Prokaryotic Organisms – Flashcards
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| What are the 3 basic ways a prokaryotic organism is classified? |
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| 1.)metabolism 2.)oxygen requirements 3.)movement |
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| What is a photoroph? |
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| Use light energy to extract carbon |
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| What is a photoautotroph? |
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| Obtain carbon from an inorganic compound like CO2 |
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| What is a photoheterotroph? |
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| Obtain carbon from organic compound like glucose |
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| What is a chemotroph? |
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| Use chemical energy to extract carbon |
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| What is a chemoheterotroph? |
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| obtain carbon from organic compounds like glucose |
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| What is a lithoautotroph? |
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| Obtain carbon from inorganic compounds like CO2 |
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| What are aerobes? |
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| Use oxygen as their final electron acceptor in metabolism |
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| What are anaerobes? |
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| Do not use oxygen as their final electron acceptor, often use sulfate, nitrate, carbonate or pyruvate. Some cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. |
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| What is ecophysiology? |
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| A preferred environment. |
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| Where do some microbes thrive? |
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| terrestrial, aquatic, on or within animals, extreme conditions |
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| Can all bacteria move the same way? |
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| No, only a small number of bacteria are unique in their movement. |
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| What are 3 subcategories of anaerobic chemotrophs? |
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| Anaerobic lithoautotroph, anaerobic chemoheterotrophs, and anaerobic phototrophs. |
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| What domain has some members of the anaerobic lithoautotroph? How? |
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| Domain archaea. Some can utilize hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide which makes methane which makes them METHANOGENS. |
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| What do anaerobic chemoheterotrophs use as their final electron acceptor? |
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| Get energy from glucose, final electron acceptor is anything other than oxygen. |
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| What is a fermentor? what are 5 fermentors? |
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| Uses pyruvate as the final electron acceptor. 1.)clostridium 2.)Streptococus 3.)Enterococcus 4.)Lactobacillus 5.)Proprionibacterium |
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| What are some characteristics of clostridium? Where are they found? What do they cause? |
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| Forms spores. Gram positive, rods. They are found in the soil and digestive tract. Can cause gas, gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and food poisioning. |
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| What are some characteristics of streptococcus? What is it found? What does it cause? |
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| Gram positive cocci. Found in our normal oral flora. Can cause streptococcal pharyngitis (strep) and pneumonia. |
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| What are some characteristics of Lactobacillus? Where is it found? What does it cause? |
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| Gram positive rod. Found in the mouth and vagina during child-bearing years. Causes acidic environment in vagina and are sometimes used in food protection. |
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| What are some characteristics of enterococcus? Where is it found? What does it cause? |
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| Gram positive cocci. Found in the intestinal tract of animals/humans. Causes the inhibition of the growth of other bacteria including some pathogens. |
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| What are some characteristics of proprionibacterium? Where is it found? What does it cause? |
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| Gram positive, rod. Found on human skin. Causes acne lesions. |
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| Could the planet maintain aerobic life without anaerobic phototrophs? |
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| NO. |
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| What are 2 subcategories of anaerobic phototrophs? |
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| Anoxygenic phototrophs and Oxygenic Phototrophs. |
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| What do anoxygenic phototrophs use instead of carbon dioxide/water/sun to make food? |
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| Hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds and sunlight. |
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| How to anoxygenic phototrophs vary? |
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| based on their bacteriochlorophylls they posses |
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| What do purple bacteria sulfur use? |
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| Hydrogen sulfide |
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| What do purple non-sulfur bacteria preferentially use? |
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| Multiple organic and inorganic substances such as Hydrogen instead of H20. |
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| What does Green sulfur use? |
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| Hydrogen sulfide. |
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| What does green non-sulfur bacteria use? |
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| Multiple organic compounds. |
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| What are oxygenic phototrophs? |
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| The cyanobacteria are the primary oxygen producers of the earth. Cyanobacteria are gram negative and have mult. shapes but usually cocci. |
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| Do cyanobacteria play a role in nitrogen fixation? |
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| Yes. |
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| Are aerobes the largest group? |
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| Yes. |
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| What are aerobic lithoautotrophs? |
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| They obtain energy by oxidizing reduced INORGANIC chemicals and require oxygen as their final acceptor. Usually archaea. |
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| What are sulfur-oxidizing bacteria? Where is it found? |
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| Found in sewage polluted waters and have been identified as being a major cause of bioleaching after strip mining activities. |
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| What are nitrifiers? What do they affect? |
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| Oxidize either ammonia or nitrite, they affect a fertilizer's effectiveness. |
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| What are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria? where are they found? |
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| Found in hot springs and are thought to be among the first organisms of the earth. |
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| What are aerobic chemoheterotrophs? |
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| Either obligate or facultative aerobes. |
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| What are 4 obligate aerobes? |
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| 1.)bacillus 2.)micrococcus 3.)mycobacterium 4.)pseudomonas |
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| What is bacillus? What is one disease it causes? |
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| A spore forming gram positive organism that are commonly found in the soil. B.Antracis = antrhax (wild/not weapons grade) |
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| What is micrococcus? Is it linked to human disease? |
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| A gram positive cocci that is common on dust and soil particles. Do not cause human disease. |
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| What is mycobacterium? What are most? What are diseases it causes? |
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| Acid fast positive, usually gram positive, branched rod that is widespread in nature. Most are saprobes. harmless. M. tuberculosis - tuberculosis M. leprea - leprosy |
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| What is pseudomonas? What are they useful for? Where are they found? Do they cause disease? If so, what? |
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| Gram negative rods. Useful for bioremediation. Found in soil and water. Yes, P. aeruginosa. |
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| What are facultative aerobes? |
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| Aerobes that prefer oxygen in their environments but can survive without it. |
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| What are 3 subcategories of facultative aerobes? |
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| Corynebacterium, enterics, and staphylococcus. |
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| What are corynebacterium? What is the one species that causes diphtheria? |
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| Gram positive rods that live harmlessly in the throat. C.Diphtheriae. |
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| What are enterics? |
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| Gram negative rods that live in the intestinal tract that can be harmless or pathogenic. |
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| What is the harmless form of an enteric? |
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| Enterobacter and most E.Coli |
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| What is the pathogenic form of an enteric? |
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| Shigella, Salmonella, and some E.Coli |
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| What is the harmless strain of staphylococcus living on the skin? |
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| S. epidermidis. |
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| What is the pathogenic strain of staphylococcus living on the skin? |
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| S. aureus. |
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| What is a terrestial environment? |
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| Soil. |
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| What are 4 forms of bacteria that have a resting stage? |
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| 1.)Endospore-formers. 2.)Cyst formers 3.)Microcyst formers 4.)Conidia formers. |
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| What is an endospore former? |
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| Clostridium and Bacillus. |
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| What is a cyst former? What do they play a big role in? What is a cyst? |
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| Azotobacter. Nitrogen Fixation. A resting cell that can resist drying and UV light but NOT heat. |
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| What are microcyst formers? |
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| Myxobacteria from slime molds in the vegetative state then form fruiting bodies when conditions turn for the worst. |
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| What is a microcyst? |
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| Dormant cells that can resist drying, heat and radiation and make up fruiting bodies. |
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| What are conidia formers? What important medicine do they form? What is a conidia? |
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| Streptomyces. Form the mycin antibiotics. A conidia is a cluster of spores that can be dispersed by air currents. |
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| Which bacteria form root nodules? They are the primary... |
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| Rhizobia. NITROGEN fixators. |
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| How do root nodules function with a plant? |
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| Form symbiotic relationships with legumes (beans) |
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| What 2 bacteria derive their nutrients from other aquatic organisms? |
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| Vibrio and Legionella. |
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| What is vibrio bacteria? |
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| Gram negative rod that obtains nutrients from a symbiotic relationship from the host. |
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| What does V. Cholerae cause in humans? |
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| Cholera. |
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| What is legionella? |
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| Gram negative rods that reside within protozoa. |
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| What does L. pneumophila cause in humans? |
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| can cause respiratory disease. |
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| Where was L. pneumophila first ioslated? Where is it found today? |
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| In an air conditioning system. Vegetable sprayers at the grocery store, unclean pools. |
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| What is a bacteria that lives on the skin? Can it cause a skin infection? |
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| Staphylococcus. Yes. |
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| What are the 7 bacteria that live in mucous membranes? |
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| 1.)Streptococcus 2.)Clostridium 3.)Haemophilus 4.)Neisseria 5.)Teponema 6.)Borrelia 7.)Helicobacter |
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| Where is steptrococcus found? |
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| Respiratory tract/oral cavity & pharynx. |
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| Where is clostridium found? |
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| Intestinal tract/soil. |
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| Where is haemophilus found? |
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| Respiratory tract. Pink eye. |
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| Where is neisseria found? |
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| Oral cavity and other mucus membranes. Gingevitis. |
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| Where is treponema found? |
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| The body fluids and oral/genital tracts. Syphillus. |
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| Where is borrelia found? |
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| Body fluids and multiple mucus membranes. Lyme disease. |
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| Where is helicobacter found? |
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| Reside in stomach lining. ulcers in stomach. |
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| What are two obligate intracellular parasites? |
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| Ricketttsia and Chlamydia |
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| What is Rickettsia? |
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| Transmitted by insect vectors and causes rash/ Rocky Mountain Spotted fever. |
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| What is chlamydia? |
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| Transmitted from person to person particularly by body fluids. It's an STD. |
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| What are spirochetes? |
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| Gram negative spirillium move via axial filament. |
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| How does a spirochete move? |
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| Corkscrew movement. |
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| What is an axial filament? |
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| Sets of flagella found at the poles of bacteria located within the periplasm. |
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| What is an example of a spirochete? |
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| Treponema that causes syphillus and Borellia which causes lyme disease. |
