nature so the human nature no longer existed.

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Nestorians

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followers of the Theologian Nestoris who lived in the early fifth century and emphasized the human as opposed to the divine nature of Jesus

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Donatists

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sect in Africa that believed baptism administered to traitors was invalid- church must be a church of saints, not sinners

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Antioch

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One of two competing cities in the 4th and 5th centuries for leaning, in this city was the Antiochene school were followers were first called Christians.

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Alexandria

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City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.

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Athanasios

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strongest opponent of Arianism at Council of Nicaea believed Christ was one being with three essences

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Nicene Creed

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The summary of Chritian beliefs developed by the bishops at the firt 2 councils of the church in 325 A.D.s the main truths of the catholic faith

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Council of Ephesus

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431- called by emperor Theodosius- condemned Nestorianism

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Council of Chalecedon

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451- split the eastern and western churches-reaffirmed that Christ had two natures in one person

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The History of the Church

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written by Eusebius in 325- history of the church with focus on saints, bishops, and Constantine

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paganus

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paganism survived in the towns and countryside (thought of as uncivilized) until 392 when banned by Theodosius

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bishops

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of central importance in Roman church often from old, elite families shadowed Roman administration survive fall of empire

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Christianity in Roman culture

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egalitarian- no challenge to social structure no challenge to slavery (except Gregory of Nyssa) keeps some pagan festivals sources do not show compromises with culture emphasis on charity closer relationship with the dead Sunday as day of rest education served religious ends

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canonization

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an official Church statement by which a person is declared a saint for having lived a holy life of heroic virtue- less formal than later centuries

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martyrs

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People who suffer or die for their beliefs- martyrs were the initial saints

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confessors

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those who were arrested but not killed for their fait- enables more saint's cults to emerge

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virtus

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relics held proximity to holy power/the saint's virtue

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icons

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images that were more highly values than relics in eastern Christianity

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Lourdes

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town in France where Mary appeared to Bernadette in 1858; exists today as a site of pilgrimage and healing

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Delphi

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home of the great Greek oracle, a Greek temple

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istoria

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Greek noun that means 'learning'

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Herodotus

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the ancient Greek known as the father of history

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Licinius

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Edict of Milan, co-emperor with Constantine, reneged on edict and was elimanated

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Hadrian

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emperor that destroyed Jerusalem in 70 burned Herod's Temple and pillaged the holy vessels Jerusalem was later rebuilt by Constantine

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Aelia Capitolina

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city built by Hadrian on the ruins of Jerusalem church later established there and was described by the Bordeaux Pilgrim

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Holy Sepulchre

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- a church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre) built by Christian emperor, Constantine over the tomb of Jesus

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Golgotha

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a hill outside Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified. The name means "place of the skull."

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Bordeaux Pilgrim

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pilgrim who travelled to Jerusalem and recorded the first Christian description of the city

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Egeria

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woman pilgrim who wrote an account of her journey to a circle of women at home

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Saint

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intermediary between humankind and God more approachable because they retain human traits power in the dead was a meeting point for the elite and uneducated

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Relics

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bodies of saints (primary), objects (secondary), and places (tertiary) thought to contain holy power more prominent in western Christianity (east valued icons) Many relics store in Constantinople

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St. Helena

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Constantine's mother- travelled to Jerusalem and had visions of important locations for Christianity built many churches discovered the "True Cross"

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pilgrimage

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journey to Jerusalem to worship at holy sites not a formal requirement (vs. Muslim hajj) grew in 4th century after Constantine rebuilds Jerusalem and values holy sites

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monk

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loner, solitary lived in desert as a hermit followed model of St. Antony served as patrons of communities laymen, not clergy mostly in eastern Roman world

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St. Simon Stylite

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459- extreme monk who lived on top of a column as to not be bothered by the world

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monasteries

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develop from drawing power of celebrated hermits first a loose assemblage of hermits then a more purposeful camp of common areas

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Pachomius

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346- founded Tabbenesis military structure first to emphasize manual work for monks

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appeal of monasticism

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tradition of ascesis- self discipline and control criticism of growth and dilution of Christianty example of apostles and martyrs fear of sin and contamination "athletes" of God- seen as elite Christian new sources of moral authority search for peace

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City of God

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book by St Augustine written shortly after Visigoths sack Rome in 410 emphasizes the church as a city of God that will ultimately prevail over conflict history is the conflict over the city of man and the city of God

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Western monasticism

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influenced by: Jerusalem pilgrims (Jerome and Paula) those exiled over doctrinal controversies (Athanasius) relocation of key figures (John Cassian) texts (Conferenes) some bishops who supported monasticism Irish monasticism

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John Cassian

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desert father who relocated to southern Gaul founded Abbey of St. Victor influenced St. Benedict and western monasticism

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St. Martin of Tours

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397- considered spiritual bridge across Europe started Marmoutier monastery in France, became bishop of Tours converted many barbarians to Christianity life recorded by Sulpicius Severus

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Lerins monastery

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founded by Honoratus around 410 open to classical learning

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Caesarius of Arles

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wrote Rules for Nuns allowed western monasticism to accommodate nuns

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Benedict of Nursia

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540- obscure figure, abbot of Montecassino popularized by Pope Gregory, Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules (Riles of the Master) in Byzantine Empire. made intelligent and workable adaptions

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Benedictine Rule

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rule is above the law, above the abbot stability obedience military metaphors (soldiers of Christ) no private property attention to careful probation community as an ideal (punishments isolated the individual) fullness of Opus Dei (work of God) no idleness

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Clovis

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481-511 King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy very violent

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Jarrow- Wearmouth

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These were monasteries in Northumbria where Benedict Biscop established religious libraries that would help Bede

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Sutton Hoo

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of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of the 6th century and early 7th century, one of which contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of artifacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance.

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Lindisfarne

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English monestary attacked by the Vikings in 793

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Childeric

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king of Franks 457-481 father of clovis

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discontinuity of Roman west

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contraction of towns decline in long distance trade

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continuity of Roman west

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population was the same (barbarians had fluid identity) Latin church is social glue (not imperial government) barbarians have adapted to Roman culture- kingship, dree

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early medieval society

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small scale agriculture (self sufficient) no Roman annona- not moving large amounts of food around peasant majority (95%) aristocrats- highly militaristic and violent, war bands grouped around leader, gift giving as social bond high status women could exercise power

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fideles, leudes

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faithful, followers of the king important for war leaders to have faithful followers

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Imma

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Bede's story of captive man not killed, but cared for and eventually allowed to return home for ransom

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Merovingian queens

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Brunhildis and Fredegundis example of women ruling and having power

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Eastern reaction to the collapse of Roman rule in the west

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indications of sustained links the Justinianic 'reconquest' of parts of western empire (keen sense of imperial dignity) codification of Roman Law under Tribonian main aim = reconquest of Ostrogothic Italy (already Romanized) in 568, the Lombards fill the vacuum in Italy, but pockets of Roman rule survive

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How does the old rivalry with Persia continue to effect east Roman politics?

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Sasanid empire generally containable, but Persian aggression escalates Huge military losses to Persians Heraclius wages long-range raiding war dee pin Persian interior Persian capital taken

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emergence of Islam

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Mecca- an existing centre of Arab rligiosity, especially cult of the sun god unifies Arab tribes Caliphs expand militarily to expand Arab unity Successful against Roman empire and Persia

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How and why was Islam success/expansion possible

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Romans and Persians were financially and militarily exhausted Romans were under-defended: didn't see Arabia as a threat Divisions in eastern Roman world Arabs didn't integrate quickly- retained tax structured, tolerated Christianity

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Consequences of Islamic expansion for Byzantine

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All of Persia falls, but only part of Byzantium falls Lose substantial territory and tax base Egypt is lost Empire becomes more monoculturally Greek Military reorganization Iconoclasm Army holds a lot of power

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Justinian I

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last native Latin-speaking Byzantine emperor keen sense of imperial dignity ritual and display as political tools ambitious building projects in Constantinople unsuccessful reconquest efforts in the west Supporter of the Blues

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Heraclius

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Byzantine emperor Introduced Greek Took charge of the war against the Sasinids Conquered the Persians in 627 Falls to Islam

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Hagia Sophia

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the most important cathedral in Constantinople. was destroyed during the Nika Revolt and rebuilt and later became a mosque.

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Nika Revolt

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In 532, riots that took place in Constantinople, half the city was burned or destroyed. Many people were killed. Blues and Greens were involved in this.

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Tribonian

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Revised the Roman legal code under Justinian

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Belisarius

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led imperial troops against the Nika Revolters and killed remaining rebels

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Narses

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a popular eunuch. was involved in ending the Nika Revolt.

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Symmachus

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was a pope, but people wanted another pope

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Boethius

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a philosopher. was consul in 510 in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. was imprisoned and executed for conspiring with the Eastern Empire

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Cassiodorus

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a roman statesman and writer, established a library of greek and latin texts that supported a christian school in Rome

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Ctesiphon

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In the Persian empire. Because of its importance, it was a major military objective for the leaders of the Roman Empire. Trajan capture it, but Hadrian returned it as part of a peace settlement. Fell to the Muslims during the Islamic conquest of Persia. Was the capital of Persia.

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Mohammad

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founder of the Islam religion, considered by Muslims to be a messenger and prophet of God, restorer of an uncorrupted monotheistic faith

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Quraysh

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the dominant tribe of Mecca when Islam emerged

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Mecca

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the birthplace of Muhammad and a site of the composition of the Qu'ran. a pilgrimage to it known as the Jajj is obligatory upon all able Muslims.

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Qu'ran

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the teachings of Mohammad

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Medina

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where Mohammad is buried

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Riddah

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a series of politico-religious uprisings in various parts of Arabia during the caliphate of Abu Bakr (after Mohammad died)

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Hijra

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the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Mohammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622

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Zoroastrianism

answer

the religion and philosophy of the Persians

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